Deck 12: Hivaids and Other Communicable Diseases

Question 1

Which statement about people living in affluent countries is true?

A) They are less likely to have the ability to protect themselves from parasitic diseases.
B) They are less able to immunize their children against vaccine-preventable diseases.
C) They are more likely to live in conditions likely to spread diseases like tuberculosis.
D) They are more likely to have access to the knowledge of precautions against diarrheal diseases.

Answer 1

They are more likely to have access to the knowledge of precautions against diarrheal diseases.

Question 2

Sophia has been diagnosed with a bacterium-caused disease. Her doctor told her that she must have come in contact with another infected person within her crowded apartment building; and her already weakened immune system also increased her susceptibility. What disease has Sophia most likely contracted?

A) HIV/AIDS
B) malaria
C) tuberculosis
D) Zika

Answer 2

tuberculosis

Question 3

What has been identified as the single most important factor in the development of antimicrobial resistance?

A) the use of antibacterial soap
B) the use of antibiotics
C) the use of hand sanitizer
D) the use of antiviral drugs

Answer 3

the use of antibiotics

Question 4

Describe current global trends in the AIDS pandemic with particular attention to treatment, incidence, and prevalence rates, as well as public health education and policy initiatives.

Question 5

According to the text, antibiotic resistant bacteria may NOT be spread by:

A) the hands of unclean health care providers
B) the use of hand sanitizer
C) contaminated food
D) recommended and prescribed use of antibiotics

Question 6

People with AIDS often succumb to pneumonia, certain cancers, and other ______ because the virus preys on their weakened immune systems.

A) opportunistic infections
B) retroviruses
C) lymphatic diseases
D) systemic illnesses

Question 7

Demonstrate your knowledge of health psychology and public health by discussing the psychosocial impact of AIDS on both patients and their families.

Question 8

Discuss in detail the role of health psychologists in the AIDS pandemic.

Question 9

Petra, who has been working as a public health educator in rural areas for 30 years, has recently noticed a phenomenon in which the infectious diseases of childhood have been overtaken by the chronic, noncommunicable diseases typical of adulthood. What is the term for the phenomenon that Petra is witnessing?

A) epistemological transition
B) epidemiological transition
C) endocrinological transition
D) environmental transition

Question 10

The global burden of communicable diseases is generally about the same for men and women with two exceptions. The exceptions are ______, which affects more men than women, and ______, which ranks higher as a cause of death for women than men.

A) HIV/AIDS; diarrheal diseases
B) tuberculosis; HIV/AIDS
C) HIV/AIDS; cholera
D) malaria; HIV/AIDS

Question 11

AIDS is:

A) a variety of genital herpes.
B) a sexually transmitted infection.
C) caused by bacteria.
D) a self-limiting, bacterial infection.

Question 12

The life-threatening disease in which the body's immune system is suppressed, leaving the disease's victim vulnerable to opportunistic infections is:

A) Kaposi's sarcoma.
B) HAART.
C) AIDS.
D) dementia complex.

Question 13

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is:

A) a mutated form of pneumonia that first appeared in Central America.
B) a viral disease that appeared around 1980.
C) a rare form of cancer that can be traced back to the early 1700s.
D) a bacterial infection that passed from chimpanzees to humans.

Question 14

Communicable diseases can be controlled in many ways. Which of these is a primary control measure for diseases such as Ebola and sexually transmitted infections?

A) healthier sanitation practices
B) vector control and containment
C) vaccination
D) behavioral change

Question 15

AIDS was first discovered when a group of individuals developed a cluster of symptoms indicative of:

A) leukemia.
B) multiple sclerosis.
C) Kaposi's sarcoma.
D) a highly infectious skin rash.

Question 16

Which one of these communicable diseases is properly paired with its primary mode of transmission?

A) HIV - vector-borne
B) rabies - traumatic contact
C) tuberculosis - food-borne
D) Zika - blood-borne

Question 17

Using the biopsychosocial (BPS) model as a theoretical base, create a health profile for a person at high risk of being infected with HIV who will advance to developing full-blown AIDS. Be sure to include several factors from each of the three domains of the BPS model.

Question 18

The global burden of disease has shifted to diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, which collectively are categorized as______ diseases.

A) communicable
B) noncommunicable
C) infectious
D) transmissable

Question 19

Lucas has recently begun working as a community health advocate and public health educator specializing in sexually transmitted infections and communicable disease epidemiology. His first assignment is to give a community presentation that explains in detail how HIV infection can occur. The sponsor has specifically requested that in addition to the basic explanation of infection that he also outline the four stages of HIV/AIDS illness, with detailed descriptions. Discuss in detail what information he should include in his presentation, including relevant scenarios and examples.

Question 20

Which statement is NOT empirically supported?

A) As countries develop, noncommunicable diseases replace communicable disease as the main source of ill health.
B) Developing nations face the double burden of both high rates of noncommunicable and communicable diseases
C) In low-income nations, infections cause the majority of deaths
D) Nowhere in the world have communicable diseases become only a negligible cause of mortality and morbidity.

Question 21

HIV infection is NOT likely to result from:

A) having vaginal intercourse with someone who is infected.
B) sharing a drug needle with someone who is infected.
C) drinking from the same cup as someone who is infected.
D) having anal intercourse with someone who is infected.

Question 22

HIV infects mostly:

A) lymph tissues, where lymphocytes develop and are stored.
B) blood cells.
C) glial cells.
D) RNA.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States?

A) AIDS has taken the greatest toll on young European-American men.
B) AIDS is increasing at a faster rate among women than among men.
C) African-American and Hispanic women account for 78 percent of AIDS cases in women in the United States.
D) In 2013, 21 percent of new HIV diagnoses were people aged 50 and over.

Question 24

The main transmission route for HIV among African-Americans is:

A) high-risk sexual contact.
B) male-female sexual contact.
C) IV drug use.
D) blood transfusion.

Question 25

Two-thirds of all HIV-infected people live in ______, where the main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS is ______.

A) Africa; heterosexual transmission
B) Africa; sexual transmission among men who have sex with men
C) Asia; sexual transmission among men who have sex with men
D) Asia; intravenous drug use

Question 26

Which of these was NOT suggested as an explanation for gender differences in the epidemiology of AIDS?

A) Because women are often economically subordinate to men, they are less able to protect themselves from HIV.
B) HIV is found in higher concentrations in vaginal and cervical secretions than in ejaculate.
C) On average, HIV levels in women are about half that of men with similar lymphocyte counts.
D) Women progress to AIDS at a lower overall viral load than men.

Question 27

Hemophilia is a genetic disease in which:

A) the blood fails to clot quickly enough.
B) DNA mutations occur much more often than usual.
C) the immune system is unable to manufacture CD4 cells.
D) there is an abnormal thinning of lymph tissue.

Question 28

Ethnic and racial differences in rates of HIV transmission are thought to reflect:

A) genetic differences in vulnerability to viral infection.
B) physiological differences in immune responsiveness.
C) sociocultural differences in drug use.
D) health disparities in access to health care.

Question 29

The STI caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite is:

A) trichomoniasis.
B) genital human papillomavirus (HPV).
C) chlamydia.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 30

The main mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS in Western Europe and North America is:

A) intravenous drug use.
B) heterosexual transmission.
C) sexual transmission among men who have sex with men.
D) transfusion of tainted blood.

Question 31

The two leading causes of death in lower-middle and high-income countries are:

A) HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.
B) stroke and HIV/AIDS.
C) heart disease and HIV/AIDS.
D) ischemic heart disease and stroke.

Question 32

AIDS is considered a pandemic because:

A) there is, at present, no cure.
B) it affects a large group of people.
C) it appears equally often in women and men.
D) it is a worldwide epidemic.

Question 33

Which of the following groups in North America and Western Europe are most commonly affected by HIV?

A) prescription drug users
B) heterosexual men
C) IV drug users and gay men
D) heterosexual women.

Question 34

The retrovirus that injects its genome into lymphocytes and reproduces when these cells are activated is called:

A) AIDS.
B) HIV.
C) papilloma.
D) Kaposi's sarcoma.

Question 35

______ transmission of HIV through vaginal intercourse is far more common than is ______ transmission.

A) Male-to-female; female-to-male
B) Female-to-male; male-to-female
C) Young adult; older adult
D) Older adult; young adult

Question 36

The most common sexually transmitted infection is:

A) HIV/AIDS.
B) genital human papillomavirus (HPV).
C) chlamydia.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 37

Which of these causes of death is represented in the top 10 for low-income countries but NOT in the top 10 for high-income countries?

A) stroke
B) HIV/AIDS
C) lower respiratory infections
D) ischemic heart disease

Question 38

Women are generally more vulnerable than men to HIV infection because of all of these reasons EXCEPT:

A) women who use IV drugs are more likely to use a needle only after their male counterpart has used it.
B) women often have less control over whether a condom will be used.
C) more of the virus is found in male ejaculate than in vaginal secretions.
D) HIV levels in women are twice those of men with similar lymphocyte counts.

Question 39

The initial spread of AIDS among IV drug users and gay men is believed to have occurred because:

A) these are small, closed populations in which an individual is more likely to be exposed to the virus repeatedly.
B) these groups tend to engage in many other high-risk behaviors.
C) immunocompetence is already low among these groups.
D) education and medical literacy among these groups is significantly lower than among other populations.

Question 40

HIV and AIDS are commonly found in heterosexuals and equally distributed among men and women in:

A) Western Europe.
B) Asia.
C) North Africa.
D) sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean.

Question 41

Research to date has shown that college students who have ______ are more likely to avoid high-risk sexual behaviors than other students.

A) an external locus of control
B) strong feelings of self-efficacy
C) a relative with AIDS
D) a relatively high IQ

Question 42

Several researchers have suggested that the relationship between denial and the progression of AIDS is part of a larger syndrome of:

A) unrealistic optimism.
B) psychological inhibition.
C) neuroticism (emotional instability).
D) low self-efficacy.

Question 43

Which of these is NOT an aspect of social-cognitive theory that has been linked to successful AIDS intervention programs?

A) the stage of readiness to change one's behaviors
B) perceived social norms regarding HIV-risk-reducing behaviors
C) self-efficacy beliefs about avoiding unsafe behaviors
D) social skills in negotiating risky behaviors

Question 44

During stage 4, the final stage of HIV/AIDS, the number of ______ drops dangerously low.

A) red blood cells
B) NK cells
C) B lymphocytes
D) CD4 (T) cells

Question 45

In treating AIDS, reverse transcriptase inhibitors are often combined with protease inhibitors that:

A) increase the proliferation of lymphocytes.
B) block the inflammation response.
C) attack HIV at a different stage of its life cycle.
D) stimulate stem cell production.

Question 46

Generally speaking, mass media education campaigns emphasizing how AIDS is transmitted have:

A) not been very successful.
B) only been successful among well-educated individuals.
C) only been successful among affluent individuals.
D) been quite successful.

Question 47

AIDS patients who deny their diagnosis may:

A) experience a more rapid development of AIDS-related symptoms.
B) maintain strong levels of immunocompetence longer than patients who accept their diagnosis.
C) often show an increase in the proliferation of T cells.
D) may survive for a longer or shorter length of time than people who readily accept their diagnosis.

Question 48

The average time from HIV infection to AIDS is:

A) about 2 years.
B) about 5 years.
C) about 10 years.
D) about 15 years.

Question 49

The fact that younger, less knowledgeable individuals tend to benefit more from educational interventions about how AIDS is transmitted, while older individuals benefit more from interventions that stir them into preventive action, most directly supports:

A) the health-belief model.
B) the theory of planned behavior.
C) stage theories of behavior change.
D) cognitive-behavior theory.

Question 50

Until recently, medical interventions for HIV/AIDS focused on:

A) eliminating the HIV virus.
B) controlling the spread of the virus.
C) treating the opportunistic diseases that resulted from immune failure.
D) reducing high-risk sexual behaviors.

Question 51

A genome is most accurately understood as:

A) a virus that copies its information onto the DNA of a host cell.
B) all of the DNA information for an organism.
C) an AIDS-related syndrome involving memory loss.
D) the earliest class of drugs used to fight HIV/AIDS.

Question 52

A number of successful psychosocial interventions designed to modify high-risk sexual behaviors derive from ______ theory, which emphasizes reciprocally determined relationships among environmental events, internal processes, and behavior.

A) prospect
B) self-efficacy
C) social-cognitive
D) reasoned-action

Question 53

The intervention in which individualized health messages are delivered over multiple time periods to provide unique feedback to patients is:

A) evidence-based messaging.
B) stepped care.
C) ecological momentary assessment.
D) dynamic tailoring.

Question 54

During stage 2 of an HIV infection:

A) the first major symptoms of AIDS appear.
B) HIV is constantly being replicated.
C) the number of T cells drops dramatically.
D) the number of T cells increases dramatically.

Question 55

Zidovudine (AZT) is one of a class of drugs called:

A) immunotherapeutics.
B) protease inhibitors.
C) reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
D) gene therapeutics.

Question 56

The drug that fights AIDS by inhibiting an enzyme that HIV needs to reproduce itself is:

A) HAART.
B) reverse transcriptase.
C) zidovudine (AZT).
D) interleukin-2.

Question 57

In one study of HIV-infected gay men, Jane Leserman and her colleagues found that the risk of AIDS increased with:

A) the age of the participants in the study.
B) the average score on a satisfaction with social support scale.
C) the use of denial as a coping strategy.
D) each decrease in the socioeconomic status of the participants.

Question 58

Psychologists have a role in the AIDS epidemic because:

A) in the absence of an effective HIV vaccine, intervention is the only means of battling AIDS.
B) the major modes of infection are behaviors.
C) psychosocial interventions can be effective in helping AIDS patients adhere to their treatment.
D) most people with HIV/AIDS have emotional problems.

Question 59

Which of these has NOT been linked to a more rapid onset of AIDS among HIV-infected individuals?

A) a pessimistic outlook
B) acceptance of STI diagnosis
C) social isolation
D) genetic vulnerability

Question 60

A retrovirus works by:

A) injecting a copy of its own genetic material into the DNA of a host cell.
B) destroying the nuclei of body cells.
C) causing the body's immune system to attack its own cells.
D) releasing toxins into the bloodstream of its host.

Question 61

In one study, HIV-positive men participated in a 10-week cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention. Which of these was NOT a finding of this study?

A) lower post-treatment levels of anxiety and anger
B) lower levels of perceived stress
C) lower levels of norepinephrine output
D) diminished levels of testosterone

Question 62

The San Francisco Model is an HIV-prevention intervention that:

A) is communitywide, and that involves schools, churches, and other organizations.
B) targets low SES-individuals.
C) teaches specific skills to reduce negative emotionality.
D) focuses on fear-framed health messages.

Question 63

As an illustration of AIDS complacency, researchers have found that women involved in ______ relationships are more likely to practice safer sexual behaviors than women in ______ relationships.

A) committed; casual
B) casual; committed
C) single; multiple
D) long-time; recent

Question 64

The most effective stress management interventions for HIV-infected persons appear to be:

A) multimodal cognitive-behavioral stress management.
B) biofeedback training.
C) biofeedback training combined with hypnosis.
D) simple relaxation training.