Deck 9: Cardiac Physiology

Question 1

If the haematocrit is 42 percent, this means that 58 percent of the whole blood comprises plasma.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All types of white blood cells can be produced in the bone marrow as well as in lymphoid organs, such as the lymph nodes and tonsils.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The intrinsic clotting pathway stops blood in an injured vessel, whereas the extrinsic pathway clots blood that has escaped into the tissues.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The lymphocyte is a granulocyte.

Question 5

Haemoglobin transports carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Question 6

Haemolysis of red blood cells means that they rupture.

Question 7

Carbonic anhydrase is necessary for nitrogen transport.

Question 8

The haematocrit is lower than normal in most anaemias.

Question 9

Many of the clotting factors are alpha or beta globulins.

Question 10

Aplastic anaemia is due to intrinsic factor deficiency.

Question 11

Thrombopoietin increases the number of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Question 12

Serum is identical in composition to plasma; that is, both contain all the components of blood except for the blood cells.

Question 13

Platelet plugs do not grow excessively because of plasmin release by normal endothelial cells.

Question 14

Reticulocytes are produced from erythrocytes.

Question 15

Platelets adhere to exposed collagen, forming a plug at the site of a vessel defect.

Question 16

All the constituents present in the plasma are freely diffusible across the capillary walls.

Question 17

Specific hormones direct the differentiation and proliferation of the various types of white blood cells.

Question 18

Antibodies are produced by both B and T lymphocytes.

Question 19

Neutrophilia frequently accompanies bacterial infections.

Question 20

The plasma is comprised mostly of water.

Question 21

Fibrinogen is the insoluble clot-forming protein.

Question 22

Polycythaemia can occur in association with chronic lung disease.

Question 23

A deficiency of folic acid can produce anaemia.

Question 24

The rate of erythropoiesis normally increases in a person adjusting to higher altitudes.

Question 25

Haemostatic mechanisms are effective for completely arresting bleeding from small vessels, but ruptured medium to large vessels require external intervention to stop the bleeding.

Question 26

The bone marrow is the major site for the formation of most blood cells.

Question 27

Polycythaemia increases the viscosity of the blood, thus increasing the total peripheral resistance.

Question 28

Serum is not identical to plasma.

Question 29

The plasma is about 50 percent water.

Question 30

Leukocytes lack haemoglobin.

Question 31

Anaemia is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is increased.

Question 32

Platelets are important in the process of haemostasis.

Question 33

Haemoglobin is found within the nuclei of erythrocytes.

Question 34

Per cubic millimetre, white blood cells are more numerous than red blood cells.

Question 35

Plasma proteins are not normally used as metabolic fuels.

Question 36

Anaemia refers to a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Question 37

K is a required clotting factor.

Question 38

Pernicious anaemia occurs when the bone marrow is destroyed by drugs or radiation.

Question 39

Antibodies are gamma globulins produced by B lymphocytes.

Question 40

Being a cell fragment, a platelet lacks a nucleus and organelles and does not have any synthetic ability.

Question 41

What does exposed collagen in a damaged vessel do?

A)It activates factor I to initiate blood clotting.
B)It initiates platelet production.
C) It secretes ADP, which causes platelets to become sticky.
D) It activates factor XII to initiate blood clotting, and it initiates platelet aggregation.

Question 42

If the haematocrit is 40, then which of the following volumes is represented correctly?

A)Red blood cells comprise 60 percent of the total blood volume.
B)White blood cells comprise 40 percent of the total blood volume.
C) Red blood cells comprise 40 percent of the total blood volume.
D) Plasma and cellular elements other than red blood cells comprise 40 percent of the total blood volume.

Question 43

Clot formation is a temporary measure to halt blood loss from an injured vessel until the more powerful platelet plug can be formed.

Question 44

Which of the following correctly describes prostacyclin?

A)It activates the clotting cascade.
B)It induces profound vasoconstriction of an injured vessel.
C) It profoundly inhibits platelet aggregation.
D) It is released by aggregated platelets.

Question 45

The granular leukocytes are more numerous than the agranular leukocytes per cubic millimetre.

Question 46

If the haematocrit is 47 percent, this means that 47 percent of the whole blood consists of plasma.

Question 47

Which of these statements correctly describes erythropoiesis?

A)It is accomplished in the bone marrow.
B)It is accomplished in the kidneys in response to reduced O₂ delivery to the kidneys.
C) It refers to increased RBC count.
D) It refers to excessive RBC destruction.

Question 48

Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis by the liver.

Question 49

Carbonic anhydrase is NOT crucial for which one of the following?

A)CO₂ transport in blood
B)conversion of CO₂ into bicarbonate ion
C) production of NO
D) chemical buffer system

Question 50

Leukocytes are formed from megakaryocytes.

Question 51

About how many litres of blood are in the human body?

A)2 L
B)5 L
C) 10 L
D) 12 L

Question 52

Polycythaemia often occurs in those who live at high altitudes.

Question 53

Basophils are the least numerous of the leukocytes per cubic millimetre.

Question 54

Which of these statements does NOT correctly describe platelets?

A)They do not adhere to normal vascular surfaces.
B)When aggregated, they release ADP, which causes other platelets to become sticky and adhere to the platelet plug.
C) They directly convert fibrinogen to fibrin.
D) They form a plug, which releases chemicals that cause the injured vessel to constrict.

Question 55

Pernicious anaemia develops from a deficiency of which of the following?

A)ATP
B)carbonic anhydrase
C) gastrin hormone
D) intrinsic factor

Question 56

Fibrin forms the meshwork of clots.

Question 57

The first step in haemostasis is the formation of a blood clot.

Question 58

Plasma albumins help regulate the blood's osmotic pressure.

Question 59

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor stimulates the replication and release of neutrophils from the bone marrow.

Question 60

A thrombus is a clot floating in the circulation.

Question 61

Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe heparin?

A)It is normally present in the body.
B)It is present in basophils.
C) It is used in some blood samples.
D) It stimulates the coagulation of blood.

Question 62

Blood is a connective tissue comprising cellular elements and an extracellular matrix of primarily water. What is the name of the blood's extracellular matrix?

A)haematocrit
B)fibrinogen
C) buffy coat
D) plasma

Question 63

Albumin belongs to which of these groups in the blood plasma?

A)hormones
B)electrolytes
C) proteins
D) gases

Question 64

Which of the following slowly dissolves clots?

A)tissue thromboplastin
B)prostacyclin
C) plasmin
D) calcium

Question 65

What form of polycythaemia occurs when an individual lives in a high-altitude environment?

A)primary
B)secondary
C) tertiary
D) relative

Question 66

An increase in the circulating number of which cell type is associated with parasite infestation?

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes

Question 67

Which of these types of anaemia is caused by a genetic abnormality in the haemoglobin?

A)pernicious
B)haemorrhagic
C) sickle-cell
D) megaloblastic

Question 68

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to clot formation?

A)prothrombin-fibrinogen-thrombin-fibrin
B)fibrin-prothrombin-fibrinogen-thrombin
C) prothrombin-thrombin-fibrinogen-fibrin
D) fibrinogen-prothrombin-fibrin-thrombin

Question 69

Deficiency of which vitamin can cause a bleeding tendency?

A)vitamin B
B)vitamin C
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin K

Question 70

Which plasma globulins are the antibodies?

A)alpha globulins
B)beta globulins
C) gamma globulins
D) delta globulins

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of anaemia?

A)dietary deficiency of folic acid
B)deficiency of intrinsic factor
C) malaria
D) living at high altitude

Question 72

Which of these statements correctly describes iron?

A)It can combine reversibly with O₂.
B)Deficiency in iron can lead to polycythaemia.
C) It is converted into bilirubin and secreted into the bile when old red blood cells rupture and are degraded.
D) It appears reddish when combined with CO₂.

Question 73

Which of these statements does NOT correctly describe iron?

A)It is found in the heme portion of the haemoglobin molecule.
B)It is converted into bilirubin upon erythrocyte degradation.
C) It readily combines reversibly with O₂.
D) Diets deficient in it can lead to anaemia.

Question 74

Which example of a reticulocyte percentage among the erythrocytes in the circulation would indicate a high degree of erythropoiesis?

A)0.5 percent
B)0.7 percent
C) 1.2 percent
D) 2.9 percent

Question 75

Which of these statements correctly describes basophils?

A)They contain granules that preferentially take up a basic blue dye.
B)They leave the blood to become macrophages.
C) They synthesize antibodies.
D) They are the most abundant type of leukocytes.

Question 76

What is the most abundant agranulocyte in the blood?

A)basophil
B)eosinophil
C) lymphocyte
D) monocyte

Question 77

Which of the following statements correctly describes haemoglobin?

A)It consists of a protein made up of four highly folded polypeptide chains and four iron-containing, non-protein, nitrogenous groups.
B)It appears reddish when combined with CO₂.
C) It can combine only with O₂ molecules.
D) It is found in the nuclei of red blood cells.

Question 78

Which of these statements is correct with respect to white blood cells?

A)Granular leukocytes are more numerous than agranular leukocytes per cubic millimetre.
B)Eosinophilia frequently accompanies bacterial infections.
C) Neutrophils are the least numerous of the leukocytes per cubic millimetre.
D) Lymphocytes are granulocytes.

Question 79

Which of these elements forms the meshwork of a clot?

A)aggregated red blood cells
B)fibrin
C) aggregated platelets
D) thrombin

Question 80

Which of these statement applies correctly to blood cells?

A)All blood cells originate in red bone marrow.
B)Red bone marrow is the primary source of all blood cells except mast cells and macrophages.
C) Most types of leukocytes appear in equal amounts in the blood.
D) Erythrocytes are produced in red marrow, while leukocytes are produced primarily in lymph nodes.