Deck 26: Plant Nutrition and Transport

Question 1

Which term describes soil with roughly equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay?

A)humus
B)loam
C)topsoil
D)A horizon
E)B horizon

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In terms of their xylem cells, most gymnosperms have ____ while angiosperms have ____.

A)only vessel elements; both tracheids and vessel elements
B)only tracheids; both tracheids and vessel elements
C)only tracheids; only vessel elements
D)both tracheids and vessel elements; only tracheids
E)both tracheids and vessel elements; only vessel elements

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which factor is least likely to act as a cue to signal the opening and closing of stomata?

A)humidity of the environment
B)intensity of sunlight
C)chemical signals from other plants
D)level of CO₂ inside the leaf
E)hormonal messages from other plant parts

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Mineral uptake in plants occurs by way of ____.

A)leaves
B)roots
C)stems
D)phloem
E)flowers

Question 5

-In the accompanying figure, which letter depicts a region of plant tissue where sugars are being produced or released from storage?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 6

The process by which water moving through soil removes and carries away nutrients is ____.

A)erosion
B)diffusion
C)leaching
D)phytoremediation
E)translocation

Question 7

The Casparian strip is associated with the ____.

A)epidermis
B)vascular tissue
C)cortex
D)root hairs
E)endodermis

Question 8

Tracheids are ____ than vessel elements and ____ at their ends.

A)wider; do not have perforation plates
B)wider; have perforation plates
C)narrower; do not have perforation plates
D)narrower; have perforation plates
E)narrower; do not have pits

Question 9

Which soil layer, containing no organic matter and is composed of weathered rock fragments?

A)O Horizon
B)A Horizon
C)B Horizon
D)C Horizon
E)bedrock

Question 10

What is the waxy, waterproof band between the plasma membranes of root endodermal cells?

A)cuticle
B)plasmodesmata
C)root cell wall
D)lignin wall
E)the Casparian strip

Question 11

The roots of most plants grow most densely in which soil layer?

A)O horizon
B)A horizon
C)B horizon
D)C horizon
E)bedrock

Question 12

The upward movement of water in vascular plants occurs as a consequence of ____.

A)both evaporation and cohesion
B)both osmosis and cohesion
C)osmosis only
D)cohesion only
E)evaporation only

Question 13

-?In the accompanying figure, which letter depicts sugars moving from sieve elements into sink cells with water following by osmosis?

A)D
B)E
C)F
D)G
E)H

Question 14

Which soil components have a negative charge that attract positively charged mineral ions in soil water?

A)sand and silt
B)sand and clay
C)silt and clay
D)silt and humus
E)clay and humus

Question 15

Typically, water and minerals absorbed by plant roots first enter through the ____.

A)pericycle
B)vascular tissue
C)cortex
D)epidermis
E)endodermis

Question 16

Large pressure gradients arise in sieve tube systems by means of ____.

A)evaporation
B)tension
C)osmosis
D)transpiration
E)cohesion

Question 17

Tension created by transpiration pulls on entire columns of water that fill xylem tubes because water has ____.

A)cohesion due to hydrogen bonds
B)cohesion due to ionic bonds
C)cohesion due to covalent bonds
D)pressure caused by the compression of xylem cells
E)osmotic pressure caused by differences in solute concentrations

Question 18

​What kind of trees were planted at J-Field as part of the phytoremediation strategy?

A)​poplar
B)​maple
C)​oak
D)​pine
E)​willow

Question 19

Sugars leave the source region and immediately enter into a ____, followed by direct movement into the ____.

A)pit; perforation plate
B)companion cell; sieve element
C)pit; vessel element
D)plasmodesmata; sink
E)phloem tube; companion cell

Question 20

In angiosperms, water flows lengthwise through tracheids by moving through ____ and lengthwise through vessel elements by moving through ____. sieve plates; perforation plates

A)pits; sieve plates
B)pits; perforation plates
C)sieve plates; perforation plates
D)sieve plates; pits
E)perforation plates; pits

Question 21

To enter the vascular cylinder, water and dissolved minerals must move through ____.

A)conducting tubes of phloem
B)conducting tubes of xylem
C)cytoplasm of endodermal cells
D)cell walls of the endodermis
E)the Casparian strip

Question 22

What would be the effects of the accidental seepage of fungicide into the soils surrounding a plant in a mycorrhizal relationship?

A)The plant would die.
B)The plant's water and mineral supply would decrease.
C)The plant would convert nitrogen gas to ammonia on its own.
D)There would be no change in the plant.
E)The plant would lose its nitrogen-fixing partner.

Question 23

Humus does not include ____.

A)feces
B)dead organisms
C)leaf litter
D)weathered rock
E)decomposing organic matter

Question 24

The cells that surround stomata are called ____ cells.

A)endodermal
B)guard
C)mesophyll
D)vascular bundle
E)vessel

Question 25

Sieve tubes are different from vessel members because they ____.

A)carry water, not food
B)are not connected to each other
C)are alive
D)do not require companion cells
E)have pits in their walls

Question 26

What inorganic soil component has the finest particle size?

A)clay
B)gravel
C)humus
D)sand
E)silt

Question 27

What is the best description of a mycorrhizae?

A)a specialized type of root hair
B)a bacteria-root association
C)a fungus-root associations
D)a single layer of endodermal cells
E)a swollen region of a plant root

Question 28

The openings in leaves through which gases are exchanged are called ____.

A)plasmodesmata
B)stomata
C)guard cells
D)pits
E)pores

Question 29

The phytoremediation efforts at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland were led by the U.S. Army and the ____. ​

A)​U.S. Department of Agriculture
B)​Nature Conservancy
C)​Environmental Protection Agency
D)​National Institutes of Health
E)​University of Maryland

Question 30

According to the pressure flow theory of phloem transport, the source region is most often the ____.

A)root
B)flower
C)stem
D)leaf
E)soil

Question 31

​What phytoremediation strategy, best for cleaning up metal pollutants, is being used at the Chernobyl nuclear power accident site in Ukraine?

A)​planting trees that break down some of the toxins but release most of them to the atmosphere
B)​facilitating the growth of soil microbial communities that will break down the toxins
C)​using plants that break down the pollutants and release safe compounds to the soil
D)​introducing nonnative plant species to increase the number of species present
E)​using plants that store toxins in aboveground tissues that can be harvested for safe disposal

Question 32

-?In the accompanying figure, the letter B depicts a ____.

A)sieve element
B)vessel element
C)companion cell
D)sink region
E)source region

Question 33

Most of the water that enters the plant ____.

A)leaves the plant through the root system
B)is lost through transpiration
C)remains in the plant, resulting in a high concentration of water in plant tissue
D)remains in the plant to function in translocation
E)is used up in cellular metabolism

Question 34

Movement of soluble organic material through plants is known as ____.

A)translocation
B)active transport
C)passive transport
D)transpiration
E)cohesion-tension

Question 35

At a low sugar region of a plant, sugars move from ____ into ____.

A)sieve elements; source cells
B)sieve elements; sink cells
C)xylem; phloem
D)phloem; source cells
E)the low pressure phloem; the high pressure plant tissue

Question 36

The partially decayed organic material found in soil is called ____.

A)clay
B)gravel
C)humus
D)sand
E)silt

Question 37

The primary goal for using phytoremediation at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground was to ____.

A)eliminate environmental contaminants from the air
B)remove environmental contaminants from the soil
C)increase plant diversity in the area
D)foster growth of microbial communities
E)protect a federally-listed endangered species

Question 38

When the solute concentration increases at a source region, the fluid in a ____ becomes ____.

A)sieve element; hypotonic
B)sieve element; hypertonic
C)sieve element; isotonic
D)vessel element; hypotonic
E)vessel element; hypertonic

Question 39

What drives a plant's uptake of water from soil?

A)evaporation
B)osmosis
C)tension
D)translocation
E)transpiration

Question 40

Four of the five answers listed below are macronutrients. Select the exception.

A)phosphorus
B)sulfur
C)nitrogen
D)copper
E)magnesium

Question 41

Match each description to the most appropriate term.
a.theory of water movement through the xylem
b.pipelines of the xylem
c.a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a young root
d.structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
e.pipelines of the phloem
f.evaporation from stems and leaves
g.actively transport sucrose into sieve tube members
h.theory of sugar movement through phloem
pressure flow theory

Question 42

How many essential elements are required by plants for their growth and survival?

A)7
B)12
C)16
D)22
E)28

Question 43

Match each description to the most appropriate term.
a.theory of water movement through the xylem
b.pipelines of the xylem
c.a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a young root
d.structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
e.pipelines of the phloem
f.evaporation from stems and leaves
g.actively transport sucrose into sieve tube members
h.theory of sugar movement through phloem
cohesion-tension

Question 44

Four of the five answers below are plant structures associated with roots. Select the exception.

A)mesophyll
B)Casparian strip
C)vascular cylinder
D)endodermis
E)pericycle

Question 45

Match each description to the most appropriate term.
a.theory of water movement through the xylem
b.pipelines of the xylem
c.a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a young root
d.structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
e.pipelines of the phloem
f.evaporation from stems and leaves
g.actively transport sucrose into sieve tube members
h.theory of sugar movement through phloem
companion cells

Question 46

Sugars and other organic solutes are conducted through the plant in which tissue?

A)cortex
B)parenchyma
C)xylem
D)phloem
E)cambium

Question 47

If houseplants must be left unattended for a length of time, some people recommend placing plastic bags over them. What is the reasoning behind this?

A)Water tension will decrease.
B)The plants won't freeze.
C)Photosynthesis will increase because of trapped carbon dioxide.
D)Transpiration will be slowed and more water will be retained in the soil.
E)The bag will trap oxygen.

Question 48

Four of the five answers listed below are the most common sinks for sugar deposition. Select the exception.

A)immature fruits
B)roots
C)leaves
D)immature seeds
E)shoots

Question 49

Four of the five answers listed below are related to phloem. Select the exception.

A)companion cells
B)sieve tubes
C)translocation
D)sucrose
E)conducting tubes that are dead

Question 50

The stomata on plant leaves ____.

A)are only open at night
B)are open when guard cells are swollen with water
C)close when the osmotic pressure of guard cells increases
D)are covered by the cuticle to reduce water loss
E)open and close in response to sunlight only

Question 51

What prevents soil water from diffusing through endodermal cell walls?

A)the primary xylem bordering the endoderm
B)the pericycle that surrounds the vascular cylinder
C)transport proteins in endodermal cell walls
D)the Casparian strip between endodermal cells
E)a cuticle on the outside of the endoderm

Question 52

In a mycorrhizal relationship, fungi supply ____ and plants supply ____.

A)water; sugars
B)minerals; starch
C)minerals; sugars and nitrogen
D)sugars; minerals and water
E)sugars and nitrogen; minerals

Question 53

Match each description to the most appropriate term.
a.theory of water movement through the xylem
b.pipelines of the xylem
c.a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a young root
d.structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
e.pipelines of the phloem
f.evaporation from stems and leaves
g.actively transport sucrose into sieve tube members
h.theory of sugar movement through phloem
tracheids and vessel elements

Question 54

-In the accompanying figure, which letter is most likely to depict the tissue of a developing root or fruit?

A)D
B)E
C)F
D)G
E)H

Question 55

Match each description to the most appropriate term.
a.theory of water movement through the xylem
b.pipelines of the xylem
c.a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a young root
d.structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
e.pipelines of the phloem
f.evaporation from stems and leaves
g.actively transport sucrose into sieve tube members
h.theory of sugar movement through phloem
sieve tube members

Question 56

Match each description to the most appropriate term.
a.theory of water movement through the xylem
b.pipelines of the xylem
c.a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a young root
d.structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
e.pipelines of the phloem
f.evaporation from stems and leaves
g.actively transport sucrose into sieve tube members
h.theory of sugar movement through phloem
nodules

Question 57

The movement of materials already in the phloem can be described using the term(s) ____.

A)source-to-sink only
B)pressure flow only
C)cohesion only
D)both active transport and cohesion
E)both source-to-sink and pressure flow

Question 58

Four of the five answers listed below are related by their participation in water movement through plants. Select the exception.

A)hydrogen bonds
B)transpiration
C)cohesion
D)tension
E)phytoremediation

Question 59

Match each description to the most appropriate term.
a.theory of water movement through the xylem
b.pipelines of the xylem
c.a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a young root
d.structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
e.pipelines of the phloem
f.evaporation from stems and leaves
g.actively transport sucrose into sieve tube members
h.theory of sugar movement through phloem
mycorrhiza

Question 60

Which soil layer is made up of organic litter, including fallen leaves?

A)O Horizon
B)A Horizon
C)B Horizon
D)C Horizon
E)bedrock

Question 61

How is the Casparian strip of the endoderm protective?

Question 62

Match each description to the most appropriate term.
a.theory of water movement through the xylem
b.pipelines of the xylem
c.a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a young root
d.structures on roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria
e.pipelines of the phloem
f.evaporation from stems and leaves
g.actively transport sucrose into sieve tube members
h.theory of sugar movement through phloem
transpiration

Question 63

Describe the type of soil in which most plants do best. Include the proportions of sand, silt, and clay, and the amount of humus, that make for the most ideal soil conditions. Also, explain how each of these soil components contributes to the enhancement of plant growth.

Question 64

Why do sieve elements require companion cells?

Question 65

How do transpiration and translocation differ?

Question 66

Describe two important mutualistic relationships involving plant roots.

Question 67

How are poplar trees being used to remove the toxin TCE from the soil at J-field?