Question 1

_________ is a toxic substance within a biologic organism that is not normally present and does damage to the metabolism.&#10;A) Antioxidant&#10;B) Xenobiotic&#10;C) Glutathione&#10;D) GALT

Accepted Answer

Xenobiotics are toxic substances not normally found in the organism that damage metabolism. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant, and GALT refers to the immune tissue in the GI tract.

Question 2

Increased intestinal permeability is associated with ___________.&#10;A) blocking of large molecules to prevent passage into the internal microenvironment&#10;B) an allogenic state&#10;C) decreased antigenic load&#10;D) more severe food sensitivity or allergy

Accepted Answer

The loss of the integrity of the gut barrier leads to intestinal permeability. It is sometimes known as "leaky real gut." This condition provides access of larger molecules into the internal microenvironment. It occurs a situation where antigens, often from food, become more significant and allostasis is no longer present.

Question 3

Curcumin is a powerful flavonoid found in ___________.&#10;A) turmeric&#10;B) apples and onions&#10;C) green vegetables&#10;D) fatty fish

Accepted Answer

Curcumin is the most studied flavonoid compound researched to date and is found in the spice turmeric. Quercetin is another example of a flavonoid and it is found in apples and onions.

Question 4

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are essential for&#10;A) production of cholesterol.&#10;B) detoxification transport of toxins for elimination.&#10;C) production of prostacyclins.&#10;D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are essential for the production of cholesterol, steroids, prostacyclin, and thromboxane A2. They are involved in the hydroxylation of endogenous and exogenous toxic molecules in the detoxification transport of toxins.

Question 5

Essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids are converted to what?&#10;A) Insulin&#10;B) Cytokines and adipokines&#10;C) Prostaglandins&#10;D) Interleukin-6

Accepted Answer

Essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids are converted into prostaglandins as part of the eicosanoid cascade. Interleukin-6 is a marker of inflammation. Adipokines and cytokines are proinflammatory molecules. Interleukin-6 is a marker of inflammation.

Question 6

Allostasis is&#10;A) a test for inflammation.&#10;B) a root cause of obesity.&#10;C) lysosomal degradation.&#10;D) a condition of metabolic stability with adjustments for environmental influences.

Accepted Answer

Allostasis is a condition of metabolic stability with adjustments for environmental influences and stresses. It will be established even under inflammatory conditions. This can lead to inflammation but allostasis is not a test for inflammation.

Question 7

Medical nutrition therapy for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome includes&#10;A) fermented foods.&#10;B) avoiding processed foods.&#10;C) prebiotics.&#10;D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Medical nutrition therapy recommendations for increasing fermented foods, lowering intake of processed foods, and avoiding gastrointestinal irritating foods and any known antigens for an individual are basic to improving the microbial ecology.

Question 8

Nutrient Triage Theory refers to&#10;A) the nutrient partner principle.&#10;B) nutrients being preferentially used for functions important for survival during poor dietary supply.&#10;C) nutrients being preferentially used to fuel inflammation.&#10;D) nutrients being preferentially used to resolve long-latency nutrient insufficiencies.

Accepted Answer

The concept of Nutrient Triage Theory states that during poor dietary supply, nutrients are preferentially utilized for functions that are important for survival. The nutrient partner principle refers to the symbiosis between two nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D. Long-latency nutrient insufficiencies result from chronic poor intake and contribute over a period of time to the development of chronic disease.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a biomarker of inflammation?&#10;A) Hemoglobin A1C&#10;B) Sedimentation rate&#10;C) High-sensitivity C-reactive protein&#10;D) TNF-alpha

Accepted Answer

Because 70% of the immune system is contained in the GI tract it is important to assess its condition when evaluating inflammation. The thymus gland and white blood cells play important roles in the immune system. Lean body tissue does not, although increased amounts of adipose tissue can be proinflammatory.

Question 10

Chronic inflammation is associated with ______________.&#10;A) a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation&#10;B) production of cytokines&#10;C) loss of the body's ability to recognize &#34;self&#34;&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Prolonged inflammation known as chronic inflammation leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of tissue. The immune system's response to physiologic and metabolic stress is to produce proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines. The immune system's function is to keep the body healthy by responding appropriately with an inflammatory response and then returning the body to an alert system of defense. But when the natural defense system is damaged in multiple areas, such as the gastrointestinal barrier, lining of the lungs, ears, nose, throat, and skin, there can be a loss of ability of the body to recognize "self" from "nonself."

Question 11

Which of the following nutrients may contribute physiologically to all immune responses?&#10;A) Vitamin E&#10;B) Vitamin C&#10;C) Vitamin D&#10;D) Folate

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following nutrients may contribute...

Question 12

The ___________system is more vulnerable to toxic exposures.&#10;A) cardiovascular&#10;B) gastrointestinal&#10;C) neurologic&#10;D) reproductive

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ___________system is more vulnerable to toxic...

Question 13

Dietary factors that help to maintain healthy fluid viscosity and therefore a healthy immune system include all EXCEPT&#10;A) carbohydrate.&#10;B) hydration.&#10;C) vitamin E.&#10;D) monounsaturated fat.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dietary factors that help to maintain healthy...

Deck 3: Inflammation and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease