Deck 3: Economies and Their Modes of Production

Question 1

Family farming

A)is an extensive strategy that involves growing crops on permanent plots with the use of plowing
B)is an intensive strategy that involves growing crops on permanent plots with the use of plowing
C)is an intensive strategy that involves growing crops on shifting plots with the use of plowing
D)is an intensive strategy that involves growing crops on shifting plots with the use of digging sticks
E)is an extensive strategy that involves growing crops on permanent irrigated plots with the use of plows

Answer 1

is an intensive strategy that involves growing crops on permanent plots with the use of plowing

Question 2

An important component of women's high status in many horticultural societies,such as the pre-contact Iroquois and many groups in Africa,is

A)women's relatively high input to field labour compared to men.
B)the presence of women's organizations.
C)women's control of the distribution of the food.
D)women's political participation.
E)all of the above.

Answer 2

all of the above.

Question 3

What characterizes relations between pastoralists and neighboring peoples?

A)pastoralists typically form trade links with foragers,horticulturalists or farmers to obtain food and other goods that they cannot produce themselves
B)pastoralists are in constant conflict with agriculturalists as the pastures of herders are often appropriated by farmers for fields
C)pastoralists are often in conflict with foragers as the latter often hunt their herd animals
D)pastoralists produce all that they need,but maintain generally friendly relations with foragers,horticulturalists and farmers
E)pastoralism is a short-term strategy used by agriculturalists in times of drought

Answer 3

pastoralists typically form trade links with foragers,horticulturalists or farmers to obtain food and other goods that they cannot produce themselves

Question 4

Brewster Kneen,a former farmer and food activist,has been concerned about the consequences of

A)industrial agriculture in Canada.
B)privatization of farms in Canada.
C)cooperative herding in Canada.
D)rural and urban trade in Canadian farming.
E)female leadership and decision-making among Canadian farmers.

Question 5

Horticulture is

A)a mode of production based on cultivating wild plants in gardens using hand tools
B)a mode of production based on cultivating domesticated plants in gardens using plows
C)a mode of production based on cultivating domesticated plants in gardens using hand tools
D)a mode of production based on the gathering of plants and nuts and other wild produce
E)a mode of production based on cultivating domesticated plants in fields using plows

Question 6

The decline of family farms in Canada can be traced to

A)the development of corporate farms and the introduction of genetically engineered crops.
B)industrialism and collectivized agriculture.
C)the practice of horticulture.
D)the practice of pastoralism.
E)the development of urban sector and rural impoverishment.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a feature of Tiwi contemporary modes of production?

A)The Tiwi now live in settled villages
B)Tiwi art is now marketed nationally in Australia and is gaining international recognition
C)The Tiwi are active in public affairs and politics
D)The Tiwi are managing tourism with dignity and awareness
E)Access to manufactured goods allowed the Tiwi to abandon completely all foraging

Question 8

The gender division of labor in North America regarding the agricultural mode of production

A)involves highly overlapping tasks for husbands and wives.
B)is clear where a husband is primarily responsible for daily farm operations,while wives are generally responsible for managing the domestic domain with some farm duties.
C)is generally the most egalitarian of all modes of production.
D)tends to allocate both production and processing of food to men.
E)means that men work more hours and women work fewer than in horticulture.

Question 9

The Colville Lake community consists of 75 members of a ________ people,also known as the ________ because they hunt hares.

A)Mongolian herders;farmers
B)First Nations;Dene/Hare Indians
C)Qashqai;pastoralists
D)Yanomami;Mundurucu
E)Ju/'hoansi;!Kung San Bushmen

Question 10

The dominant pattern of making a living in a culture

A)the means of production
B)the means of consumption
C)the economy
D)the mode of exchange
E)the mode of production

Question 11

In Wallerstein's world economy model

A)the world economy is stratified in a core,periphery and semiperiphery
B)the world economy is stratified in a nucleus,periphery and semiperiphery
C)the world economy is stratified in a core,periphery and margin
D)the world economy is stratified in a nucleus,periphery and margin
E)the world economy is stratified in a center,periphery and semipheriphery

Question 12

A new trend for farm women in North America is to

A)take salaried jobs off the farm to help support the farm.
B)work 25% less in comparison to men.
C)be less reliant on capital.
D)migrate to urban areas.
E)be more involved with domestic chores.

Question 13

"Man the Hunter" model is still strong in much popular thinking and is perpetuated through textbook images and museum displays of

A)social patterns of male dominance.
B)women as foragers.
C)egalitarian systems.
D)class-based division of labour.
E)gender-specific roles in human evolution.

Question 14

Female farming systems

A)are numerically more predominant than male farming systems.
B)are farming systems in which women do most of the domestic work.
C)are found mainly in Europe.
D)have been undermined by outsiders placing land titles in men's names.
E)are most associated with dry-field cultivation,especially of wheat.

Question 15

Another recent change in corporate agriculture in Canada has been

A)the practice of selective breeding.
B)the introduction of collectivized farming.
C)the introduction of genetically engineered crops.
D)to pool land,labour,and resources.
E)the introduction of processed items.

Question 16

Some experts feel that Canada,for example,is moving out of the industrial age and into the

A)feudalism age.
B)colonialism age.
C)information age.
D)biotechnology age
E)manufacturing age.

Question 17

Which of the following is not characteristic of industrial agriculture?

A)increased use of technology
B)increased use of capital
C)increased use of energy
D)increased sustainability
E)increased production

Question 18

In analyzing division of labour and status in horticultural societies,anthropologists observe

A)women have higher status when they are responsible for producing the majority of the food
B)men have higher status in all horticultural societies
C)women have higher status in all horticultural societies
D)control over distribution seems critical in determining status
E)control over production seems critical in determining status

Question 19

In industrial societies

A)the bulk of goods are produced not to meet basic needs but to satisfy consumer demands for nonessential products
B)all goods are produced in factories and serve to meet consumer demands for both essential and nonessential products
C)social stratification is reduced as there is a leveling of class differences
D)class conflict leads to social revolution as industry cannot produce all the products needed to satisfy essential needs
E)the informal sector decreases in importance over time

Question 20

Foraging is

A)an intensive strategy requiring access to all the resources of a compact territory
B)an extensive strategy requiring access to large areas of land and unrestricted population movement
C)now extinct as a mode of production
D)dependent on the hunting success of men who produce most of the food consumed
E)extremely time consuming as much time and energy must be devoted to both hunting and gathering

Question 21

In the United States and Canada,many young males are drawn into the drug economy as sellers.

Question 22

Weeding is the most labour-intensive activity in horticultural societies.

Question 23

In Canada,another recent change in corporate agriculture has been the introduction of genetically engineered crops.

Question 24

The process of ________ has been largely hidden from the bulk of the Canadian population,who are now consuming great quantities of ________ foods.

A)synthetic food;processed
B)naturalization;organic
C)genetic uniformity;unhealthy
D)genetically engineering crops;genetically altered
E)food production;calorie-dense

Question 25

Circumpolar-region foragers had a greater reliance on hunting for subsistence than temperate-region foragers.

Question 26

Brewster Kneen,former farmer and food activist in Canada

A)argues that there are substantial differences between the ways farmers selected plants and animals in the past,and the use of genetic technology
B)agrees that the introduction of genetically engineered crops into Canada has not taken place
C)foresees the long term consequences of genetic engineering as minimal for the population
D)finds no difference between the ways farmers selected plants and animals in the past with the farmers at present
E)favours the use of genetically engineered crops in Canada

Question 27

Among the Ju/'hoansi,certain family groups are known to control access to particular water holes and the territory surrounding them.

Question 28

Millions of people worldwide support themselves predominantly from foraging

Question 29

Horticulturalists rely exclusively on their gardens for food.

Question 30

Cattle and other herd animals are often a medium of exchange for marriage and the payment of fines.

Question 31

Since the 1950s,China as ruled Mongolia banning pastoralism and forcing herders to abandon their nomadic lifestyle for life in industrial factories.

Question 32

"Man the Hunter" model has recently been replaced by "Woman the Gatherer" model.

Question 33

Foragers are often called the original affluent society because their needs can be met with minimal labour efforts.

Question 34

Use rights give a person or group priority of access to a resource that is willingly shared with others by permission but not exclusive ownership over property or resources on a given territory.

Question 35

Economic anthropology shares no common territory with the study of economics.

Question 36

The "Man the Hunter" model of human evolution has largely been replaced by the "Woman the Farmer" model.

Question 37

Circumpolar forages required highly specialized technology to obtain food and shelter.

Question 38

Cores stand in the middle between peripheral and semiperipheral areas.

Question 39

Before they began migrating to settlement areas for work on rubber plantations,the Mundurucu of the Amazon relied mainly on which mode of production?

A)foraging
B)horticulture
C)pastoralism
D)agriculture
E)a combination of pastoralism and horticulture

Question 40

Earlier farmers in Canada were not imposing ________ but rather required ________.

A)agricultural production;horticulturalists
B)genetic uniformity;genetic diversity
C)pastoralism;herders
D)agriculture;crop harvesting
E)family farms;corporate farms

Question 41

What three hypotheses have been used to explain male dominance in the gender division of labour in family farming?

Question 42

What are the three components of economic systems?

Question 43

________ is a form of agriculture that involves nonprivate control of land,technology and goods produced.This form of agriculture was implemented in socialist states such as China,Russia (Soviet Union)and Eastern European states.

Question 44

List five of the six most popular species of animals raised by pastoralists.

Question 45

Describe the concerns of Brewster Kneen regarding the introduction of genetically engineered crops.

Question 46

To distinguish them from other ________,outsiders arbitrarily call them the Hare Indians because they hunt and trap hares.

Question 47

Young males in Canada are drawn to ________ as sellers.

Question 48

Among foraging peoples,a ________ of ________,or occupational specialization (assigning particular tasks to particular people)depends mainly on ________ and ________.

Question 49

________ is a mode of production based on cultivating ________ plants in ________ using hand tools.________ is another term for this mode of production.

Question 50

In addition to food,milk and hides,agriculture relies on domesticated animals such as horses and cattle for a number of essential functions.List the three important uses of domesticated animals in agricultural societies that are not found in any other mode of production.

Question 51

Peasant agriculture is a term formerly used for ________,a form of agriculture in which farmers produce mainly to support themselves.It is distinguished from ________ agriculture which sees farmers using industrial technology to produce crops that will be sold in a market economy.

Question 52

In Canada,the introduction of genetically engineered crops have been shared widely with the public in an attempt to gain active support.

Question 53

The ________ sector comprises a wide array of occupations ranging from stable and lucrative jobs to unstable or part-time and less lucrative jobs,while the ________ sector includes work that is not officially registered,and sometimes illegal.

Question 54

How has women's status been affected by recent changes in land ownership patterns in Malaysia?

Question 55

Some experts feel that Canada is moving out of the industrial age and into the "information age."

Question 56

The Colville Lake community consists of 75 members of a ________.

Question 57

For many years,Brewster Kneen has been concerned about the ________ agriculture in Canada.

Question 58

Describe the gender division of labour on a North American family farm.

Question 59

On many farms in Canada,there are no clear gender divisions of labour.

Question 60

To compensate for their heavy domestic duties,farm wives in North America tend not to take up salaried jobs off the farm in comparison to men.

Question 61

How can we differentiate between selective breeding of plants in the past with that of genetic engineering in recent times?

Question 62

Describe the effects of globalization,the creation of a global division of labour or world economy applying your knowledge of what is happening globally.

Question 63

What are the differences between the formal and informal sectors in industrialized society and what are some examples of work in each?

Question 64

Horticulture as a sustainable system is now threatened.What are the threats facing horticulturalists at the present?

Question 65

Anthropologists have called the foraging lifestyle as the "original affluent society." Explain and provide examples.

Question 66

What changes have been brought about by corporate agriculture?

Question 67

Compare,contrast and analyze the changing modes of production in two of the five following cases: the Tiwi of Northern Australia,the Mundurucu of the Brazilian Amazon,the herders of Mongolia,the Maya of Chiapas,the factory workers in Ohio and the Taiwanese in South Africa.

Question 68

The rise of agriculture is seen as a revolutionary event in human history.Review how and why agriculture is different from foraging,horticulture,and pastoralism.

Question 69

How do property relations differ in the various modes of production? Provide illustrations.

Question 70

Describe the division of labour in a North American farm.