Deck 33: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit from storing chemical energy as

A)proteins.
B)nucleic acids.
C)carbohydrates.
D)fats.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body,a process known as

A)ingestion.
B)digestion.
C)absorption.
D)elimination.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Vitamins A,D,E,and K can be grouped together because they share a common property.What is this property?

A)They all mix easily in water.
B)They are all fat soluble.
C)They are all nonessential.
D)They all are important for proper eye health.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because

A)only those animals use those nutrients.
B)the nutrients are subunits of important polymers.
C)they are required for animal diets,but these animals are not able to synthesize the nutrients.
D)the nutrients are necessary coenzymes.
E)only certain foods contain them.

Question 5

Which vitamin plays a key role in blood clotting?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E
E)vitamin K

Question 6

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

A)excludes the need for extracellular digestion.
B)allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.
C)allows digestive enzymes to be more specific.
D)allows for extensive branching.
E)facilitates intracellular digestion.

Question 7

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the

A)small intestine.
B)stomach.
C)pancreas.
D)liver.
E)mouth.

Question 8

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that

A)is manufactured by the pancreas.
B)helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C)splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D)begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E)is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.

Question 9

What happens during peristalsis in the digestive system?

A)Fat is emulsified in the small intestine.
B)Rectal sphincters are voluntarily controlled to regulate defecation.
C)Nutrients are transported to the liver through the hepatic portal vein.
D)Smooth muscle contracts to move food along the alimentary canal.

Question 10

Carbohydrate digestion yields monosaccharides,whereas protein digestion yields amino acids.Both digestive processes

A)are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B)are types of hydrolysis reactions.
C)require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.
D)require ATP as an energy source.

Question 11

Bile salts

A)are enzymes.
B)are manufactured by the pancreas.
C)emulsify fats in the duodenum.
D)increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E)are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.

Question 12

A general rule relating the capacity of a specific animal's digestive system to provide adequate access to substrates for biosynthesis of cellular components as well as energy molecules needed for ATP production is that the animal should have access to

A)a high-protein,low-carbohydrate diet.
B)a diet low in lipids and high in protein.
C)a low-calorie diet with a large intake of fluids,especially water.
D)a diet that matches needed chemical energy,essential nutrient,and organic molecule building blocks.
E)a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals.

Question 13

Salivary amylase digests

A)protein.
B)starches.
C)monosaccharides.
D)glucose.

Question 14

The small intestine has a very large surface area that directly facilitates high rates of

A)digestion.
B)absorption.
C)elimination.
D)filtration.

Question 15

Upon activation by stomach acidity,the secretions of the parietal cells

A)initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
B)initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
C)initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
D)delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.

Question 16

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules,they must be able to break down ingested substances into smaller molecules.What process achieves this goal?

A)excretion
B)dehydration reactions
C)hydrolysis
D)absorption

Question 17

Once humans ingest food,the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is

A)proteins.
B)carbohydrates.
C)lipids.
D)nucleic acids.

Question 18

The richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is

A)fat in adipose tissue.
B)glucose in the blood.
C)protein in muscle cells.
D)glycogen in muscle cells.
E)calcium phosphate in bone.

Question 19

Earthworms,grasshoppers,and birds all have a

A)gastric cecae.
B)gizzard.
C)crop.
D)gastrovascular cavity.

Question 20

To maintain adequate nutrition,animals require dietary access to certain amino acids.An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that

A)can be synthesized by the animal's body from other substances.
B)is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C)must be ingested in the diet.
D)is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 21

When the digestion and absorption of organic carbohydrates result in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal,the excess is

A)eliminated in the feces.
B)stored as starch in the liver.
C)stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
D)oxidized and converted to ATP.
E)hydrolyzed and converted to ADP.

Question 22

A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

A)fat,then glycogen,then protein
B)glycogen,then protein,then fat
C)liver glycogen,then muscle glycogen,then fat
D)muscle glycogen,then fat,then liver glycogen
E)fat,then protein,then glycogen

Question 23

What has been shown to cause gastric ulcers?

A)stress
B)diet
C)Helicobacter pylori
D)alcohol

Question 24

Hypoglycemia occurs when there are low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human.Which is likely the most effective way to treat hypoglycemia?

A)Increase the secretion of insulin.
B)Increase the secretion of glucagon.
C)Increase the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
D)Decrease the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
E)Decrease the secretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 25

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

A)cutting.
B)ripping.
C)grinding.
D)crushing.

Question 26

Coprophagy,the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal material,is important for the nutritional balance of

A)ruminants such as cows.
B)insects and arthropods.
C)rabbits and rodents.
D)squirrels and some rodents.
E)very large animals,such as elephants.

Question 27

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to

A)the position of muscle attachment sites.
B)the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.
C)the size of the mouth opening.
D)the evidence of food molecules still present.
E)whether the mouth is the most anterior structure.

Question 28

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm,the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of

A)food eaten in one day.
B)heat generated in one day.
C)oxygen used in mitochondria in one day.
D)carbon dioxide produced in one day.
E)water consumed in one day.

Question 29

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

A)processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes,whereas the processing of carbohydrates does.
B)fat absorption occurs in the stomach,whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.
C)carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested,whereas fats do not.
D)most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system,whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

Question 30

An enlarged cecum is typical of

A)rabbits,horses,and herbivorous bears.
B)carnivorous animals.
C)humans and other primates.
D)tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.

Question 31

Obesity in humans is most clearly a contributing risk factor to the development of

A)type 1 diabetes and prostate cancer.
B)type 1 diabetes and breast cancer.
C)type 2 diabetes and muscle hypertrophy.
D)type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
E)type 2 diabetes and decreased appetite.

Question 32

Which enzyme has high activity in acidic environments?

A)amylase
B)pepsin
C)gastrin
D)trypsin
E)sucrose

Question 33

What cells secrete the acidic components of stomach juices?

A)chief cells
B)parietal cells
C)mucous cells
D)cells of the pancreas

Question 34

Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the bloodstream as

A)disaccharides.
B)polymers.
C)monomers.
D)enzymes.
E)peptides.

Question 35

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

A)they are autotrophic.
B)cattle,like rabbits,re-ingest their feces.
C)they manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D)cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E)they have cellulose-digesting,mutualistic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

Question 36

Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that

A)contains high quantities of fiber.
B)promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C)speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D)decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine.
E)stimulates peristalsis.

Question 37

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

A)a thriving colony of H.pylori.
B)a thick,mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
C)a high level of secretion by chief cells.
D)a high level of secretion from parietal cells.
E)secretions that enter the stomach from the pancreas.

Question 38

What group of animals has relatively long cecums?

A)carnivores
B)herbivores
C)omnivores
D)autotrophs

Question 39

A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of

A)gastric reflux.
B)premature entry of food into the duodenum.
C)excess secretion of pepsinogen.
D)increased stomach pH.
E)retention of food in the stomach.

Question 40

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)and basal metabolic rate (BMR)are

A)used differently: SMR is measured during exercise,whereas BMR is measured at rest.
B)used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and non-hibernating states.
C)both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species.
D)both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals.
E)both measured in animals experiencing a resting and fasting state.

Question 41

Suppose a herd of dairy cows is given an excess of antibiotics,which enter their stomachs.What biological process will the cows now have difficulty performing?

A)hydrolyzing proteins
B)producing urine
C)chewing "cud"
D)digesting cellulose

Question 42

Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits.The ob gene codes for a satiety factor (being fed to capacity),the hormone leptin.The db gene product,the leptin receptor,is required to respond to the satiety factor.Leptin is a product of adipose cells.Therefore,a mouse that became very obese by eating in excess would be expected to have

A)increased gene expression of ob and decreased expression of db.
B)increased gene expression of db and decreased expression of ob.
C)decreased transcription of both ob and db.
D)mutation of ob or db.

Question 43

What is the correct order of structures that a piece of food would encounter as it travels through the alimentary canal of a bald eagle?

A)mouth,esophagus,crop,stomach,gizzard,intestine,anus
B)mouth,esophagus,crop,stomach,intestine,gizzard,anus
C)mouth,esophagus,stomach,crop,gizzard,intestine,anus
D)mouth,esophagus,crop,gizzard,stomach,intestine,anus

Question 44

Abetalipoproteinemia is a very rare genetic disorder that results in normal absorption of fats and vitamins from food,thus causing vitamin deficiencies.One of the symptoms of abetalipoproteinemia is poor transmission of nerve impulses due to issues with neuron cell membranes.A deficiency in what vitamin could result in this symptom?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E
E)vitamin K

Question 45

People who live in agrarian societies eat more starch and have extra copies of the amylase gene compared with people who live in societies that depend on hunting or fishing.This is an example of

A)a dietary deficiency.
B)acquisition of essential amino acids.
C)feedback circuits that regulate appetite and digestion.
D)evolutionary adaptations to differences in diet.
E)absorption in the small intestine.

Question 46

Omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids are readily available in leafy green plants.What is one way to ensure that animals raised for commercial purposes have enough of these fatty acids in their diets such that fatty acid supplementation is not needed?

A)Regularly check the health of the livestock's teeth to ensure that they can efficiently grind plants.
B)Allow the livestock adequate environment for natural grazing.
C)Regularly test for the presence of symbiotic bacteria in the gut of the livestock.
D)Reduce the amount of calcium that the livestock intake daily.
E)Increase the amount of phosphorus that the livestock intake daily.

Question 47

After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal,the mammalian pancreas increases its secretion of

A)glucagon.
B)mucus.
C)bile salts.
D)insulin.

Question 48

Imagine you are a biologist who is attempting to get an accurate measure of an animal's basal metabolic rate.The best time to measure the metabolic rate is when the animal

A)is resting and has not eaten its first meal of the day.
B)is resting and has just completed its first meal of the day.
C)has recently eaten a sugar-free meal.
D)has not consumed any water for at least 48 hours.
E)has just completed 30 minutes of vigorous exercise.

Question 49

A person diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)does not have the digestive enzymes that are needed to adequately digest fats,proteins,and carbohydrates.What would be a likely consequence of this medical condition?

A)weight gain
B)weight loss
C)dilated hepatic portal vein
D)increased rate of peristalsis
E)increased bile production

Question 50

In 2011 it was reported that scientists used GPS to create a "map" of bats' molar teeth (similar to how GPS can produce a topographic map of a mountain).Why would scientists want to pursue this project?

A)Differences in the features of the molars might provide information about intracellular digestion processes in bats.
B)Differences in the features of the molars might provide information about how the relative size of the bats affected their abilities to acquire food.
C)Differences in the features of the molars might suggest evolutionary adaptations to diet.
D)Differences in the features of the molars might provide information about climate change in the bats' area of origin.
E)Differences in the features of the molars might provide information about mating behaviors.

Question 51

What does the human microbiome refer to?

A)the collection of microorganisms living on and in a human
B)the types of microorganisms found in a human's diet
C)the amount of microorganisms living in the soil near a human's home
D)the variety of microorganisms found in in the home of a human

Question 52

Most individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes have an increased probability of having inherited the disease from both parents.Additionally,Caucasians have the highest diagnosed rate of type 1 diabetes.What can you conclude from this information?

A)Type 1 diabetes risk factors likely influence the risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Caucasians.
B)Type 1 diabetes is treated most easily in Caucasians.
C)Type 1 diabetes is easily cured in Caucasians.
D)Type 1 diabetes risk factors are likely more prevalent in Caucasians than in other races.

Question 53

Scurvy is a disease that results from a vitamin deficiency.Symptoms of scurvy include poor wound healing,bleeding from the gums and skin,loose teeth,and bones that break more easily,all of which are due to abnormal collagen production.A deficiency in what vitamin could result in scurvy?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E
E)vitamin K

Question 54

If someone is feeling stressed or anxious,hormones present in blood communicate with cells to begin breaking down stored energy if the body needs it.In this situation,how does stress affect metabolic rate?

A)Stress does not affect metabolic rate.
B)Stress causes metabolic rate to decrease.
C)Stress causes metabolic rate to increase.

Question 55

The hydra is an example of an organism with a simple body plan that uses the same site for both digestion and nutrient distribution.What is the name of that site?

A)gastrovascular cavity
B)mouth
C)crop
D)midgut
E)anus

Question 56

John is a 37-year-old male who is suffering from an unknown bacterial infection that is causing him to feel quite ill.John was prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics that kill a wide variety of bacteria.What effects would these antibiotics have on John's microbiome?

A)The antibiotics would likely change the diversity of his microbiome.
B)The antibiotics would likely only kill the harmful bacteria in his body.
C)The antibiotics would likely cause his microbiome to resemble the microbiome of a child.

Question 57

A main difference between organisms with simple body plans and those with complex body plans is that

A)animals with simple body plans have digestive tubes with two openings,whereas organisms with complex body plans have a digestive compartment with one opening.
B)animals with simple body plans have a digestive compartment with one opening,whereas organisms with complex body plans have digestive tubes with two openings.
C)animals with simple body plans have digestive tubes with specialized compartments,whereas animals with complex body plans do not.
D)animals with simple body plans can ingest food while earlier meals are still being digested,whereas animals with complex body plans cannot.
E)animals with simple body plans eliminate undigested food via an anus,whereas animals with complex body plans eliminate undigested food via a mouth.

Question 58

Trypsin is a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins at the carboxyl terminus of lysine or arginine amino acids.Suppose you added trypsin to a test tube with a protein that contained lysine and arginine amino acids and that the conditions allowed trypsin to be active.What would you expect to observe as the reaction occurred?

A)an increase in the protein concentration
B)a decrease in the water concentration
C)an increase in the trypsin concentration
D)a decrease in the lysine concentration

Question 59

In the process of intracellular digestion,what do you predict will happen if food vacuoles are unable to fuse with lysosomes?

A)Cells will not be able to engulf solid food by pinocytosis.
B)Cells will not be able to engulf liquid food by phagocytosis.
C)The cells will not be able to utilize their hydrolytic enzymes.
D)The food to be digested will not be able to come in contact with hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 60

Identical twins have identical genes.If one twin has type 1 diabetes,the other twin will also have type 1 diabetes approximately 50% of the time.What can you conclude from this information?

A)Genes are not the sole reason that individuals acquire type 1 diabetes.
B)The hereditary factor in type 1 diabetes has not been well studied.
C)Twins with type 2 diabetes have lower insulin levels than 50% of twins with type 1 diabetes.
D)Twins with type 2 diabetes have a 50% lower probability of showing sugar in their urine than those with type 1 diabetes.

Question 61

Use the following table showing the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (% DV)to answer the following question.
Figure 33.1
The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is that

A)it would be chemically impossible to add more.
B)these vitamins and minerals are too large in size to reach 100%.
C)it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K,and some minerals are already present in high enough quantities from ingested food.
D)these supplements are meant for individuals who have been deprived of healthy foods.

Question 62

Examine the figure above,which shows the proportional diversity of bacteria in the human microbiome.What can you conclude?

A)There are more Firmicutes bacterial cells in an adult human than a toddler.
B)There is a higher proportion of Proteobacteria in an obese adult than a healthy adult.
C)The diet of an infant does not affect the microbiome of an infant.
D)A high proportion of Actinobacteria cause people to live past 100 years old.

Question 63

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch,which stored fuel would you probably tap?

A)muscle proteins
B)muscle and liver glycogen
C)fat in the liver
D)fat in adipose tissue

Question 64

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure.The agent(s)that help emulsify fats are produced in location

A)1)
B)2)
C)3)
D)8)
E)9)

Question 65

If a person were to maintain the same level of activity at ages 25 and 35,how would the weight of the person differ between the two ages?

A)The person will weigh the same at ages 25 and 35.
B)The person will weigh more at age 25 than at age 35.
C)The person will weigh more at age 35 than at age 25.

Question 66

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol.Protein digestion yields amino acids.Both digestive processes

A)occur inside cells in most animals.
B)add a water molecule to break bonds.
C)require a low pH resulting from HCl production.
D)consume ATP.

Question 67

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure.Enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs to the highest extent at location(s)

A)3 only.
B)4 only.
C)1 and 4 only.
D)3 and 4 only.
E)1,3,and 4 only.

Question 68

After surgical removal of the gallbladder,a person might need to limit their dietary intake of

A)starch.
B)protein.
C)sugar.
D)fat.

Question 69

Examine the teeth of this organism.What type of organism is it?

A)carnivore
B)herbivore
C)omnivore

Question 70

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

A)large intestine.
B)stomach.
C)pharynx.
D)rectum.

Question 71

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?

A)storage
B)HCl production
C)nutrient absorption
D)enzyme secretion

Question 72

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure.Most of the digestion of fats occurs in location(s)

A)3 only.
B)only.
C)1 and 4 only.
D)3 and only.
E)1,3,and 4 only.

Question 73

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
Once a person turns 25 years of age,his or her BMR decreases by approximately 2% to 6% every 10 years.This is due to the fact that as you age,muscle mass decreases and fat levels increase.These changes decrease BMR and therefore the amount of calories the body burns at rest.
If a person wants to stay the same weight between 10-year periods without changing his activity level,what action should he take?

A)He needs to raise his daily calorie intake by 2% to 6% every 10 years.
B)He needs to maintain his daily calorie intake.
C)He needs to increase his essential amino acid daily intake and decrease his essential fatty acid daily intake.
D)He needs to maintain his essential vitamin daily intake and increase his daily caloric intake.
E)He needs to lower his daily calorie intake by the same amount.

Question 74

Which organ is incorrectly paired with its function?

A)stomach-protein digestion
B)large intestine-bile production
C)small intestine-nutrient absorption
D)pancreas-enzyme production

Question 75

The box jellyfish is a carnivore that feeds on fish,crustaceans,and plankton and contains a gastrovascular cavity.Suppose a box jellyfish had a mutation in its genome such that it could not secrete any molecules from its gland cells.What biological process would this box jellyfish have difficulty performing?

A)ingesting prey into its mouth
B)eliminating undigested food out of its mouth
C)engulfment of food particles by vacuoles
D)digestion of food into smaller particles