Deck 14: Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders

Question 1

One of the most common complications of rheumatoid arthritis is depression.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Evidence suggests support for the notion that immune functioning is impaired by

A) hardiness.
B) anxiety.
C) depression.
D) hostility.
E) resilience.

Answer 2

depression.

Question 3

Bereavement of a partner can have adverse effects on the immune systems of HIV+ men.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Studies have found impaired immune functioning among bereaved individuals, even if these individuals do not show evidence of depression.

Question 5

In Canada mortality rates for lung and prostate cancer in men, and breast and cervical cancer in women have increased between 1998 and 2007.

Question 6

Stress has been related to

A) rates of infectious disease in children and adults.
B) the development of herpes virus infections.
C) slower wound healing.
D) delayed immune functioning.
E) immunocompetence.

Question 7

Studies with human subjects indicate that exposure to stressors is related to immunologic change.

Question 8

Evidence suggests that some of the adverse effects of depression on immunity may be mediated by

A) hostility.
B) disturbed hypothalamic functioning.
C) poor maturation of the immune system.
D) sleep disturbance.
E) overactive thyroid.

Question 9

Feelings of self-efficacy and the ability to exercise control over stressful events are associated with

A) less immunocompromise under stress.
B) less immunocompetence under stress.
C) more immunocompromise under stress.
D) more immunocompetence under stress.
E) more immunocompetence and immunocompromise under stress.

Question 10

Past sexual practice is an important predictor of AIDS-related risk behavior.

Question 11

The majority of people diagnosed with AIDS appear to make positive changes in their health behaviours almost immediately after diagnosis.

Question 12

Studies of personality and coping styles have found that the stress-immune functioning relationship is moderated by

A) optimism.
B) self-efficacy.
C) perceived control.
D) All of these answers are correct.
E) personality and coping styles do not moderate the stress-immune functioning relationship.

Question 13

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common form of arthritis in Canada.

Question 14

Psychoneuroimmunology refers to

A) the relationship between stress and psychology.
B) inflammatory and allergic reactions.
C) the activation of T cells through the secretion of cytokine.
D) the interactions among behavioural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes of adaptation.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 15

The links between social support and immune functioning

A) are especially strong for older adults.
B) are supported by studies showing social support prediction for greater NK cell activity.
C) suggest that loneliness is a risk factor for poor antibody response to influenza vaccination.
D) indicate that being newly separated or divorced can negatively impact immunity.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 16

Impaired immune functioning has been found in samples of adults who have experienced short-term marital conflict, marital separation, and divorce.

Question 17

Intense, short-term stressors

A) recruit cells that may help defend against wounds and infection.
B) upregulate immune functioning in ways likely to ward off threats posed by pathogens.
C) affect most measures of immune functioning adversely.
D) contribute to heart disease and declines in cognitive performance.
E) are more dangerous than chronic stressors.

Question 18

The quality of one's interpersonal relationships has been implicated in immunocompromise. Which of the following has NOT been found to be associated with physical and emotional illness?

A) being single
B) bereavement
C) loneliness
D) divorce and separation
E) All of these answers are associated with physical and emotional illness.

Question 19

Psychoneuroimmunology refers to the interactions among behavioural, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes of adaptation.

Question 20

Academic stress has been associated with

A) decreases in total T, T_H, and T_S lymphocytes.
B) increases in natural killer cells.
C) higher rates of infectious disease in adults but not children.
D) increased distress but few changes in immune functioning.
E) increased immune functioning.

Question 21

According to the text, whose germs are seen as less threatening?

A) Sally, whom you dislike intensely.
B) Susan/Tom, your lover.
C) Tony, whom you have just met.
D) Francoise, whom you met on the streets of Paris.
E) Lindsay, your co-worker.

Question 22

Research on the association between depression and cancer has found that

A) there is a modest but questionable association between depression and cancer mortality.
B) decreasing depression scores are associated with significantly longer cancer survival.
C) there is little research supporting the notion that depression is linked to cancer progression.
D) elevated neural endocrine responses associated with depression are unrelated to cancer development.
E) increased levels of depression significantly increase the spread of cancer.

Question 23

Intervention programs developed to work with IV drug users

A) should target the peer group.
B) should focus on individual psychotherapy interventions.
C) should not include methadone programs as they don't work.
D) have found needle exchange programs are ineffective.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 24

According to the Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (CIDPC), the numbers of AIDS cases are growing fastest among

A) ethnic minorities.
B) gay men.
C) minority women.
D) IV drug users.
E) all women.

Question 25

Perceptions of self-efficacy, with respect to AIDS risk-related behaviour, have been related to

A) frequency of condom use among gay men.
B) number of sexual partners.
C) number of anonymous sexual partners.
D) frequency of condom use among university students.
E) frequency of visits to a primary physician.

Question 26

According to the research cited in your text, which of the following patients would be expected to be better adjusted and most successful in coping with AIDS?

A) Paul, who is confident that the medical personnel who staff his experimental treatment program are outstanding in the field and his best chance for survival.
B) Mary, who contracted AIDS through a transfusion and feels that she has no personal control over the disease.
C) Tom, who has turned to alternatives to traditional medicine and feels that his holistic practitioner can best arrest the progression of the disorder.
D) John, who feels that he can control the disease and its symptoms and has taken personal responsibility for its treatment.
E) None of these people would be expected to be adjusted and successful in coping with AIDS.

Question 27

The fact that many cancers run in families may be explained by

A) a genetically inherited predisposition to cancer.
B) lifestyle factors that may influence the development of cancer.
C) ethnic differences in the development of certain cancers.
D) a shared vulnerability to infectious agents implicated in the development of some cancers.
E) sociocultural development of cancer.

Question 28

Condom use among adolescents

A) appears to be decreasing.
B) is independent of other behavioural problems such as drug and alcohol use.
C) has been found to be related to peer norms and perceptions of personal efficacy.
D) appears to be increasing.
E) is independent of peer norms.

Question 29

All cancers result from

A) immunocompromise.
B) a dysfunction in RNA.
C) a dysfunction in DNA.
D) a reduction in DNA.
E) lifestyle factors.

Question 30

HIV affects primarily

A) helper T cells and macrophages.
B) leukocytes.
C) natural killer cells.
D) B cells.
E) platelets.

Question 31

Improving the effectiveness of AIDS education as a primary prevention strategy

A) includes starting in elementary school before sexual activity begins.
B) should include making AIDS education culturally sensitive.
C) includes giving the education after a man has been dating his partner for six weeks.
D) should target inner-city women.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 32

The most common mode of transmission of AIDS worldwide is via

A) heterosexual sexual activity.
B) homosexual sexual activity.
C) blood transfusions.
D) intravenous drug use.
E) bisexual sexual activity.

Question 33

_______________ may mute the adverse effects of stress on the immune system.

A) Relaxation training
B) Social contact
C) Repressing one's thoughts about the stressful event
D) Stress management skills
E) Meditation

Question 34

Research suggests that those who use the Internet in conjunction with managing their seropositive status _______________ than those not using the Internet.

A) had fewer active coping skills
B) had less social support
C) had less accurate HIV disease knowledge
D) had more social support and active coping skills
E) had more HIV disease knowledge, active coping skills, and more social support

Question 35

Research on relaxation for enhancing immunocompetence has found that ____________ increased the number of circulating leukocytes and decreased cortisol.

A) Swedish massage
B) mindfulness meditation
C) tai chi chih
D) a 20-minute leg massage
E) group intervention programs

Question 36

According to the World Health Organization (2009), more than ______ of cancer could be prevented by modifying or reducing risk factors such as tobacco use, obesity, low intake of fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, alcohol use, and sexual transmission of the HPV.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%
E) 60%

Question 37

What percentage of HIV-infected Canadians are women?

A) 10
B) 17
C) 25
D) 47
E) 59

Question 38

The most promising development in the treatment of AIDS is

A) an HIV vaccine.
B) AZT.
C) protease inhibitors.
D) DDI.
E) All of these are promising developments in the treatment of AIDS.

Question 39

Studies have found that _______________ beliefs about the self and the future are associated with the onset of AIDS in individuals with HIV.

A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) unrealistic
E) individual

Question 40

Evidence suggests that HIV counselling and education was an effective means of

A) primary prevention for HIV+ individuals.
B) reducing behaviours that might infect others.
C) primary prevention for uninfected participants.
D) raising awareness of the implications of HIV and pregnancy.
E) raising awareness of the implications of HIV and alcohol use.

Question 41

Rheumatoid arthritis

A) is the least crippling form of arthritis.
B) strikes primarily middle-aged and elderly adults.
C) has been associated with a perfectionist and depressed personality type.
D) is relatively unaffected by stress and psychological variables.
E) is unrelated to immune function.

Question 42

Peer counselling groups, such as Reach to Recovery, involve

A) groups of patients with the same disorder who discuss common issues and problems.
B) a well-adjusted patient acting as an adviser to a newly diagnosed patient.
C) a well-adjusted patient counselling the newly diagnosed patient's family in social support skills.
D) one-on-one intensive psychotherapy.
E) a healthy person acting as an adviser to a newly diagnosed patient.

Question 43

Several interventions have been employed to facilitate cancer patients' coping with chemotherapy. Which of the following interventions has been found to be effective?

A) relaxation
B) expressive disclosure
C) dragon boat racing
D) mindfulness-based stress reduction
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 44

What is the psychosocial impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? How are psychosocial factors implicated in the course and treatment of RA?

Question 45

The consequence of receiving chemotherapy in the same place by the same person under the same circumstances is

A) conditioned nausea.
B) conditioned immune suppression.
C) impaired long-term compliance.
D) debilitating nausea.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 46

According to the Canadian Cancer Society, each year cancer causes approximately _______________ deaths in Canada.

A) 20,000
B) 35,000
C) 42,600
D) 75,000
E) 100,000

Question 47

Lupus

A) is most common among women of child-bearing age.
B) results from the buildup of uric acid in the body.
C) can be managed by maintaining proper weight and taking aspirin.
D) is more prevalent in rainy climates
E) is most common among people who avoid outdoor activity.

Question 48

A study of cancer patients conducted by Dunkel-Schetter and her colleagues (1992) found that patients who coped with their cancer-related problems via _______________ showed more emotional distress.

A) social support
B) cognitive escape-avoidant strategies
C) distancing
D) emotion-focused coping
E) online support groups

Question 49

How do psychosocial factors influence the initiation and course of cancer?

Question 50

For cancer patients, social support

A) improves immunologic responses.
B) improves psychological adjustment.
C) can be problematic.
D) can help deal with intrusive thoughts about the cancer.
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 51

What is the psychosocial impact of AIDS? What factors can amplify or lessen this impact?

Question 52

A lack of understanding may be particularly problematic when the person with arthritis

A) is having flare.
B) has to depend on others for support.
C) does not have any outwards signs of the disease.
D) does not communicate his/her physical limitations.
E) is an athlete.

Question 53

Osteoarthritis

A) affects the small joints of the wrists, hands, and feet.
B) involves the destruction of the bone and muscle tissue of the joint.
C) involves the deterioration of cartilage in weight-bearing joints.
D) is caused by weight gain.
E) only occurs in individuals over age 65.

Question 54

What is the relationship among depression, loneliness, interpersonal conflict, and immunocompromise? Do individual differences in coping styles affect this relationship? If so, how?

Question 55

Stress may be linked to cancer via which of the following mechanisms?

A) immunocompromise
B) NK cell activity
C) both of the choices are correct
D) neither of the choices are correct
E) research is inconclusive

Question 56

Explain how stress is related to immunocompromise. Exactly how does the immune system respond to stress?