Deck 11: Cancer

Question 1

Discuss various strategies of cancer treatment, with specific focus on staging, efficacy, location of the cancer, and prognosis.

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

The main difference between benign and malignant tumors is:

A) malignant cells grow rapidly and can invade surrounding tissues.
B) the ability of benign tumors to metastasize.
C) benign tumors attack any tissue in the body.
D) the pain that accompanies the growth of a malignant tumor.

Answer 2

malignant cells grow rapidly and can invade surrounding tissues.

Question 3

Which of these was NOT suggested as a reason African-American women are more likely than white women to die from breast cancer, even though they are less likely to develop the disease in the first place?

A) African-American women historically have been less likely to perform regular breast self-examination.
B) African-American women are less likely to obtain mammograms.
C) African-Americans tend to consume fattier diets.
D) African-American women are genetically at increased risk for premature mortality.

Answer 3

African-American women are genetically at increased risk for premature mortality.

Question 4

Discuss the role of diet in the development of cancer. Clearly explain and describe in detail the ways in which diet increases and decreases risk, with specific examples that illustrate this relationship.

Question 5

Sarcomas are malignancies involving:

A) the epithelial cells.
B) cells in muscles, bones, and cartilage.
C) the lymphatic system.
D) the blood and blood-forming tissues.

Question 6

Approximately one in every ______ deaths in the United States is caused by tobacco use.

A) two
B) five
C) ten
D) hundred

Question 7

Lung cancer is at the top of cancer mortality for:

A) men.
B) women.
C) both men and women.
D) neither men nor women.

Question 8

A cancer-causing agent such as tobacco or ultraviolent radiation is called a(n):

A) carcinogen.
B) teratogen.
C) antigen.
D) metastasis.

Question 9

Most cancer deaths in the United States are attributed to:

A) heredity.
B) viruses.
C) controllable factors.
D) environmental pollutants.

Question 10

The most common type of cancer in the United States is:

A) leukemia.
B) sarcoma.
C) lung cancer.
D) skin cancer.

Question 11

White American women are ______ likely to develop breast cancer than African-American women and ______ likely to die of the disease.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 12

For young people especially, ______ may be a more important determinant of health behaviors than ______.

A) peer pressure; emotional reactions
B) emotional reactions; peer pressure
C) consideration of future consequences; consideration of immediate consequences
D) consideration of immediate consequences; consideration of future consequences

Question 13

The most common type of cancer is:

A) carcinoma.
B) sarcoma.
C) leukemia.
D) lymphoma.

Question 14

Among American men, ______ have the highest incidence rates for cancer overall.

A) African-Americans
B) European-Americans
C) Hispanic-Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 15

______ is the cancer of the lymphatic system in which malignant cells are found at several sites.

A) Carcinoma
B) Sarcoma
C) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
D) Leukemia

Question 16

Metastasis refers to:

A) the growth rate of benign tumors.
B) the spread of malignancy from one part of the body to another.
C) a type of skin cancer.
D) an individual's overall risk profile for developing any form of cancer.

Question 17

Cancers that attack the blood and bone marrow are classified as:

A) carcinomas.
B) sarcomas.
C) leukemias.
D) lymphomas.

Question 18

Describe in detail the specific impact of various psychosocial factors that have been found and posited to significantly influence rates of cancer survival.

Question 19

Differentiate the major types of cancer and identify individual factors that affect a person's susceptibility to cancer.

Question 20

Compare and contrast the cancer risks from tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and sedentary living.

Question 21

Regarding the immune surveillance theory, research studies have generally found:

A) little or no evidence that stress lowers immunocompetence.
B) that immune cells play only a small role in searching for and destroying abnormal cells.
C) that stress affects specific immune cells.
D) that only the most catastrophic stressors adversely affect immune functioning.

Question 22

All of these statements about the association between alcohol use and cancer are empirically supported EXCEPT:

A) heavy drinking increases the risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity, breast, colon, and rectum.
B) drinking the equivalent of two to four alcoholic drinks per day dramatically increases the growth of existing tumors.
C) alcohol is a known carcinogen.
D) alcohol-related cirrhosis is infrequently a cause of liver cancer.

Question 23

Based on the information provided in the text, it can be definitively stated that:

A) studies of human populations have clearly delineated those dietary components that are cancer causing and cancer preventing.
B) the cancers that have been most clearly linked to foods are those that affect cells related to the immune system.
C) epidemiological studies have provided the basis for a correlational relationship between dietary group differences and cancer risk and not a causal relationship.
D) cancers related to high-fat diets are most prevalent in Southeast Asia.

Question 24

More than 90% of all skin cancers are attributable to exposure from which of the following sources?

A) ultraviolet radiation from the tanning beds
B) ultraviolet radiation from x-rays
C) ultraviolet radiation from consumer electronic devices
D) ultraviolet radiation from sunlight

Question 25

Kendra believes that diet is a risk factor in cancer. Because she wants to eat a diet that will protect her, she should consume more:

A) fruits, vegetables, and grains.
B) saturated fat.
C) milk and dairy products .
D) dietary supplements.

Question 26

According to the global immunosuppression model:

A) stress always suppresses immune responses.
B) cancer cells are prevented from developing into tumors by natural killer cells.
C) short-term stressors have no effect on immunity.
D) short-term stressors can actually enhance immunity.

Question 27

One prospective study of men with cancer found that the more sedentary the man's job, the greater his risk of developing:

A) lung cancer.
B) colon cancer.
C) prostate cancer.
D) testicular cancer.

Question 28

Immunocompetence refers to the:

A) overall ability of the immune system to defend the body against foreign agents.
B) positive effect of stress on NK cell proliferation.
C) proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in response to a foreign agent.
D) ratio of lymphocytes to red blood cells in the bloodstream at any given moment.

Question 29

To reduce the risk of developing cancer, dietary recommendations include all of these actions EXCEPT:

A) reducing consumption of red meat.
B) eating less processed meat.
C) mostly eating foods of plant origin.
D) increasing intake of oat-based, corn-based, and wheat-based breakfast cereals.

Question 30

The development of some cancers may be inhibited by:

A) drinking alcohol.
B) eating diets rich in fruits and fiber.
C) grilling food.
D) drinking water.

Question 31

According to the immune surveillance theory, when the immune system is overwhelmed by cancer cells or weakened by stress:

A) the activity of NK cells is suppressed.
B) immunocompetence is increased.
C) T and B lymphocytes begin to proliferate.
D) autoimmune disorders develop.

Question 32

Data from the Nurses' Health Study revealed that the risk of breast cancer was lower in women who:

A) avoided drinking coffee.
B) abstained from drinking alcohol.
C) exercised 7 hours or more each week.
D) ate only organic foods.

Question 33

Which statement in regard to radiation and cancer risk is empirically supported?

A) Low-frequency radiation from microwaves, electricity, and radios present a significant health risk.
B) There is a strong correlation and association between cancer risk and proximity to a nuclear power plant.
C) Toxic wastes in dump facilities do not pose serious health risks.
D) Cancer rates of people who live in countries without nuclear power plants are significantly lower than in the United States.

Question 34

Environmental toxins in the air, soil, and water are estimated to contribute to what percent of fatal cancers?

A) 2 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 35

Which of these is NOT a common site for work-related cancers?

A) lung
B) muscles and bones
C) bladder
D) skin

Question 36

According to the biphasic model:

A) stress always suppresses immune responses.
B) cancer cells are prevented from developing into tumors by natural killer cells.
C) only the most chronic stressors cause global immunosuppression.
D) chronic stressors can both enhance and suppress immunity.

Question 37

Regarding heredity and cancer, it is estimated that ______ percent of all breast cancers are inherited.

A) about 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) more than 50

Question 38

The deadly form of skin cancer that is associated with radiation exposure is:

A) sarcoma.
B) lymphoma.
C) melanoma.
D) leukemia.

Question 39

Data from the Nurses' Health Study reveal that premenopausal women who consumed five or more servings per day of fruits and vegetables were:

A) less likely to develop breast cancer than those who ate less than two servings per day.
B) no less likely to develop cancer than women who rarely consumed fruits and vegetables.
C) less likely to develop colon cancer than women who rarely ate fruits and vegetables, but just as likely to develop breast cancer.
D) often victims of an unrealistic optimism that their diet would protect them from all forms of disease.

Question 40

Infections can increase a person's risk of developing cancer in all of these ways EXCEPT by:

A) triggering acute inflammation, which can lead to changes in cells and promote tumor development.
B) inserting their own genes and causing cells to grow out of control.
C) interacting with behavioral factors to increase or decrease cancer risk
D) suppressing the immune system and reducing the body's ability to protect itself from cancer.

Question 41

Based on the information provided in the text, approximately what percentage of Internet users have gone online in the previous year to find other people who might share similar health concerns?

A) 75%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 35%

Question 42

Compared to their married counterparts, cancer patients who are unmarried tend to:

A) survive the disease better than married persons.
B) detect the disease at a later stage of development.
C) seek earlier treatment.
D) suffer from depression at a lower rate.

Question 43

Which type of treatment generally offers the greatest chance for cure for most types of cancer?

A) surgery
B) radiation therapy
C) chemotherapy
D) immunotherapy

Question 44

The ability to accurately perceive, understand, express, and regulate emotions is called:

A) dispositional style.
B) emotional intelligence.
C) extraversion.
D) introversion.

Question 45

The use of medication to treat cancer is called:

A) laparoscopy.
B) immunotherapy.
C) chemotherapy.
D) tertiary care.

Question 46

One study found that women with breast cancer who had scored higher on a measure of emotional intelligence:

A) reported less anxiety, depression, and overall distress than others.
B) were less effective in eliciting social support from others.
C) were less capable of recognizing supportive responses from others.
D) also scored higher on measures of cancer-prone behavior.

Question 47

Which of these is not an early warning sign of cancer?

A) sudden pain
B) change in bowel or bladder habits
C) a sore that does not heal
D) unusual bleeding

Question 48

Which statement related to the association between depression and cancer is TRUE?

A) Periodic clinical depression is relatively uncommon among people adjusting to cancer.
B) Depression has no association with individual susceptibility to cancer.
C) Among people with cancer, depression has been linked to lower risk of early death.
D) Depression can be both a risk factor for cancer and a result of a cancer diagnosis.

Question 49

Which of these benefits is NOT attributed to exercise as an intervention for cancer patients?

A) improved immune function
B) improved physical functioning
C) improved quality of life
D) improved emotional well-being

Question 50

One study found that socially isolated mice:

A) had activated gene pathways known to promote increased growth of breast cancer.
B) were less likely to develop hormone-related cancers than mice housed in large groups.
C) released less corticosteroid stress hormones than normally raised mice.
D) died at a younger average age than mice housed in large groups.

Question 51

Some studies have found that the ability to find positive meaning from stressful life events is associated with:

A) improved immune responses.
B) higher reactivity.
C) lower reactivity.
D) slower adjustment to the stressor.

Question 52

Laparoscopy is a type of:

A) preventive surgery.
B) curative surgery.
C) restorative surgery.
D) staging surgery.

Question 53

One of the newest cancer treatments involves the use of laboratory-produced antibodies to target antigens on the surface of cancer cells; it is a form of:

A) radiotherapy.
B) immunotherapy.
C) alternative medicine.
D) holistic medicine.

Question 54

The most important factor in the treatment of cancer is:

A) family history.
B) a holistic approach that incorporates diet and exercise modifications.
C) early detection.
D) tertiary prevention.

Question 55

Which cancer survivors would report having the most difficulties as reported by the measures they are paired with?

A) African-American males - measure of emotional functioning
B) European-American females - measure of physical functioning
C) Asian-American males - measure of sexual functioning
D) Latina females - measure of distress

Question 56

Regarding the merits of encouraging cancer patients to openly express their emotions, most health psychologists believe that:

A) emotional disclosure is rarely helpful to patients.
B) by openly expressing their stresses and fears, cancer patients can enhance their physical and psychological health.
C) emotional disclosure is helpful, but only when it involves other cancer patients.
D) emotional disclosure often increases patients' feelings of personal vulnerability.

Question 57

Hypnosis, biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, and other multifaceted interventions used for cancer patients stem from the field of:

A) allopathic medicine.
B) alternative medicine.
C) complementary medicine.
D) psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 58

One study found that cancer patients who attended weekly meetings that centered on health education, stress management, and social support:

A) had better survival rates than a control group whose members did not attend meetings.
B) had about the same survival rates as those in the control group.
C) had poorer survival rates than those in the control group.
D) had about the same survival rates, but reported lower levels of stress than those in the control group.

Question 59

Which statement is true in regard to the expression of emotions following a diagnosis of cancer?

A) Suppressing all emotions is associated with better outcomes.
B) Suppressing negative emotions is associated with better outcomes.
C) Expression of both positive and negative emotions can be beneficial in adjusting to a diagnosis of cancer.
D) There is no relationship between emotional expression and adjustment to cancer.

Question 60

What type of intervention can help patients overcome difficulties in managing social relationships with family, friends, and peers as a result of changes in their physical appearance due to their cancer treatment?

A) emotional disclosure
B) self-presentation
C) social comparison
D) benefit finding

Question 61

Which type of intervention involves the use of one or more external devices (such as a taped message that incorporates verbal suggestions) to assist in relaxation?

A) guided imagery
B) holistic medicine
C) systematic desensitization
D) psychoneuroimmunology

Question 62

With which technique does a patient learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations?

A) rational-emotive therapy
B) self-instruction training
C) guided imagery
D) systematic desensitization

Question 63

Which of these has NOT been suggested as a reason for the beneficial effects of guided imagery?

A) Imagery promotes a state of relaxed concentration.
B) Imagery removes a sense of personal control from the patient.
C) Imagery gives the patient a decreased sense of helplessness over stressful aspects of a disease.
D) Imagery may work through the placebo effect.