Deck 19: Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea

Question 1

Which organisms can partner with fungi to form lichens?

A)all proteobacteria
B)cyanobacteria
C)archaea
D)Gram-positive bacteria
E)spirochetes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Four of the five answers listed below are differences between archaea and bacteria. Select the exception.

A)cell wall components
B)plasma membrane components
C)enzymes used in transcription and translation
D)DNA nucleotides
E)DNA and histone organization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When two viruses infect a cell at the same time, there is a possibility of gene exchange between the two. This is called ____.

A)gene swapping
B)horizontal gene transfer
C)viral exchange
D)viral reassortment
E)conjugation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which bacteria is the cause of potentially fatal diarrhea?

A)Vibrio cholerae
B)Helicobacter pylori
C)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D)Streptococcus
E)Lactobacillus

Question 5

Organisms that make their own food using inorganic carbons and chemical energy are ____.

A)photoautotrophs
B)photoheterotrophs
C)chemoautotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs
E)decomposers

Question 6

Which category of bacteria provides the greatest benefit to technological production of crop plants?

A)spirochetes
B)heat-loving T. aquaticus
C)nitrogen-fixing bacteria
D)Agrobacterium
E)L. acidophilus

Question 7

The extreme halophiles only survive in environments that are extremely high in ____.

A)acid
B)heat
C)hydrogen
D)oxygen
E)salt

Question 8

Two methods of reproduction are common for bacteriophages. Which statement best describes the relationship between the two methods?

A)Viral DNA reproduced via the lysogenic pathway eventually enters the lytic pathway.
B)Viral DNA reproduced via the lytic pathway eventually enters the lysogenic pathway.
C)Viral DNA in the lysogenic pathway immediately directs the host to reproduce the new viral particles.
D)The lytic and lysogenic pathways cannot interact in bacteriophage reproduction.
E)The lytic pathway is dependent upon the lysogenic pathway for infection.

Question 9

Archaea and bacteria both ____.

A)reproduce sexually
B)grow larger than typical eukaryotic cells
C)organize DNA around histones
D)have a single circular chromosome
E)use similar cell wall components

Question 10

In which type of transfer do bacteria or archaea take up DNA from their environment and integrate it into their genome?

A)conjugation
B)transduction
C)transformation
D)all horizontal gene transfers
E)vertical

Question 11

Archaea _____.

A)are often the causes of human diseases
B)have not been found to cause human diseases
C)always partner with bacterial cells in nature
D)always partner with eukaryotic cells in nature
E)carry bacteriophages

Question 12

When a virus takes over the machinery of a cell, it forces the cell to manufacture more ____.

A)mitochondria for energy for the virus
B)liposomes to isolate themselves from water
C)food particles
D)viral particles
E)Golgi bodies in order to secrete the excess viruses

Question 13

Protective layers outside the bacterial cell membrane include ____.

A)cell walls only
B)capsules only
C)envelopes only
D)cell walls and plasmids
E)cell walls and capsules

Question 14

Which bacterial structure is intracellular?

A)flagellum
B)pilus
C)plasmid
D)capsule
E)cell wall

Question 15

Once retroviral DNA is incorporated into the host genome, what happens to the newly transcribed RNA?

A)The RNA is translated into host proteins.
B)The RNA is translated into viral proteins.
C)The RNA serves as genetic material for new viruses.
D)The RNA is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA.
E)Some is translated into viral proteins and some serves as genetic material for new viruses.

Question 16

A(n) ____ disease has only recently been detected in humans, or has recently expanded its range.

A)emerging
B)epidemic
C)pandemic
D)sporadic
E)plague

Question 17

Methanogens are classified as ____.

A)photoautotrophs
B)chemoautotrophs
C)photoheterotrophs
D)chemoheterotrophs
E)chemotrophs

Question 18

Which type of toxin(s) directly harm cells when absorbed from the environment?

A)viral exotoxins
B)viral endotoxins
C)bacterial exotoxins
D)bacterial endotoxins
E)all bacterial molecules

Question 19

How does a retrovirus prepare its genetic material for incorporation into the host cell genome?

A)Viral reverse transcriptase uses viral RNA to make double-stranded viral DNA.
B)Viral reverse transcriptase uses viral single-stranded DNA to make double-stranded viral DNA.
C)Viral reverse transcriptase uses viral RNA to make double-stranded viral RNA.
D)Host enzymes incorporate viral RNA directly into the genome.
E)Host enzymes convert viral RNA to double-stranded viral DNA.

Question 20

Four of the five answers listed below are usually considered pathogenic. Select the exception.

A)Thermus aquaticus
B)Vibrio cholerae
C)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D)Clostridium botulinum
E)Helicobacter pylori

Question 21

Which bacteria ferment sugars, produce lactate, and are used for some food production?

A)Lactobacillus
B)Bacillus
C)spirochetes
D)Agrobacterium
E)cyanobacteria

Question 22

A respiratory disease and a skin disease are both caused by ____.

A)Vibrio cholerae
B)Heliobacter pylori
C)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D)Streptococcus
E)Lactobacillus

Question 23

Bacteriophages are specialized viruses that ____.

A)infect plants
B)lack a viral envelope
C)are much larger
D)are much smaller
E)infect bacteria

Question 24

The process of conjugation is described by four of the five statements below. Select the exception.

A)In the process of conjugation, one cell gives a plasmid to another cell.
B)Cells get together for conjugation when one cell extends a sex pilus to another cell.
C)The cell that made the sex pilus passes a copy of its plasmid to the other cell.
D)Conjugation is a mode of cellular reproduction.
E)Each cell involved in the exchange can pass the plasmid on to other cells during future gene transfers.

Question 25

What structure do bacteria use during conjugation?

A)pili
B)flagella
C)ribosomes
D)plasma membrane
E)no bacterial structure; it relies on viral transfer

Question 26

Match each term with the best description.
a.emerging disease
b.bacteriophage
c.vector
d.retrovirus
e.pathogen
virus that infects bacteria

Question 27

Match each term with the best description.
a.emerging disease
b.bacteriophage
c.vector
d.retrovirus
e.pathogen
uses reverse transcriptase to produce viral DNA in a host

Question 28

The virus known as H1N1 (swine flu) ____.

A)has a high death rate
B)is readily transmitted to birds
C)has no reliable treatment
D)can be prevented by vaccination
E)has a high transmission rate

Question 29

When conditions are unfavorable, some bacteria ____.

A)engage in conjugation
B)switch to photosynthesis
C)form endospores
D)become pathogenic
E)become nonpathogenic

Question 30

-In the lysogenic pathway of the accompanying figure, the viral DNA ____.

A)has been destroyed
B)is integrated into the bacterial chromosome
C)has been copied and changed to bacterial DNA
D)is no longer present
E)has been transcribed into RNA

Question 31

Match each term with the best description.
a.emerging disease
b.bacteriophage
c.vector
d.retrovirus
e.pathogen
disease that was previously unknown or is spreading to a new region

Question 32

Which mechanism(s) of obtaining energy and nutrients are only present in bacteria and archaea, but not eukaryotes?

A)photoautotrophs only
B)chemoautotrophs only
C)photoheterotrophs only
D)chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs
E)chemoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs

Question 33

West Nile virus is transmitted to humans by which vector?

A)birds
B)cats
C)other humans
D)mosquitoes
E)bacteria

Question 34

Why are bacterial decomposers important?

A)Most of them cause disease.
B)They produce spores.
C)They fix nitrogen.
D)They are commonly uised in biotechnology.
E)They break down complex organic molecules in wastes and remains of other organisms.​

Question 35

Which group uses light energy to break down organic molecules from their environment?

A)eukaryotic photoautotrophs
B)bacterial photoautotrophs
C)eukaryotic photoheterotrophs
D)bacterial photoheterotrophs
E)all chemoheterotrophs

Question 36

After biting a bird, a mosquito becomes infected with West Nile virus. It then it bites a human and transfers West Nile virus into the human's bloodstream. Which organism(s) is the vector in this case?

A)human only
B)mosquito only
C)bird only
D)mosquito and bird
E)mosquito and human

Question 37

Four of the five answers listed below are bacterial structures. Select the exception.

A)cell wall
B)pilus
C)capsule
D)protein coat
E)plasma membrane

Question 38

Zika is an emerging disease because it ____.

A)has never appeared in humans before
B)only appeared in humans in the last 10 years
C)has recently spread to new parts of the globe
D)has mutated to become more infectious
E)readily infects animals and people

Question 39

The lysogenic pathway is characterized by ____.

A)integration of viral DNA into the host chromosome
B)extensive transcription of viral DNA
C)release of phages
D)host cell death
E)no dormant stage

Question 40

Four of the five answers listed below are cellular. Select the exception.

A)viruses
B)cyanobacteria
C)halophiles
D)methanogens
E)thermophiles

Question 41

Match each term with the best description.
a.emerging disease
b.bacteriophage
c.vector
d.retrovirus
e.pathogen
carries a pathogen from one host to the next

Question 42

Match each term with the best description.
a.emerging disease
b.bacteriophage
c.vector
d.retrovirus
e.pathogen
a general term for a disease-causing agent