Deck 15: Biotechnology

Question 1

A base-pair substitution carried by a measurable percentage of a population is called a ____.

A)single-nucleotide polymorphism
B)syndrome
C)gene
D)short tandem repeat
E)recombinant gene

Answer 1

A

Question 2

On an SNP chip, a yellow dot indicates that the individual ____.

A)​is homozygous dominant for two copies of the SNP
B)​contains three different copies of the SNP
C)​is homozygous recessive for two copies of the SNP
D)​is heterozygous for the SNP
E)​does not have the SNP​

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Many restriction enzymes leave single-stranded tails called ____ ends on DNA fragments.

A)sticky
B)blunt
C)cut
D)jagged
E)sharp

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Because it does not contain introns, researchers prefer to use ____ when working with human genes.

A)cDNA
B)cloned DNA
C)hybridized DNA
D)recombinant DNA
E)viral DNA

Question 5

What serves as the template for the production of cDNA?

A)DNA
B)mRNA
C)rRNA
D)tRNA
E)protein

Question 6

RNA can serve as a template for the production of complementary DNA via the action of ____.

A)DNA polymerase
B)RNA polymerase
C)reverse transcriptase
D)ligase
E)restriction endonuclease

Question 7

An organism's complete set of genetic material is its ____.

A)proteome
B)genome
C)DNA library
D)probe
E)transcriptome

Question 8

-In the accompanying figure, in which step is a radioactive probe base-pairing to the target gene?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 9

Gene therapy is a promising therapeutic tool; however, some unwanted side effects can occur. What did some patients being treated for SCID-X1 develop after gene therapy?

A)a defective immune system
B)leukemia
C)myeloma
D)viral infection
E)diabetes

Question 10

​In gel electrophoresis, the ____ the DNA fragment, the faster it moves through the gel.

A)more charged​
B)​longer
C)​shorter
D)​higher G-C content
E)​higher A-T content

Question 11

The "natural" use of restriction enzymes by bacteria is to ____.

A)integrate viral DNA
B)destroy viral DNA
C)repair "sticky ends"
D)copy the bacterial genes
E)clone DNA

Question 12

Enzymes used to cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA research are ____.

A)ligases
B)restriction enzymes
C)transcriptases
D)DNA polymerases
E)replicases

Question 13

The polymerase used in PCR was isolated from ____, which typically lives in ____.

A)Escherichia coli; the mammalian gut
B)Haemophilus influenzae; hot springs
C)Homo sapiens; warm climates
D)Thermus aquaticus; hydrothermal vents
E)Streptococcus pneumoniae; mucous membranes

Question 14

Which genetically modified organisms currently make the majority of human insulin for medical purposes?

A)yeast
B)bacteria
C)rabbits
D)goats
E)plants

Question 15

The modified nucleotides used in DNA sequencing have a(n) ____ instead of a hydroxyl group on the 3' carbon.

A)hydrogen
B)nitrogen
C)oxygen
D)amine group
E)phosphate group

Question 16

A cancer patient's cells are removed and a new gene is introduced into the cells during growth in cell culture. The cells are then reintroduced into the patient and the inserted gene directs the destruction of the cancer cells. This is an example of ____.

A)gene therapy
B)cloning
C)DNA profiling
D)DNA fingerprinting
E)cell replacement therapy

Question 17

What treatment involves the transfer of a normal gene into cells of an individual with the intent to correct a genetic defect or treat a disease?

A)DNA cloning
B)DNA sequencing
C)gene replacement
D)gene therapy
E)reverse transcriptase

Question 18

What commonly serves as a DNA cloning vector?

A)a reproducing bacterial population
B)a bacterial plasmid
C)an animal plasmid
D)a transgenic plant
E)restriction enzymes

Question 19

DNA is heated at the beginning of each PCR cycle to ____.

A)inactivate the DNA polymerase
B)allow primers to bind to template DNA
C)separate double-stranded DNA
D)allow a new nucleotide chain to be produced
E)denature contaminating proteins

Question 20

The enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is ____.

A)a restriction enzyme
B)reverse transcriptase
C)DNA polymerase
D)RNA replicase
E)ligase

Question 21

Reverse transcriptase produces a ____ molecule.

A)double-stranded DNA
B)single-stranded DNA
C)double-stranded RNA
D)single-stranded RNA
E)protein

Question 22

During the production of recombinant DNA, ____ seals the gaps between hybridized DNA fragments.

A)DNA polymerase
B)DNA ligase
C)RNA polymerase
D)ribosomes
E)DNA repair enzymes

Question 23

About ____ percent of an individual's genes are the same as in the general population.

A)19
B)29
C)59
D)79
E)99

Question 24

Imagine you have paid for a genetic test from a company that can report your probability of developing Alzheimer's disease based on the presence of a certain allele. This test would be examining your ____ profile.

A)chromosome number
B)introns
C)RNA
D)SNPs
E)mRNA expression

Question 25

Which biotechnology tool allows many copies of a specific section of DNA to be made very rapidly?

A)electrophoresis
B)DNA library production
C)DNA sequencing
D)polymerase chain reaction
E)DNA library screening

Question 26

Electrophoresis is used in DNA sequencing to separate DNA fragments based on their ____.

A)percentage of C-G base pairs
B)biochemical properties
C)colored pigment
D)length
E)number of copies

Question 27

DNA profiling is based on the slight differences that occur in ____ in the human genome.

A)sex chromosomes
B)base pairings
C)short tandem repeats
D)chromosome size
E)DNA/RNA pairing

Question 28

Researchers clone a fragment of DNA by inserting it into a ____.

A)vector
B)CRISPR
C)restriction enzyme
D)chromosome
E)sister chromatid

Question 29

The laboratory technique used to separate the DNA fragments produced by automated DNA sequencing is ____.

A)the polymerase chain reaction
B)electrophoresis
C)ultracentrifugation
D)electron microscopy
E)fluorescence microscopy

Question 30

What benefit does the bacterial gene encoding the Bt protein confer on genetically modified plants?

A)faster growth
B)slower metabolism
C)resistance to drought
D)vitamin enriched plant material
E)resistance to insects

Question 31

The human genome has approximately ____ protein-coding genes.

A)2,000
B)10,000
C)20,000
D)200,000
E)500,000

Question 32

​DNA sequencing gives a readout of 5' AATCGGTTG 3' based on the color-labeled nucleotides detected after gel electrophoresis. What is the sequence of the template strand?

A)​5' AATCGGTTG 3'
B)​5' CAACCGATT 3'
C)​5' TTAGCCAAC 3'
D)​5' GTTGGCTAA 3'
E)​More information is required to determine the sequence of the template strand.

Question 33

A collection of cells containing different fragments of foreign DNA, often representing an organism's entire genome, is called ____.

A)copied DNA
B)transcribed DNA
C)DNA amplification
D)a DNA library
E)plasmid DNA

Question 34

Which nucleotides are used in DNA sequencing reactions?

A)deoxynucleotides only
B)dideoxynucleotides only
C)ribonucleotides only
D)deoxynucleotides and ribonucleotides
E)deoxynucleotides and dideoxynucleotides

Question 35

-In the accompanying figure, in which step are cells being ruptured to release their DNA?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 36

Identifying an individual by analyzing the unique parts of his/her DNA is called ____.

A)sequencing​
B)​genomics
C)​DNA profiling
D)​electrophoresis
E)​proteomics

Question 37

The study of whole-genome structure and function is called ____.

A)electrophoresis
B)DNA sequencing
C)bioinformatics
D)genomics
E)proteomics

Question 38

Restriction enzyme cut ____.

A)specific RNA nucleotide sequences
B)specific DNA nucleotide sequences
C)nonspecific sites in mRNA
D)nonspecific sites in protein molecules
E)nonspecific sites in chromosomes

Question 39

The Ti plasmid from which plant pathogen is used to transfer genes into plants?

A)Agrobacterium tumefaciens
B)Escherichia coli
C)Haemophilus influenzae
D)Salmonella typhimurium
E)Streptococcus faecalis

Question 40

Probes for cloned genes of interest are ____.

A)complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with a tracer
B)certain media with specific antibodies
C)specific enzymes
D)certain bacteria sensitive to the genes
E)a labeled tracer gene from bacteria

Question 41

What happens directly after DNA polymerase adds a modified, colored nucleotide to the DNA strand during DNA sequencing?

A)The synthesis of the strand ends.
B)A normal nucleotide must be added next.
C)The DNA repair enzymes remove the nucleotide.
D)Restriction enzymes cut the DNA fragment.
E)The next nucleotide will be added at random.

Question 42

Match each scenario with the type of genetic engineering that best describes it.
a.medical application
b.research application
c.agricultural application
Bacteria are genetically modified to produce human insulin.

Question 43

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.cDNA
b.a restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.a DNA library
collections of DNA fragments incorporated into cloning vectors

Question 44

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
b.DNA cloning
c.DNA sequencing
d.DNA profiling
e.electrophoresis
f.probe
g.transgenic
analysis of the unique parts of a person's DNA

Question 45

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
b.DNA cloning
c.DNA sequencing
d.DNA profiling
e.electrophoresis
f.probe
g.transgenic
technique that separates DNA fragments by size

Question 46

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
b.DNA cloning
c.DNA sequencing
d.DNA profiling
e.electrophoresis
f.probe
g.transgenic
method to determine the order of nucleotides in DNA

Question 47

Match each scenario with the type of genetic engineering that best describes it.
a.medical application
b.research application
c.agricultural application
Zebrafish are engineered to glow in places where BPA is present, to study the effects of the endocrine-disrupting chemical.

Question 48

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.cDNA
b.a restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.a DNA library
cuts apart foreign DNA as its primary function

Question 49

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.cDNA
b.a restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.a DNA library
catalyzes reactions to construct DNA strands from mRNA

Question 50

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.cDNA
b.a restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.a DNA library
any DNA copied from mRNA transcripts

Question 51

Match each scenario with the type of genetic engineering that best describes it.
a.medical application
b.research application
c.agricultural application
Genes that control glucose metabolism are inactivated to study diabetes.

Question 52

Explain the difference between a GMO and a transgenic organism.

Question 53

Match each scenario with the type of genetic engineering that best describes it.
a.medical application
b.research application
c.agricultural application
Cotton is genetically engineered for resistance to the herbicide glyphosate.

Question 54

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
b.DNA cloning
c.DNA sequencing
d.DNA profiling
e.electrophoresis
f.probe
g.transgenic
method that copies fragments of DNA using living cells

Question 55

Match each scenario with the type of genetic engineering that best describes it.
a.medical application
b.research application
c.agricultural application
Goats are genetically modified to produce an anti-clotting protein.

Question 56

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
b.DNA cloning
c.DNA sequencing
d.DNA profiling
e.electrophoresis
f.probe
g.transgenic
genetically modified organism that carries a gene from a different species

Question 57

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
b.DNA cloning
c.DNA sequencing
d.DNA profiling
e.electrophoresis
f.probe
g.transgenic
short fragment of DNA labeled with a tracer

Question 58

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
b.DNA cloning
c.DNA sequencing
d.DNA profiling
e.electrophoresis
f.probe
g.transgenic
method that copies fragments of DNA and requires primers

Question 59

Describe how DNA sequencing is performed.

Question 60

Match each scenario with the type of genetic engineering that best describes it.
a.medical application
b.research application
c.agricultural application
An insect resistance gene is introduced into corn.

Question 61

Explain how CRISPR works and how it can be used in genome editing.

Question 62

What are some applications of GMOs?

Question 63

Explain how the Ti plasmid is used to genetically engineer plants.

Question 64

How were restriction enzymes discovered and why are they a useful tool for making recombinant DNA?

Question 65

How are the number of short tandem repeats in an individual measured and how can this information be used for DNA fingerprinting in criminal investigations?

Question 66

Explain the significance of Taq polymerase for PCR.

Question 67

In DNA libraries, a cell that contains a particular DNA fragment of interest is mixed with thousands or millions of others that do not. How does the use of a probe allow for detection of the DNA fragment of interest?

Question 68

Researchers are beginning the process of DNA cloning. They have chromosomal DNA, a plasmid cloning vector, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase. What else is needed in order to perform DNA cloning? Why is this needed?

Question 69

Why is it more difficult to study the products of the human genome than to determine the genome sequence? What information can be obtained through studying the protein content of cells?

Question 70

Why does DNA fingerprinting work for identifying humans?

Question 71

Why is human insulin production by bacteria a beneficial use of genetic engineering?