Deck 13: The Role of Health Psychology in Seeking and Obtaining Health Care

Question 1

People who have a generally positive outlook on life:

A) are more in tune with their physical symptoms.
B) are more likely to ignore physical symptoms.
C) worry more about their health.
D) have higher self-reported health.

Answer 1

have higher self-reported health.

Question 2

Of all patients hospitalized for physical illness,a substantial number also suffer from diagnosable psychological disorders.This phenomenon is called:

A) comorbidity.
B) psychosomatic illness.
C) hypochondriasis.
D) Stockholm syndrome.

Answer 2

comorbidity.

Question 3

People at the lowest socioeconomic levels have the highest rates of:

A) medical literacy.
B) emotional support.
C) morbidity and mortality.
D) treatment adherence.

Answer 3

morbidity and mortality.

Question 4

Which reason was NOT offered in the textbook as a reason that women seek health care more often than men?

A) The health care system is male-biased.
B) Health care is more fragmented for women.
C) Many women are exposed to more illness.
D) Men are,in general,healthier than women until late adulthood.

Question 5

The correlation between income and the number of health symptoms reported is likely to be:

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) nonexistent.
D) stronger for men than for women.

Question 6

How a person views the symptoms,perceived causes,controllability,and consequences of an illness refers to that person's:

A) illness representation.
B) neuroticism.
C) social construction.
D) explanatory style.

Question 7

The informal network of family and friends that some people consult for advice regarding their symptoms is called the:

A) lay referral system.
B) macrosystem.
C) mesosystem.
D) attribution network.

Question 8

Which of these is NOT true regarding cultural factors and seeking treatment?

A) Ethnic groups differ widely in the degree to which they believe that human intervention in health outcomes is possible or desirable.
B) People whose parents sought regular health care are likely to do so themselves.
C) People whose parents were suspicious of doctors may feel the same way.
D) Throughout the world,people react to pain in virtually the same manner.

Question 9

Most experts consider chronic illnesses to be:

A) cases of malingering.
B) symptoms of hypochondriasis.
C) forms of hysteria.
D) multifactorial syndromes.

Question 10

In general,health services are MOST often used by:

A) the very young.
B) the very old.
C) middle-aged adults.
D) the very young and the very old.

Question 11

Skeptics believe that pharmaceutical companies capitalize on the public's ignorance,selling expensive drugs to treat vague symptoms for all of these conditions EXCEPT:

A) irritable bowel syndrome.
B) fibromyalgia.
C) restless leg syndrome.
D) lung cancer.

Question 12

The new model of health care that combines the efforts of physicians,psychologists,and other health care providers is called:

A) palliative care.
B) primary care.
C) collaborative care.
D) multidimensional care.

Question 13

Compared to women,men are:

A) less likely to report symptoms or to use health services.
B) more likely to report symptoms but less likely to use health services.
C) more likely to report symptoms and to use health services.
D) exposed to more illness.

Question 14

Many seniors are _____ about their health status,which is the strongest predictor of _____.

A) pessimistic; life satisfaction
B) optimistic; life satisfaction
C) pessimistic; hospitalization
D) optimistic; hospitalization

Question 15

Bill hasn't seen a doctor for the physical symptoms he's been experiencing because he doesn't think professional help is necessary.Bill's behavior is an example of:

A) appraisal delay.
B) illness delay.
C) behavioral delay.
D) treatment delay.

Question 16

Diagnoses of low blood pressure are MOST prevalent in:

A) the United States.
B) France.
C) the United Kingdom.
D) Germany.

Question 17

The symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)are treated with the greatest intensity in:

A) Germany.
B) the United Kingdom.
C) the United States.
D) Japan.

Question 18

Some skeptics believe that the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome,fibromyalgia,and restless leg syndrome is partly the result of:

A) direct-to-consumer drug advertising.
B) increasing obesity.
C) antibiotic resistance.
D) sedentary lifestyles.

Question 19

People in lower socioeconomic groups:

A) are underrepresented among those who are hospitalized.
B) are less likely to use outpatient clinics.
C) are more likely to rely on emergency medical care.
D) are more likely to seek treatment for ambiguous physical symptoms.

Question 20

Which of these is NOT a component of illness representation?

A) identity of the illness
B) cause of the illness
C) timeline
D) previous experience

Question 21

Research studies have reported that patients with high health literacy are more likely to:

A) adhere to treatment instructions.
B) report the lowest levels of confidence in their doctors.
C) take a passive,deferential role in their treatment.
D) have less accurate perceptions of the risks and benefits of health screening.

Question 22

Studies of patient-provider consultations have found that:

A) the more time physicians spend with their patients,the more satisfied the patients are.
B) patients are usually satisfied with the consultations and treatment they receive.
C) the harm that stems from poorly delivered bad news usually is not long-lasting.
D) health care providers are more verbally dominant with female patients.

Question 23

Some people avoid seeking medical care because the perceived benefits do not outweigh the perceived costs.This is called:

A) appraisal delay.
B) illness delay.
C) scheduling delay.
D) treatment delay.

Question 24

Active listening does NOT include:

A) echoing.
B) restating.
C) clarifying.
D) analyzing.

Question 25

Kristin,a newly graduated African American medical student,has been assigned to work in an urban free clinic in a lower-income area of a large city.She has been warned by coworkers that a number of the homeless residents in the area frequent the clinic for medication and services.On her first night,a young African American man in a torn shirt and pants comes in complaining of severe stomach pains and vomiting; he requests painkillers to reduce the pain.Kristin hesitates and gives him care only after she asks a series of in-depth and probing questions and only after she has treated a number of other European American and Asian American patients first.Kristin's behavior seems to represent what concept?

A) personally mediated racism
B) institutionalized racism
C) medical bias
D) institutionalized discrimination

Question 26

_____ appears to be an underlying factor of illness anxiety disorder.

A) Neuroticism
B) Hysteria
C) Malingering
D) Depression

Question 27

Although Kendra has a small rash on her abdomen,she hasn't seen a doctor about it because she is generally healthy and sickness seems unlikely.Kendra's behavior is an example of:

A) appraisal delay.
B) illness delay.
C) behavioral delay.
D) scheduling delay.

Question 28

Dr.Gelding meets with each of his patients for eight minutes.While meeting with his European American patients,he listens carefully to their symptoms and asks follow-up questions.When he meets with his Asian American patients,however,he often interrupts their recitation of symptoms,voices objections to their specific requests for medications and treatments,and often does not order the same lab tests as he would for his European American patients with the same symptoms.What term best exemplifies Dr.Gelding's behavior?

A) institutionalized racism
B) institutionalized bias
C) personally mediated racism
D) personally moderated bias

Question 29

Although she knows she needs to see a doctor for her symptoms,Sandra keeps putting it off.Sandra's behavior is an example of:

A) appraisal delay.
B) illness delay.
C) behavioral delay.
D) scheduling delay.

Question 30

People who score high on measures of _____ are more likely to perceive symptoms such as cramping and painful bowel movements as signs of an illness.

A) repression
B) malingering
C) neuroticism
D) depression

Question 31

For as long as Cara can remember,'her father has worried excessively over his health,often experiencing imaginary symptoms.Cara's father likely suffers from:

A) illness anxiety disorder.
B) comorbidity.
C) malingering.
D) chronic fatigue syndrome.

Question 32

The average rate of patient nonadherence is estimated to be about:

A) 10%.
B) 25%.
C) 50%.
D) 75%.

Question 33

Malingering refers to:

A) experiencing abnormal anxiety over one's health.
B) experiencing imaginary symptoms.
C) making believe one is ill.
D) exaggerating the symptoms of an organic disease.

Question 34

Which factor promotes a patient's adherence to a prescribed treatment regimen?

A) being in a good mood
B) being a female
C) having a college education
D) having a good income

Question 35

_____ was formerly known as hypochondriasis.

A) Hysteria
B) Neuroticism
C) Illness anxiety disorder
D) Malingering

Question 36

Which of these is NOT one of the central elements of the patient-provider relationship?

A) continuity of care
B) communication
C) quality of consultations
D) frequency of consultations

Question 37

Carl didn't seek medical treatment for a mole on his back that had changed appearance because he didn't notice it.Carl's behavior is an example of:

A) appraisal delay.
B) illness delay.
C) behavioral delay.
D) scheduling delay.

Question 38

Which of these is NOT attributed to patient difficulties with health literacy?

A) making treatment errors and medication errors
B) more frequent hospital visits
C) higher personal health care costs
D) higher patient satisfaction

Question 39

Which of these was NOT identified in the textbook as a factor that predicts patient adherence?

A) being in a good mood
B) having trust in one's care provider
C) having the support of family and friends
D) a complex treatment regimen

Question 40

Which behavior would be considered an example of nonadherence?

A) eating a diet recommended by one's physician
B) exercising regularly during the week
C) failing to continue taking prescription medication once symptoms disappear
D) taking ibuprofen to relieve a headache

Question 41

Approximately _____ million people are admitted each year to hospitals in the United States.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 24
D) 36

Question 42

A payment model in which health care services are paid for by patients,out of pocket,at the time of treatment is:

A) managed care.
B) fee-for-service.
C) the preferred-provider organization.
D) a health maintenance organization.

Question 43

Which of these is NOT one of the basic types of health care delivery systems around the world?

A) single-provider system
B) national health insurance
C) "pay-as-you-go"
D) private sector model

Question 44

Interventions that teach techniques for controlling pain and speeding recovery during and after a medical procedure are called:

A) behavioral control.
B) cognitive control.
C) informational control.
D) social control.

Question 45

Hospitalized patients often feel a sense of:

A) depersonalization.
B) increased information control over their health condition.
C) increased behavioral control.
D) increased cognitive control.

Question 46

Cognitive control refers to interventions that:

A) teach techniques for controlling pain.
B) speed recovery during and after a medical procedure.
C) direct the patient's attention to the positive aspects of a procedure.
D) increase patients' knowledge regarding a medical procedure.

Question 47

Interventions aimed at increasing behavioral control are most beneficial for medical procedures in which:

A) the patient's participation has no effect on the progress of the procedure.
B) the patient's participation can assist progress.
C) the procedure is not painful.
D) the procedure is quite painful.

Question 48

Why do national health systems have the lowest costs per capita?

A) They provide the lowest quality of patient care.
B) These systems emphasize preventive treatment models.
C) The government controls what doctors can charge and do.
D) Citizens can opt not to pay for medical insurance.

Question 49

Research studies indicate that telemedicine is:

A) becoming part of every health care provider's training.
B) too impersonal and mechanical for most physicians and their patients.
C) a limited and infrequent vehicle for health care.
D) practical only for people living in major urban areas.

Question 50

Sensitizers are people who cope with health problems by:

A) vigilantly monitoring cues of discomfort.
B) ignoring stressful information.
C) distancing themselves from aversive events.
D) looking at life through rose-colored glasses.

Question 51

People who cope with health problems by ignoring them are called:

A) repressors.
B) sensitizers.
C) malingerers.
D) overregulators.

Question 52

A health care organization in which individuals pay a fixed monthly rate and use services as needed is:

A) patient-centered health care.
B) fee-for-service.
C) a single-payer system.
D) a health maintenance organization.

Question 53

Which of these is NOT a reported benefit of assertiveness coaching?

A) missing fewer work days
B) reducing problem drinking
C) rating higher overall health
D) reporting fewer symptoms

Question 54

A managed-care network of physicians,hospitals,and other health care providers that agree to charge pre-established rates for specific services is:

A) an accountable care organization.
B) a fee-for-service system.
C) a preferred provider organization.
D) patient-centered health care.

Question 55

Marina recently visited a psychologist to receive help with formulating questions for the next time she visits the doctor.Her specific focus was on having a clear sense of her goals,sharing her concerns and symptoms without anxiety,and being sure to get more information.The psychologist is engaged in what type of intervention in Marina's case?

A) motivational interviewing
B) telemedicine
C) assertiveness coaching
D) depersonalization

Question 56

For helping patients prepare for hospitalization,the interventions that describe the particular procedures and physical sensations that might be expected are focused on increasing:

A) informational control.
B) cognitive control.
C) sensory control.
D) behavioral control.

Question 57

Which patients would be LEAST likely to welcome procedural or sensory information regarding a stressful medical procedure?

A) women,who tend to rely on problem-focused coping
B) men,who tend to rely on active coping strategies
C) sensitizers
D) repressors

Question 58

A _____ is a health care provider who has completed graduate training in advanced-practice nursing and primary care.

A) registered nurse
B) nurse-practitioner
C) physician's assistant
D) social worker

Question 59

Janice is a health care provider who completed the first year of medical school,followed by a second year of clinical rotations.She performs many of the routine tasks of medical care,including taking medical histories and prescribing medications.Janice is most likely a:

A) registered nurse.
B) nurse-practitioner.
C) physician's assistant.
D) social worker.

Question 60

Which technique is a natural childbirth process designed for prospective parents?

A) motivational interviewing
B) Lamaze training
C) active listening
D) depersonalization

Question 61

Marin is studying to be a doctor.In her classes,there is a growing focus on telemedicine.What is Marin likely to learn about telemedicine? What are some concerns she might have regarding the use of eHealth services?

Question 62

Describe in detail the impact of hospitalization on patients,and discuss the role of the hospitalized patient.

Question 63

Which of these is NOT one of the principles of the Affordable Care Act?

A) individual mandate
B) affordable coverage
C) coverage for preventive health services
D) limits on lifetime benefits

Question 64

Differentiate the major types of health care delivery systems around the world with respect to cost,efficiency,and overall patient satisfaction.

Question 65

Ivana has been seeing the same primary physician for years.Overall,she is dissatisfied with her experience in the health care system.She has developed a list of the top 10 things she wants from her health care provider.What are at least three of the items that are likely to be on her list?

Question 66

Using illustrative examples,identify and describe the various stages of delay in seeking medical treatment.

Question 67

_____ is the focus on individual needs and preferences within the health care system.

A) Individual mandate
B) Patient-centered health care
C) Fee-for-service
D) Managed care

Question 68

Empirical studies have shown that hospitalization and medical treatments can be very stressful for some patients.Describe and discuss what types of patient-centered interventions are most effective in helping people prepare for hospitalization and stressful medical treatments.

Question 69

What is one reason why France has the most highly ranked health care system in the world?

A) Compared with other countries,France has the lowest mortality rates.
B) Health care is not compulsory in France,but the country uses other methods to encourage citizens to prioritize health care.
C) French citizens utilize one efficient public health care provider.
D) Over 99% of the French population is covered by at least the basic level of insurance.

Question 70

Discuss the core principles of the original Affordable Care Act (ACA).Mention any changes made to the original ACA.

Question 71

Commonly called "Obamacare," the _____ brought about significant changes in how health care is paid for and provided in the United States.

A) Managed Care Act
B) Fee-for-Service Act
C) Affordable Care Act
D) Crossing the Quality Chasm Act

Question 72

Liza,who specializes in adherence and nonadherence counseling,has recently been hired as a patient advocate by a patient-centered health care organization.Her first clients are an elderly couple who appear to be noncompliant with their treatment regimen.Describe in detail how her consultation with the patients and the physician would proceed.Be sure to describe specific patient and provider variables that may contribute to the problem and how best to rectify them to benefit all parties.

Question 73

Problems in patient-provider communication can significantly impact patient care and overall satisfaction with health service.Using illustrative examples,discuss and describe some of the problems that miscommunication can create.In your descriptions,consider the ways both provider behaviors and patient behaviors contribute to the problem.Also describe what improvements have generally been introduced in recent years to improve communication-and why these improvements were necessary.

Question 74

Discuss the problems of the underuse and overuse of health services,providing specific illustrative examples.What factors may significantly influence the tendency to overuse health care services? What factors may influence their underuse?

Question 75

A major part of health care reform under the Affordable Care Act was the creation of:

A) managed care.
B) accountable care organizations.
C) fee-for-service organizations.
D) health maintenance organizations.