Deck 7: Work, Leisure, and Media

Question 1

Who is more likely to hold a part-time job during high school?

A) Gino, an Italian adolescent
B) Ha-joon, a Korean adolescent
C) Hope, a Japanese adolescent
D) Selena, an American adolescent

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Compared to other times in recent history, how many adolescents have after-school jobs today?

A) Fewer adolescents have after-school jobs today than in recent history.
B) More adolescents have after-school jobs today than at any time in recent history.
C) The proportion of adolescents who have after-school jobs has been relatively stable for the last four or five decades.
D) The proportion of adolescents who have after-school jobs has varied widely.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time?

A) Adolescents' free time is best thought of as a "zero sum" phenomenon, whereby involvement in one activity displaces involvement in another.
B) There appear to be adolescents who have small time commitments across many different activities and others who commit substantial time to only one pursuit.
C) There appear to be two groups of adolescents: those who have substantial time commitments to many types of activity and others who are nonparticipants.
D) There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who do not participate in any activities.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to be well adjusted?

A) Joaquin, who spends most of his free time studying
B) Casey, who spends most of her free time with her friends
C) Gamba, who spends most of his free time on the computer
D) Pimchan, who spends most of her free time at her after-school job

Question 5

Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in

A) construction and manual labor.
B) service and retail establishments.
C) offices and other clerical settings.
D) factories and manufacturing plants.

Question 6

Approximately how many of today's teenagers will have worked an after-school job before graduating high school?

A) about 1 in 4
B) about half
C) less than 1 in 10
D) more than half

Question 7

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and service industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment during the second half of the 20th century?

A) the unpredictability of these industries
B) an abundance of low-wage positions
C) the high turnover rate preferred by these employers
D) the reluctance to hire adults

Question 8

The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over the past two decades. Which of the following is an explanation for this?

A) Parental expectations have changed, and parents no longer feel it is necessary for teenagers to work.
B) Fewer and fewer high school graduates are seeking college admission.
C) The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many adults without jobs.
D) So many teenagers want part-time jobs that there is too much competition for too few jobs.

Question 9

Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs for adolescents less common in Japan and Korea than in the United States?

A) Schoolwork is more demanding of teenagers' time in Japan and Korea.
B) Teenagers spend more time engaged in sports and other activities in Japan and Korea.
C) Teenagers having jobs is frowned upon in Japan and Korea.
D) Japan and Korea are not as industrialized as the United States.

Question 10

Which of the following is a reason that after-school jobs became less attractive to teenagers during the recession of the first decade of the twenty-first century?

A) Teenagers already had enough money to purchase the things that interested them.
B) New technologies increased the number of attractive and inexpensive leisure options available.
C) Teenagers preferred to spend more time with friends and going out on dates.
D) Teenagers began spending longer hours in school.

Question 11

Which of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents?

A) organized youth movements
B) compulsory schooling
C) the spread of the Internet
D) the invention of the teenager

Question 12

What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have?

A) babysitting
B) a farm or agricultural job
C) store clerk or salesperson
D) fast-food worker

Question 13

Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he most likely to end up with?

A) stock clerk in a retail store
B) fast-food worker
C) pizza delivery driver
D) babysitter

Question 14

Today's teenagers spend the most hours

A) on schoolwork.
B) with family members.
C) on leisure activities.
D) working.

Question 15

Jasmine is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have?

A) food server at a restaurant
B) babysitter
C) gardener
D) housekeeper

Question 16

The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs

A) dropped dramatically during the 1970s.
B) has decreased during the last 30 years.
C) increased dramatically during the first decade of the twenty-first century.
D) has increased during the last 30 years.

Question 17

Older students are more likely to hold ________ jobs than are younger students.

A) formal
B) informal
C) child care
D) agricultural

Question 18

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade class. What are his results likely to say?

A) movie theater usher and nurses' aide
B) babysitting and lawn work
C) fast-food worker and clothing store cashier
D) receptionist and paper carrier

Question 19

Over the last 50 years, the amount of time adolescents devote to ________ has declined significantly.

A) school
B) paid jobs
C) using media
D) leisure activities

Question 20

According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?

A) Working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepares them for the transition to adulthood.
B) Working interferes with other activities, such as school.
C) Working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use.
D) The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on the nature of the job.

Question 21

Lisa is a high-school student who earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on

A) family necessities.
B) leisure activities.
C) household expenses.
D) college expenses.

Question 22

Which of the following statements accurately describes the experience sampling method?

A) Adolescents' parents provide feedback on their children's moods and activities during the day.
B) Adolescents self-report on their moods and activities multiple times during the day.
C) Adolescents come up with explanations for their moods.
D) Adolescents evaluate their overall mood at the end of the day.

Question 23

Pam is a 16-year-old who smokes marijuana every weekend. Based on this information, which of the following most likely describes Pam's work experience?

A) Pam is unemployed.
B) Pam works long hours.
C) Pam dislikes her job.
D) Pam's job is not very stressful.

Question 24

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs

A) are tedious.
B) offer good learning experiences.
C) provide opportunities to exercise responsibility.
D) pay well.

Question 25

The experience sampling method involves

A) observing individuals in their natural setting.
B) witnessing change in the makeup of the population.
C) subjects carrying electronic devices and reporting their moods when prompted.
D) researchers becoming participants during their observations.

Question 26

Which of the following teenagers is most likely to benefit from having a job?

A) 14-year-old Garvesh, who lives in a poor neighborhood and has a history of delinquency
B) 17-year-old Daciana, who lives with her single mother in a poor, urban neighborhood
C) 18-year-old Zion, who skips school frequently and lives in a middle-class neighborhood
D) 15-year-old Ruolan, who drinks alcohol and lives in a middle-class neighborhood

Question 27

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

A) They encourage adolescents to behave independently.
B) They require challenging decision making.
C) They seldom require the skills taught in school.
D) They involve careful instruction from supervisors.

Question 28

Which of the following is associated with adolescents who work?

A) greater absences from school
B) greater enjoyment of school
C) more time spent on homework
D) earning higher grades

Question 29

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to use alcohol and drugs during his or her late 20s?

A) 15-year-old Caesar, who works 24 hours per week at a fast-food restaurant
B) 17-year-old Kayla, who works 16 hours per week at a bookstore
C) 18-year-old Nombeko, who works 5 hours per week at a clothing store
D) 15-year-old Palani, who does not have an after-school job

Question 30

Elise is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her smartphone beeps. Elise pulls out a notebook and records her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called

A) ethnography.
B) participant observation.
C) the experience sampling method.
D) demography.

Question 31

Adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are less likely than their peers to

A) participate in extracurricular activities.
B) drop out of high school.
C) be absent from school.
D) be disengaged from school.

Question 32

Which of the following has been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week?

A) a lower likelihood of cheating
B) more effective time management
C) more involvement in extracurricular activities
D) taking less demanding classes

Question 33

Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are higher among teenage workers than nonworkers, especially among students who

A) make less money than their peers.
B) also participate in athletics.
C) choose to work long hours.
D) are involved in many extracurricular activities.

Question 34

Amari is a teenager who works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Amari is most likely to increase in which of the following?

A) aggression
B) self-control
C) positive mood
D) cooperation with her parents

Question 35

Chathura is an adolescent who works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Chathura is more likely to ________ than his nonworking peers.

A) develop a strong sense of responsibility
B) have a girlfriend
C) engage in minor delinquency
D) have a good relationship with his parents

Question 36

Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on?

A) higher education
B) designer clothing
C) household expenses
D) saving for a car

Question 37

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to

A) become more socially responsible.
B) know how to manage his money better.
C) drop out of school.
D) abstain from drug and alcohol use.

Question 38

When large numbers of students in a particular school work, how does this affect the schoolwork of their fellow students who do not have jobs?

A) They become jealous of their working peers' affluence.
B) The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations.
C) They develop similar problem behaviors, such as cheating and losing interest in school.
D) They are not generally affected.

Question 39

Research assessing adolescent work experiences found

A) adolescents have little opportunity to interact with other adolescents on the job.
B) adolescents often form close relationships with the adults with whom they work.
C) high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers.
D) adolescents find it easier to talk about their problems with adults other than their parents.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about adolescent employment is supported by research?

A) Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities.
B) The benefits of working during adolescence are mostly related to money management.
C) Intensive employment during the school year may be detrimental to adolescent development.
D) Adolescent employment offers valuable training for adult jobs.

Question 41

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or other structured extracurricular activities is associated with which of the following outcomes for participants?

A) greater exposure to danger
B) enhanced psychological well-being and social status
C) higher stress and compromised mental health
D) increased likelihood that participants will drop out of school

Question 42

The most popular type of extracurricular activity is

A) athletics.
B) music.
C) academic clubs.
D) occupational clubs.

Question 43

Which of the following types of extracurricular activities are most popular among adolescents?

A) music-related and academic-related
B) craft-related and drama-related
C) drama-related and music-related
D) craft-related and academic-related

Question 44

Typically, adolescents' moods while with their families become more negative between

A) elementary and middle school.
B) fall and spring semesters.
C) middle and high school
D) high school and college.

Question 45

Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to experience high levels of concentration and interest when he is

A) with his friends.
B) in school.
C) playing sports.
D) watching television.

Question 46

Which of the following groups is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?

A) youth from poorer families
B) students from larger schools
C) youth who earn better grades
D) youth from more urban communities

Question 47

According to the routine activity theory, which of the following is a major contributing factor to adolescent delinquency?

A) a lack of structured leisure activities
B) lower-than-average intelligence
C) extracurricular activities
D) media usage

Question 48

Neville comes from a working-class family that lives in a run-down neighborhood in a major city. Lately, his parents have been urging him to join his school's soccer team. They are most likely motivated to do this

A) because they want Neville to have a better relationship with his teachers.
B) because of their own strong connections to the school athletic program.
C) in the hopes that it will help Neville get into a good college.
D) out of a desire to keep Neville out of trouble after school.

Question 49

Javier has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to choose

A) music.
B) science.
C) athletics.
D) a job.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true?

A) Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school.
B) Though popular activities are likely to remain popular during all four years of high school, the specific participants who choose to become involved in these activities is likely to undergo frequent changes.
C) Students who are uninvolved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to become highly involved by the end of high school.
D) Extracurricular overscheduling of youth creates pressures that compromise adolescents' mental health.

Question 51

The combination of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time is called

A) extracurricular activities.
B) a flow experience.
C) relaxation and rejuvenation.
D) a structured leisure activity.

Question 52

Studies that use the experience sampling method have investigated whether adolescents' moods vary as a function of whom they are with and whether this connection between mood and companionship changes with age. What are the primary results of these studies?

A) In general, adolescents' moods are most positive when they are with their friends, least positive when they are alone, and somewhere in between when they are with their family.
B) Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more negative on average, whereas their moods while with their family tend to first become more positive, then more negative.
C) In general, adolescents' moods are most negative when they are with their friends, most positive when they are with family, and somewhere in between when they are alone.
D) Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with family become more positive on average, whereas their moods while with their friends tend to first become more negative, then more positive.

Question 53

Which of the following is most likely to deter adolescents from delinquent behavior?

A) adult supervision
B) peer pressure
C) unstructured leisure time
D) a part-time job

Question 54

Dr. Eckert is studying how participation in extracurricular activities affects adolescents in disadvantaged neighborhoods. What is she likely to discover?

A) Participation in extracurricular activities makes adolescents over-scheduled and increases their stress levels.
B) Participation in extracurricular activities is detrimental to students' school performance and increases their likelihood of dropping out.
C) Participation in extracurricular activities deters delinquency and can help protect adolescents from exposure to violence.
D) Participation in extracurricular activities causes poor youth to be ostracized by their peers and is detrimental to their psychological well-being.

Question 55

Chao has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. To curb this type of behavior, Chao's parents should

A) encourage Chao to get a full-time job.
B) encourage Chao to get a part-time job.
C) enroll Chao in a larger school.
D) enroll Chao in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity.

Question 56

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in violent behavior?

A) Jenness, who is involved in student government and her school's tennis team
B) Luis, who is a member of his school's drama club but is not involved in other extracurricular activities
C) Cooper, who is on his school's football team but is not involved in other extracurricular activities
D) Aniyah, who is on her school's track team and debate team

Question 57

When is delinquency most common?

A) weekdays during school hours
B) weekday afternoons
C) weekend nights
D) weekend afternoons

Question 58

Adolescents tend to report their least positive moods when they are

A) with friends.
B) working.
C) with their family.
D) alone.

Question 59

Research indicates that, for an adolescent, spending unsupervised time after school with friends is most problematic when the

A) friends frequently lie to their parents.
B) adolescent is in a romantic relationship.
C) adolescent is easily susceptible to peer pressure.
D) adolescent is involved in a structured activity.

Question 60

Which of the following teenagers is most likely to engage in problem behaviors?

A) Xenia, who goes to the mall with her friends after school
B) Ekene, who is home alone after school
C) Fadel, who plays on the high school baseball team after school
D) Keegan, whose best friend's mother supervises him and his friends after school

Question 61

The average American adolescent sends ________ text messages a day.

A) 20 or fewer
B) about 50
C) about 70
D) more than 200

Question 62

The highest levels of media use are reported by

A) teenagers from low-income families.
B) older adolescents.
C) White adolescents.
D) male teenagers.

Question 63

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others?

A) character
B) connection
C) caring/compassion
D) competence

Question 64

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include which of the following?

A) the media saturation theory
B) the routine activity theory
C) the uses and gratifications approach
D) the flow experience

Question 65

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?

A) uses and gratifications approach
B) cultivation theory
C) media practice model
D) routine activity theory

Question 66

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does character mean?

A) a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas
B) an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy
C) positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges
D) respect for societal and cultural rules

Question 67

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does competence mean?

A) a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas
B) an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy
C) positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges
D) respect for societal and cultural rules

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of new media?

A) television
B) recorded music
C) online videos
D) movies

Question 69

An important limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that

A) self-care youths are a difficult sample to recruit.
B) there are important differences between the possible after-school arrangements for adolescents in this group.
C) parents rarely agree to allow their teenagers to participate in research studies.
D) self-care youths are prone to dropping out of research studies.

Question 70

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does confidence mean?

A) a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas
B) an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; global self-regard
C) positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges
D) respect for societal and cultural rules

Question 71

While adolescents are estimated to use media for 9 hours a day, it is likely this is an understatement because

A) smartphone usage is usually not included in these estimates.
B) adolescents are often not fully aware of how much they are using media.
C) adolescents are known to frequently lie to investigators about their media use.
D) these estimates do not account for media multitasking.

Question 72

Stephanie, an adolescent who engages in self-care after school is likely to ________ than adolescents who are supervised by adults after school.

A) be more socially isolated and more depressed
B) become sexually active later in life
C) be involved in fewer problem behaviors
D) use less drugs and alcohol

Question 73

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does connection mean?

A) a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas
B) an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy
C) positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges
D) respect for societal and cultural rules

Question 74

Which of the following is recommended for parents who leave their adolescents in self-care after school?

A) Allow their adolescent free, unstructured time after school.
B) Have their adolescent check in with an adult as soon as he or she gets home.
C) Have their adolescent spend time out in public, rather than at home.
D) Encourage their adolescent to have friends come over for study sessions.

Question 75

Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents and research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing strengths is known as

A) pro-bono youth development.
B) preventative youth development.
C) cultivating decent youths.
D) positive youth development.

Question 76

Adolescents are more likely to be home unsupervised if they

A) come from a poor family.
B) live in rural areas.
C) are White.
D) live far from their school.

Question 77

Which of the following has been shown to be a key component of what makes a positive youth development program successful?

A) the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles
B) the extent to which participants are having fun
C) the length of time participants are in the program each day
D) how invested participants' parents are in the program's success

Question 78

One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is that

A) it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect.
B) media is difficult to define.
C) the type of media that adolescents use changes rapidly.
D) adolescents are very secretive about their media use.

Question 79

Which of the following youth activities bears a striking resemblance to the stated goals of positive youth development programs?

A) after-school part-time jobs
B) the Boys and Girls Clubs of America
C) school-sponsored athletic activities
D) after-school study groups

Question 80

What proportion of American households has at least one television?

A) Virtually all American households have at least one TV.
B) Except for adolescents who live in low-income homes, the majority of American households have at least one TV.
C) More than 50% of American households have at least one TV.
D) Virtually all middle-class and upper-class households have a TV, and about 50% of lower-income families have a TV.