Deck 37: Maintaining the Internal Environment

Question 1

The risk of kidney stones increases with ____.

A)a high carbohydrate diet
B)a low calcium diet
C)being female
D)obesity
E)drinking too much water

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The hormone that influences sodium reabsorption in the kidney is ____.

A)antidiuretic hormone
B)cortisone
C)aldosterone
D)corticotropic hormone
E)adrenaline

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Filtrate that is removed from the blood is collected by the ____.

A)loop of Henle
B)glomerulus
C)distal tubule
D)proximal tubule
E)Bowman's capsule

Answer 3

E

Question 4

​The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to ____ and actively pumps ____ into the interstitial fluid.

A)​water; sodium
B)​protein; water
C)​sodium; urea
D)​hydrogen ions; sodium
E)​urea; protein

Question 5

Hypothermia occurs when ____.

A)temperature falls to the point where brain activity is impaired
B)interstitial fluid begins to freeze
C)shivering response begins
D)breathing rate increases
E)metabolic activity increases

Question 6

Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same organ. Select the exception.

A)distal tubule
B)loop of Henle
C)ureter
D)proximal tubule
E)Bowman's capsule

Question 7

The mammalian ____ converts ammonia to urea.

A)nephron
B)Malpighian tubes
C)bladder
D)kidney
E)liver

Question 8

The hormones that exercise control over urine concentration affect ____.

A)Bowman's capsule
B)the proximal tubule
C)the distal tubule and collecting tubule
D)the loop of Henle
E)the urinary bladder

Question 9

Four of the five answers are ways by which animals remove water and/or unwanted solutes. Select the exception.

A)excretion in urine
B)secretions
C)exhalation
D)elimination in feces
E)bleeding

Question 10

Which symptom is indicative of a bacterial infection?

A)sugar in the urine
B)acidic urine
C)alkaline urine
D)luteinizing hormone in the urine
E)protein in the urine

Question 11

The tube leading from each kidney to the bladder is the ____.

A)glomerulus
B)ureter
C)urethra
D)bladder
E)rectum

Question 12

Conversion of ammonia to ____ requires less energy but results in more water loss.

A)urine
B)urea
C)uric acid
D)carbon dioxide
E)hemolymph

Question 13

​The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to ____ but not to ____.

A)​water; sodium
B)​protein; water
C)​sodium; urea
D)​hydrogen ions; sodium
E)​urea; protein

Question 14

Four of the five answers listed below are functions of the nephrons in the kidney. Select the exception.

A)filtration
B)phosphorylation
C)active transport
D)reabsorption
E)secretion

Question 15

Four of the five answers listed below are the result of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion. Select the exception.

A)Water is reabsorbed in the distal tubule.
B)The fluid volume of blood increases.
C)The solute concentration in the blood rises.
D)The distal tubule and collecting duct become more permeable to water.
E)Urine becomes more concentrated.

Question 16

Four of the five answers can be detected by testing the urine. Select the exception.

A)ovulation
B)pregnancy
C)water-soluble drug use
D)exposure to pollutants
E)white blood cell count

Question 17

The process of filtration in the glomerulus is driven by ____.

A)active transport
B)blood pressure
C)osmosis
D)dialysis
E)sodium-potassium pumps

Question 18

Spiders and insects convert ____ to uric acid before excretion.

A)ketones
B)sodium ions
C)ammonia
D)uric acid
E)water

Question 19

What is the name given to the fluid removed from the blood but not yet processed by the nephron tubules?

A)urine
B)water
C)urethral fluid
D)filtrate
E)renal plasma

Question 20

Tubular reabsorption of water, nutrients, and sodium begins in the ____.

A)glomerulus
B)proximal tubule
C)distal tubule
D)loop of Henle
E)collecting duct

Question 21

Which functional unit found in the kidney functions in filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?

A)renal pelvis
B)nephron
C)renal capsule
D)urinary bladder
E)urethra

Question 22

The hormone that controls the concentration of urine is ____.

A)insulin
B)glucagon
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)thyroxine
E)epinephrine

Question 23

Animals lose unwanted solutes through ____.

A)urinary excretion only
B)respiration only
C)feces only
D)feces, respiration, secretions, and urinary excretion
E)lymph filtering

Question 24

Antidiuretic hormone ____.

A)promotes processes that lead to an increase in the volume of urine
B)makes the distal tubule and collecting ducts more permeable to water
C)acts on the proximal tubules of nephrons in the kidney
D)is produced by the adrenal cortex
E)changes the water permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 25

Four of the five answers listed below are responses of the vertebrate body to heat. Select the exception.

A)increased sweating
B)slower respiration rate
C)decreased rate of muscle activity
D)increased water loss
E)dilation of peripheral blood vessels

Question 26

What type of tissue contains mitochondria that can release energy as heat, rather than storing it in ATP?

A)skeletal muscle
B)brown adipose tissue
C)white adipose tissue
D)epidermis
E)dermis

Question 27

In tubular reabsorption, ____.

A)plasma proteins are returned to the blood
B)excess hydrogen ions are removed from the blood
C)excess water is passed on to the urine
D)nutrients and salts are selectively returned to the blood
E)drugs and foreign substances are passed into the urine

Question 28

The subunit of a kidney that purifies blood and restores solute and water balance is called a ____.

A)renal pelvis
B)renal capsule
C)nephron
D)ureter
E)urethra

Question 29

How do some endotherms respond to high temperatures?

A)increased sweating
B)shivering
C)production of brown fat
D)peripheral vasoconstriction
E)increased metabolism

Question 30

Ethanol (beverage alcohol) is an inhibitor of ADH. Therefore, a person consuming a couple of mixed drinks should excrete ____.

A)less water because ADH promotes reabsorption
B)the alcohol because ADH cannot degrade it
C)ketone bodies formed from the alcohol
D)more water because ADH normally promotes reabsorption
E)more water plus ketone bodies due to increased reabsorption

Question 31

Tubular reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the ____ to the ____.

A)interstitial fluid; nephron tubules
B)glomerular capillaries; Bowman's capsule
C)Bowman's capsule; nephron tubules
D)nephron tubules; peritubular capillaries
E)glomerular capillaries; peritubular capillaries

Question 32

Animals that hibernate during a cold season are seasonal ____.

A)endotherms
B)ectotherms
C)heterotherms
D)regulators
E)metabolic activators

Question 33

The primary thermostat of the vertebrate body is located in the ____.

A)heart
B)hypothalamus
C)medulla oblongata
D)cerebellum
E)thyroid gland

Question 34

Four of the five answers are correct statements about endothermic animals. Select the exception.

A)They use more energy than ectotherms.
B)They are active at a wider range of temperatures than ectotherms.
C)They have a higher metabolic rate than ectotherms.
D)They have fur, hair, or feathers for insulation.
E)They adjust their temperature by changing their location.

Question 35

Transfer of heat within an object or among objects that contact one another is ____.

A)conduction
B)radiation
C)convection
D)metabolism
E)evaporation

Question 36

Which structure collects coelomic fluid in each segment of an earthworm and removes unwanted wastes while retaining essential solutes and water?

A)nephridia
B)kidneys
C)Malpighian tubules
D)collecting ducts
E)nephrons

Question 37

The ____ stores urine until excretion.

A)glomerulus
B)ureter
C)urethra
D)bladder
E)rectum

Question 38

Which process is under voluntary control?

A)filtration
B)reabsorption
C)urination
D)secretion
E)active transport

Question 39

Which structures found in most insects take up waste solutes from hemolymph and deliver them to the gut for excretion?

A)Malpighian tubules
B)nephrons
C)nephridia
D)kidneys
E)blood vessels

Question 40

A kidney dialysis machine removes solutes from the blood by means of ____.

A)pinocytosis
B)exocytosis
C)diffusion
D)active transport
E)bulk flow

Question 41

Match the processes involved in urine formation with the correct description.
a.glomerular filtration
b.tubular reabsorption
c.tubular secretion
d.ADH signal
returns solutes and most water to the blood

Question 42

What is part of a vertebrate's response to hot temperature?

A)widespread vasodilation in skin
B)shivering
C)decreased respiration
D)shunting of the blood to the core regions of the body
E)increased metabolism

Question 43

Tubular secretion occurs in which section of mammalian nephrons?

A)glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsules
B)loops of Henle
C)proximal tubules
D)distal tubules
E)peritubular capillaries

Question 44

During the process of glomerular filtration, what part of blood passes through the filter?

A)red blood cells
B)white blood cells
C)plasma proteins
D)capillary endothelial cells
E)plasma

Question 45

Ions and breakdown products of organic molecules are actively transported from the peritubular capillaries to the filtrate within the nephron by ____.

A)tubular secretion
B)tubular reabsorption
C)glomerular filtration
D)tubular osmosis
E)glomerular excretion

Question 46

Ammonia, a nitrogen containing-waste compound found in the blood, is a waste product of ____ breakdown.

A)carbohydrate
B)protein
C)lipid
D)mineral
E)vitamin

Question 47

Match the processes involved in urine formation with the correct description.
a.glomerular filtration
b.tubular reabsorption
c.tubular secretion
d.ADH signal
adds substances to the filtrate to form urine

Question 48

​Match the excretory organ with the correct description. Answers may be used more than once.
a.​nephridium
b.​Malpighian tubules
c.​kidneys
​in flatworms, functions to ​remove excess water

Question 49

Match the processes involved in urine formation with the correct description.
a.glomerular filtration
b.tubular reabsorption
c.tubular secretion
d.ADH signal
concentrates the urine

Question 50

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is most likely due to ____.

A)excessive ADH secretion
B)absence of ADH
C)overproduction of aldosterone
D)increased blood pressure
E)increased renin secretion

Question 51

​Match the excretory organ with the correct description. Answers may be used more than once.
a.​nephridium
b.​Malpighian tubules
c.​kidneys
in alligators, functions in the formation and excretion of uric acid

Question 52

Match the processes involved in urine formation with the correct description.
a.glomerular filtration
b.tubular reabsorption
c.tubular secretion
d.ADH signal
​first step in the formation of urine

Question 53

What is the most common cause of kidney failure?

A)long-term high-dose aspirin
B)chronic high blood pressure and diabetes
C)genetic predisposition
D)pesticides
E)lead

Question 54

​Match the excretory organ with the correct description. Answers may be used more than once.
a.​nephridium
b.​Malpighian tubules
c.​kidneys
​in kangaroo rats, functions to conserve water

Question 55

In the accompanying figure, most water and solutes are reabsorbed here.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 56

Which vertebrate organ filters blood, adjust its composition, and produces urine?

A)nephridium
B)Malpighian tube
C)kidney
D)liver
E)bladder

Question 57

The efferent arteriole leaving the glomerulus branches into ____.

A)afferent arterioles
B)peritubular capillaries
C)glomerular capillaries
D)renal venules
E)the renal vein

Question 58

​Match the excretory organ with the correct description. Answers may be used more than once.
a.​nephridium
b.​Malpighian tubules
c.​kidneys
in grasshoppers, functions in the formation and excretion of uric acid

Question 59

The main mechanism by which humans cool their bodies is by ____.

A)ingesting water
B)panting
C)salivation
D)vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels
E)sweating

Question 60

In a urine test, what may indicate damaged kidneys?

A)high protein content
B)high sugar content
C)acidic urine
D)alkaline urine
E)chemicals present in urine

Question 61

Why is the selective permeability of the loop of Henle important for water reabsorption?

Question 62

Why do marine bony fishes produce a very small amount of urine, whereas freshwater bony fishes produce a large volume of urine?

Question 63

Describe the differences between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.