Deck 13: Financial Crises: Causes and Consequences

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Question
The stock market crash of 1929 turned into a systemic crisis.
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Question
During the 2007-2009 financial crisis, the government engaged in bailouts but did not act as a lender of last resort.
Question
Asymmetric information problems are more severe during a financial panic.
Question
The financial panic of 2007-2009 was a systemic crisis.
Question
CMO stands for credit managed offering.
Question
Loan calls are more likely during a panic.
Question
Lower levels of leverage can make a financial panic more severe.
Question
Higher expected future stock prices can lead to increasing prices without any change in the profitability of the firms.
Question
The Federal Reserve is the most common lender of last resort.
Question
A financial panic causes a lack of liquidity.
Question
Bubbles always end due to mistaken government intervention.
Question
MBS stands for mortgage backed securities.
Question
Bailouts often involve taxpayer money.
Question
Islamic banks perform worse than conventional ones during financial crises.
Question
Higher leverage can give investors higher returns during a bubble.
Question
Changes in stock prices are the result of changes in fundamentals.
Question
The popping of the dot-com bubble in 2000 turned into a systemic crisis.
Question
The primary argument for bailouts is they help crises to remain systemic.
Question
Higher leverage can protect investors against large losses when asset prices fall.
Question
A corporate bond is an example of a securitized asset.
Question
High interest rates increase lenders desire to lend.
Question
The collapse of the housing bubbles ends when all homeowners are "under water."
Question
A cause of the financial crisis of 2007-2009 was the general belief that housing prices would rise indefinitely.
Question
A technological advance can lead to an increase in stock prices primarily through

A) lower interest rates.
B) higher expected earnings.
C) higher levels of lending.
D) none of the above.
Question
A stock market bubble can arise

A) due to a technological advance.
B) due to lowering of lending standards.
C) due to self-fulfilling expectations.
D) all of the above.
Question
A lender of last resort is always a government agency.
Question
Leverage increases both risk and return for investors.
Question
Ignoring borrowing costs, an investor who borrows half the funds to invest in an asset that rises from $200 to $300 makes an effective rate of return of

A) 30%.
B) 50%.
C) 100%.
D) 300%.
Question
During the 2007-2009 financial crisis, the government acted as a lender of last resort but did not use bailouts.
Question
By allowing Lehman to fail, the Federal Reserve worsened the moral hazard problem between regulators and financial institutions.
Question
A stock market bubble can start due to

A) high interest rates.
B) low expected dividends.
C) high levels of lending.
D) all of the above.
Question
Only a leveraged investor can end up with negative equity when a stock market bubble bursts.
Question
IBs:

A) invest in assets that do not pay interest.
B) purchase assets and lease them to customers for a fixed price and time period.
C) do not pay interest.
D) all of the above.
Question
When companies cannot plan for the future and when investors feel they cannot estimate future corporate earnings or interest, inflation, or default rates, they tend to hold cash instead of investing in a new factory or equipment.
Question
A stock market bubble can start due to

A) low interest rates.
B) high expected dividends.
C) high levels of lending.
D) all of the above.
Question
"Under water" means an investor has negative equity.
Question
High interest rates can be both the cause of a bubble and the result of a burst.
Question
In Islamic insurance, or takaful, participants contribute to a common fund, and settlements are settled from that fund.
Question
Islamic banks invest in assets that do not play explicit interest.
Question
The Federal Reserve was forced to take over AIG to alleviate the panic in 2008.
Question
The way the government dealt with which of these institutions may have mitigated the asymmetric information problem between regulators and financial firms?

A) AIG
B) Fannie Mae
C) Lehman Brothers
D) none of the above
Question
During a housing bubble, people continue to buy houses because

A) they expect house price to continue to rise.
B) they are able to get loans at high interest rates.
C) the government guarantees house value won't fall.
D) all of the above.
Question
Lenders of last resort intend to

A) add liquidity to financial markets.
B) restore confidence in financial markets.
C) lower interest rates.
D) all of the above.
Question
When the Treasury Department recapitalized some banks, they were

A) engaged in a bailout.
B) operating as a lender of last resort.
C) decreasing the money supply.
D) all of the above.
Question
To help minimize the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the government

A) lent money to replace private sector funds.
B) bailed out failing financial institutions.
C) lowered interest rates.
D) all of the above.
Question
IBs perform _______ conventional banks during financial crises.

A) better than
B) worse than
C) the same as
D) none of the above
Question
Which of the following institutions was allowed to fail?

A) AIG
B) Lehman Brothers
C) Bear Stearns
D) none of the above
Question
When the Fed bought commercial paper (short term loans to established firms), they were

A) engaged in a bailout.
B) operating as a lender of last resort.
C) decreasing the money supply.
D) all of the above.
Question
Bailouts are intended to

A) increase the capital in financial institutions.
B) restore confidence in financial markets.
C) prevent insolvencies.
D) all of the above.
Question
Subprime mortgages refer to home loans

A) to high risk borrowers.
B) for real estate with rising prices.
C) at below market interest rates.
D) all of the above.
Question
To help minimize the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the government

A) lent money to replace private sector funds.
B) lowered tariffs
C) raised interest rates.
D) all of the above.
Question
Bailouts are intended to

A) increase the liquidity in financial institutions.
B) prevent insolvencies.
C) restrain money supply growth.
D) all of the above.
Question
An investor borrows half the funds to buy a stock at a price of $100. If the price falls to $80, his or her effective rate of return is

A) -20% + borrowing costs.
B) -40% + borrowing costs.
C) -70% + borrowing costs.
D) none of the above.
Question
Ignoring borrowing costs, an investor who borrows three-quarters of the funds to invest in an asset that rises from $100 to $175 makes an effective rate of return of

A) 75%.
B) 400%.
C) 700%.
D) none of the above.
Question
Riba is

A) prohibited under the Quran.
B) allowed under the Quran.
C) permitted only in very specific circumstances under the Quran.
D) all of the above.
Question
Which government action is usually tried first in a financial crisis?

A) changing the reserve requirement
B) bailout
C) lender of last resort
D) none of the above
Question
Lenders of last resort intend to

A) increase the capital in financial institutions.
B) restore confidence in financial markets.
C) restrain money supply growth.
D) all of the above.
Question
The housing bubble leading up to the financial crisis of 2007-2009 was exacerbated by

A) rising mortgage rates.
B) Treasury Department purchase of CDOs.
C) NINJA loans.
D) all of the above.
Question
The housing bubble leading up to the financial crisis of 2007-2009 was exacerbated by

A) easy monetary policy.
B) Fannie and Freddie's purchase of MBS.
C) loose private sector lending standards.
D) all of the above.
Question
An investor borrows 20% of the funds to buy a stock at a price of $100. If the price falls to 50, his or her effective rate of return is

A) -20% + borrowing costs.
B) -50% + borrowing costs.
C) -62.5% + borrowing costs.
D) -66.6% + borrowing costs.
Question
Musharakah are:

A) joint ventures.
B) based on equity-ownership and a partnership relationship loans.
C) both a and b.
D) none of the above.
Question
What is the primary reason a financial panic can spread to the rest of the economy?
Question
How do short term interest rates act during a financial panic? Why?
Question
What meant by deleveraging? What role does it play in a credit crunch?
Question
An investor borrows half the funds to invest in an asset whose price falls from $200 to $150. Ignoring the cost of borrowing, what is the effective rate of return?
Question
Samantha and Jamaal both invest in a stock whose price goes from $100 to $60 after one year and $40 the next. Samantha borrowed 20% of the money to invest while Jamaal borrowed none. Find their effective rates of return on the initial price ignoring the cost of borrowing.
Question
What are the costs and benefits in the way the government dealt with Lehman Brothers during the financial crisis in 2008?
Question
What classifies a financial instrument as halal?
Question
Explain why an increase in stock prices is not necessarily a bubble.
Question
Some would argue that the government should not engage in most bailouts due to moral hazard. Explain their reasoning and the nature of the asymmetric information problem.
Question
Was the Black Friday stock market crash in 1987 a systemic crisis? Why or why not?
Question
An investor borrows half the funds to invest in an asset whose price rises from $100 to $120. Ignoring the cost of borrowing, what is the effective rate of return?
Question
Which government action does NOT necessarily involve putting taxpayer money at risk?

A) fiscal stimulus
B) bailout
C) lender of last resort
D) none of the above
Question
Samantha and Jamaal both invest in a stock whose price goes from $40 to $50 after one year and $60 the next. Samantha borrowed 25% of the money to invest while Jamaal borrowed none. Find their effective rates of return on the initial price, ignoring the cost of borrowing.
Question
All of the following EXCEPT one would have a strong propensity to initiate a financial crisis. Which is the exception?

A) increases in uncertainty
B) increases in interest rates
C) balance sheet deterioration
D) exchange rate appreciation
Question
Explain why securitization led to an erosion of lending standards.
Question
How do IBs stop depositor runs?
Question
Which government action involves putting taxpayer money at risk?

A) lowering interest rates
B) bailout
C) lender of last resort
D) none of the above
Question
What does MBS stand for?
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Deck 13: Financial Crises: Causes and Consequences
1
The stock market crash of 1929 turned into a systemic crisis.
True
2
During the 2007-2009 financial crisis, the government engaged in bailouts but did not act as a lender of last resort.
False
3
Asymmetric information problems are more severe during a financial panic.
True
4
The financial panic of 2007-2009 was a systemic crisis.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
5
CMO stands for credit managed offering.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
6
Loan calls are more likely during a panic.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
7
Lower levels of leverage can make a financial panic more severe.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
8
Higher expected future stock prices can lead to increasing prices without any change in the profitability of the firms.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
9
The Federal Reserve is the most common lender of last resort.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
10
A financial panic causes a lack of liquidity.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
11
Bubbles always end due to mistaken government intervention.
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Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
12
MBS stands for mortgage backed securities.
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13
Bailouts often involve taxpayer money.
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k this deck
14
Islamic banks perform worse than conventional ones during financial crises.
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Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
15
Higher leverage can give investors higher returns during a bubble.
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Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
16
Changes in stock prices are the result of changes in fundamentals.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
17
The popping of the dot-com bubble in 2000 turned into a systemic crisis.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
18
The primary argument for bailouts is they help crises to remain systemic.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
19
Higher leverage can protect investors against large losses when asset prices fall.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
20
A corporate bond is an example of a securitized asset.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
21
High interest rates increase lenders desire to lend.
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Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
22
The collapse of the housing bubbles ends when all homeowners are "under water."
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
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k this deck
23
A cause of the financial crisis of 2007-2009 was the general belief that housing prices would rise indefinitely.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
24
A technological advance can lead to an increase in stock prices primarily through

A) lower interest rates.
B) higher expected earnings.
C) higher levels of lending.
D) none of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
25
A stock market bubble can arise

A) due to a technological advance.
B) due to lowering of lending standards.
C) due to self-fulfilling expectations.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
26
A lender of last resort is always a government agency.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
27
Leverage increases both risk and return for investors.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
28
Ignoring borrowing costs, an investor who borrows half the funds to invest in an asset that rises from $200 to $300 makes an effective rate of return of

A) 30%.
B) 50%.
C) 100%.
D) 300%.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
29
During the 2007-2009 financial crisis, the government acted as a lender of last resort but did not use bailouts.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
30
By allowing Lehman to fail, the Federal Reserve worsened the moral hazard problem between regulators and financial institutions.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
31
A stock market bubble can start due to

A) high interest rates.
B) low expected dividends.
C) high levels of lending.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
32
Only a leveraged investor can end up with negative equity when a stock market bubble bursts.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
33
IBs:

A) invest in assets that do not pay interest.
B) purchase assets and lease them to customers for a fixed price and time period.
C) do not pay interest.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
34
When companies cannot plan for the future and when investors feel they cannot estimate future corporate earnings or interest, inflation, or default rates, they tend to hold cash instead of investing in a new factory or equipment.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
35
A stock market bubble can start due to

A) low interest rates.
B) high expected dividends.
C) high levels of lending.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
36
"Under water" means an investor has negative equity.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
37
High interest rates can be both the cause of a bubble and the result of a burst.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
38
In Islamic insurance, or takaful, participants contribute to a common fund, and settlements are settled from that fund.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
39
Islamic banks invest in assets that do not play explicit interest.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
40
The Federal Reserve was forced to take over AIG to alleviate the panic in 2008.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
41
The way the government dealt with which of these institutions may have mitigated the asymmetric information problem between regulators and financial firms?

A) AIG
B) Fannie Mae
C) Lehman Brothers
D) none of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
42
During a housing bubble, people continue to buy houses because

A) they expect house price to continue to rise.
B) they are able to get loans at high interest rates.
C) the government guarantees house value won't fall.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
43
Lenders of last resort intend to

A) add liquidity to financial markets.
B) restore confidence in financial markets.
C) lower interest rates.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
44
When the Treasury Department recapitalized some banks, they were

A) engaged in a bailout.
B) operating as a lender of last resort.
C) decreasing the money supply.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
45
To help minimize the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the government

A) lent money to replace private sector funds.
B) bailed out failing financial institutions.
C) lowered interest rates.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
46
IBs perform _______ conventional banks during financial crises.

A) better than
B) worse than
C) the same as
D) none of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
47
Which of the following institutions was allowed to fail?

A) AIG
B) Lehman Brothers
C) Bear Stearns
D) none of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
48
When the Fed bought commercial paper (short term loans to established firms), they were

A) engaged in a bailout.
B) operating as a lender of last resort.
C) decreasing the money supply.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
49
Bailouts are intended to

A) increase the capital in financial institutions.
B) restore confidence in financial markets.
C) prevent insolvencies.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
50
Subprime mortgages refer to home loans

A) to high risk borrowers.
B) for real estate with rising prices.
C) at below market interest rates.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
51
To help minimize the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the government

A) lent money to replace private sector funds.
B) lowered tariffs
C) raised interest rates.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
52
Bailouts are intended to

A) increase the liquidity in financial institutions.
B) prevent insolvencies.
C) restrain money supply growth.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
53
An investor borrows half the funds to buy a stock at a price of $100. If the price falls to $80, his or her effective rate of return is

A) -20% + borrowing costs.
B) -40% + borrowing costs.
C) -70% + borrowing costs.
D) none of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
54
Ignoring borrowing costs, an investor who borrows three-quarters of the funds to invest in an asset that rises from $100 to $175 makes an effective rate of return of

A) 75%.
B) 400%.
C) 700%.
D) none of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
55
Riba is

A) prohibited under the Quran.
B) allowed under the Quran.
C) permitted only in very specific circumstances under the Quran.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
56
Which government action is usually tried first in a financial crisis?

A) changing the reserve requirement
B) bailout
C) lender of last resort
D) none of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
57
Lenders of last resort intend to

A) increase the capital in financial institutions.
B) restore confidence in financial markets.
C) restrain money supply growth.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
58
The housing bubble leading up to the financial crisis of 2007-2009 was exacerbated by

A) rising mortgage rates.
B) Treasury Department purchase of CDOs.
C) NINJA loans.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
59
The housing bubble leading up to the financial crisis of 2007-2009 was exacerbated by

A) easy monetary policy.
B) Fannie and Freddie's purchase of MBS.
C) loose private sector lending standards.
D) all of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
60
An investor borrows 20% of the funds to buy a stock at a price of $100. If the price falls to 50, his or her effective rate of return is

A) -20% + borrowing costs.
B) -50% + borrowing costs.
C) -62.5% + borrowing costs.
D) -66.6% + borrowing costs.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
61
Musharakah are:

A) joint ventures.
B) based on equity-ownership and a partnership relationship loans.
C) both a and b.
D) none of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
62
What is the primary reason a financial panic can spread to the rest of the economy?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
63
How do short term interest rates act during a financial panic? Why?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
64
What meant by deleveraging? What role does it play in a credit crunch?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
65
An investor borrows half the funds to invest in an asset whose price falls from $200 to $150. Ignoring the cost of borrowing, what is the effective rate of return?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
66
Samantha and Jamaal both invest in a stock whose price goes from $100 to $60 after one year and $40 the next. Samantha borrowed 20% of the money to invest while Jamaal borrowed none. Find their effective rates of return on the initial price ignoring the cost of borrowing.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
67
What are the costs and benefits in the way the government dealt with Lehman Brothers during the financial crisis in 2008?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
68
What classifies a financial instrument as halal?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
69
Explain why an increase in stock prices is not necessarily a bubble.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
70
Some would argue that the government should not engage in most bailouts due to moral hazard. Explain their reasoning and the nature of the asymmetric information problem.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
71
Was the Black Friday stock market crash in 1987 a systemic crisis? Why or why not?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
72
An investor borrows half the funds to invest in an asset whose price rises from $100 to $120. Ignoring the cost of borrowing, what is the effective rate of return?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
73
Which government action does NOT necessarily involve putting taxpayer money at risk?

A) fiscal stimulus
B) bailout
C) lender of last resort
D) none of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
74
Samantha and Jamaal both invest in a stock whose price goes from $40 to $50 after one year and $60 the next. Samantha borrowed 25% of the money to invest while Jamaal borrowed none. Find their effective rates of return on the initial price, ignoring the cost of borrowing.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
75
All of the following EXCEPT one would have a strong propensity to initiate a financial crisis. Which is the exception?

A) increases in uncertainty
B) increases in interest rates
C) balance sheet deterioration
D) exchange rate appreciation
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
76
Explain why securitization led to an erosion of lending standards.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
77
How do IBs stop depositor runs?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
78
Which government action involves putting taxpayer money at risk?

A) lowering interest rates
B) bailout
C) lender of last resort
D) none of the above
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
79
What does MBS stand for?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
locked card icon
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 79 flashcards in this deck.