Deck 9: Middle Childhood: Physical, Neurobiological, Cognitive and Emotional Development in the Context of Schooling in a Nutshell

Question 1

During the period from ages ___________ to ___________, children gain skills in deploying their attention selectively to focus on the relevant features of a problem.

A) 12; 14
B) 6; 10
C) 2; 3
D) 5; 8

Answer 1

5; 8

Question 2

According to Randhawa, de Lacey and Saklofske (1986), teachers rate ___________ and ___________ as displaying the most desirably responsive behaviour in classroom situations.

A) Aboriginal boys; Anglo girls
B) Anglo girls; Anglo boys
C) Aboriginal boys; Aboriginal girls
D) Aboriginal girls; Anglo boys

Answer 2

Anglo girls; Anglo boys

Question 3

Wake et al. (2007), found that approximately ___________ percent of the average nine- to 11- year- old Western Australian's diet was made up of 'junk' foods.

A) 17
B) 33
C) 21
D) 11

Answer 3

33

Question 4

Shaw et al. (2006) found that there was a ___________ correlation between cortical thickness and IQ in early childhood, yet a ___________ correlation of cortical thickness with intelligence during middle childhood.

Question 5

The development of executive functions like planning and attentional focus relies heavily on (the) ___________

A) prefrontal cortex
B) brain stem
C) Wernicke's area
D) Broca's area

Question 6

According to Krashen (1988; 1996), which of the following is not a feature of the most effective bilingual teaching programs in primary school?

A) Encouraging children to discontinue developing skills in their native language until total mastery of English has occurred.
B) High- quality teaching of English, using conversation and other techniques associated with rapid second- language learning.
C) Peers in the classroom who share the same native language.
D) Teachers who are as fluent as native speakers in both languages.

Question 7

According to Inagaki and Hatano (1999), at what age do children develop a basic biological understanding of nutrition, germs, contagion and physiology (e.g. the blood's circulation occurs 'because our heart works hard to send our life energy through the blood')?

A) Aged 6- 8 years
B) In the early teens
C) Aged 3- 5 years
D) Aged 8- 10 years

Question 8

Robbie Case (1992) suggested that myelination of the frontal cortex is responsible not only for the increased attentiveness of older primary school children but also for gains in ___________ skills.

Question 9

According to Dweck (2006), which of the following are associated with children who have a self- defeating personality style in regards to school?

A) Premature opting out
B) Self- defeating causal reasoning
C) Misunderstanding feedback
D) All of the above

Question 10

On average, the yearly increase in height for a six- to 12- year- old is approximately ___________ centimetres, and the yearly weight gain is about ___________ kilograms.

A) 6; 2.25
B) 8; 3.25
C) 8; 2.25
D) 6; 3.25

Question 11

Which of the following emotional developments occur during the age range of nine to 13 years?

A) Children are aware of voluntary emotional control.
B) Children actively take charge of their own feelings.
C) Children can mask or feign emotions.
D) Both A and B

Question 12

The cerebral cortex, or outside surface layer of the brain, has two distinct hemispheres. The ___________ hemisphere is specialised for language while the ___________ hemisphere dominates during the processing of spatial and pictorial information.

A) rear; frontal
B) frontal; rear
C) right; left
D) left; right

Question 13

Regarding television and weight problems, only ___________ percent of Australian 13- year- olds used electronic screens for few enough hours to meet international standards.

Question 14

McBride- Chang and Kail (2002), found that ___________ is one of the strongest predictors of learning to read in English.

A) book awareness
B) phonological awareness
C) verbal processing
D) None of the above are correct.

Question 15

As they progress through middle childhood, children become ___________ at memory tasks.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the differences in motor skills between the sexes during middle childhood?

A) Boys can kick significantly further than girls.
B) Boys are significantly more athletic.
C) Girls have slightly less muscular strength.
D) All of the above

Question 17

According to Dweck (2006), self- defeating children seem to suffer from ______________________ with regard to schooling.

Question 18

Dweck (2006) has concluded that children fall into two broad personality groupings, ___________ versus ___________.

A) problem- focused; pleasure- focused
B) reading- focused; oral- focused
C) mastery- oriented; self- defeating
D) internalising; externalising

Question 19

According to Tunmer and Bowey (1984), ___________ is 'a prerequisite skill for nearly every form of employment and the primary key to lifelong learning'.

Question 20

Indigenous Aboriginal and Maori cultures place greater emphasis on the value of ___________ and ___________ than the Anglo- Australian or New Zealand
mainstream.

Question 21

Boys are significantly more likely than girls to suffer accidental death or injury through everyday activities during middle childhood. Despite this, according to research by King et al., (1989), girls tended to report more intense fears of these risks, and to be frightened of a greater range of things than boys.

Question 22

The ability to hold a book in the correct position, perceiving lines of print and scan the eyes across in the correct direction are skills that all humans, across cultures, are genetically predisposed to.

Question 23

Due to their limited executive functioning skills, young children may focus on some ___________ of a situation and miss the real problem altogether when attempting to solve a problem.

Question 24

Obesity is becoming more frequent in affluent nations throughout the world. It is defined medically as a body weight that is more than ___________ percent above ideal weight.

Question 25

Many mastery- oriented pupils may have objectively lower IQ scores and less potential for learning than the self- defeating pupils, but often outperform them on school tasks.

Question 26

According to Hesketh et al. (2007), Australian children were shown to increase their use of electronic media (TV and video games) from an average of 14 hours per week (the optimal international standard) at age nine to more than double this by age 13.

Question 27

Parents typically have few beliefs about the causes of academic success, and about the probability of their offspring succeeding in school. Parents' beliefs typically do not shape their childrens' own feelings about academic success.

Question 28

Growth of the corpus callosum can be disrupted by life experiences.

Question 29

As myelinated neurons transfer information 1000 times faster than nerves without myelin coatings, cognitive and behavioural functions involving myelinated neurons are more rapid and efficient.

Question 30

In research by Bradley and Bryant (1983), teaching rhyming skills to socially disadvantaged English children improved their reading, spelling and maths skills.

Question 31

At age six, when middle childhood begins, the brain has reached 90 percent of its adult volume, having quadrupled in size since birth.