Deck 29: Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Question 1

Phloem sap in plant vascular system flows

A)one way from leaves to the sites of sugar use.
B)one way from leaves to the sites of sugar storage units.
C)two ways from the leaves to the sites of sugar use and to the sugar storage units.
D)two ways from the sites of use and the sugar storage units to the leaves.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Typically,what percentage of a plant's fresh biomass is water?

A)70-75
B)65-75
C)80-90
D)75-80

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The symplast is the continuum of cytosol connected by

A)extracellular spaces.
B)the apoplastic route.
C)plasmodesmata.
D)the symplastic route.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The solute potential (Ψs)of pure water at sea level and at room temperature is

A)-1.0.
B)0)
C)1)
D)>1.

Question 5

Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane,a cell containing many aquaporins will have a

A)faster rate of osmosis.
B)lower water potential.
C)higher water potential.
D)faster rate of active transport.

Question 6

Which of the following is an adaptation by plants to life on land?

A)lack of waxy cuticle
B)Calvin cycle of photosynthesis
C)xylem tracheids and vessels
D)Krebs cycle of respiration

Question 7

An open beaker of pure water has a water potential (Ψ)of

A)-0.23 MPa.
B)+0.23 MPa.
C)+0.07 MPa.
D)0)00 MPa.

Question 8

What is the fate of a flaccid cell in pure water with zero water potential?

A)Cell remains the same.
B)Cell shrinks.
C)Cell enlarges.
D)Cell dies.

Question 9

Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae,the earliest land plants were most likely

A)nonvascular plants that grew leafless photosynthetic shoots above the shallow fresh water in which they lived.
B)species that did not exhibit alternation of generations.
C)vascular plants with well-defined root systems.
D)plants with well-developed leaves.

Question 10

Which of the following phenomena occurs naturally in plant cells?

A)Water (solvent)moves from regions of higher water potential to regions of lower water potential.
B)Water (solvent)moves from regions of lower water potential to regions of higher solvent potential.
C)Solute moves from regions of higher water potential to regions of lower water potential.
D)Solute moves from regions of lower water potential to regions of higher water potential.

Question 11

Which of the following ions plays a critical role in transport and cotransport processes in plant cells?

A)hydrogen
B)nitrogen
C)potassium
D)calcium

Question 12

Which of the following tissues have revolutionized the advancement of vascular plants with extensive shoot and root systems on land in the process of evolution?

A)apical meristem
B)xylem
C)cambium
D)endodermis

Question 13

Which of the following processes happens during photosynthesis in plants?

A)Stomata open.
B)Oxygen is taken up by leaves.
C)All oxygen produced will be released into the air.
D)Water vapor is lost.

Question 14

If Ψ_P = 0.3 MPa and Ψ_S = -0.45 MPa,the resulting Ψ is

A)+0.75 MPa.
B)-0.75 MPa.
C)-0.15 MPa.
D)+0.15 MPa.

Question 15

Which of the following processes allowed land plants to structurally adapt shoots to acquire light from sun and carbon dioxide from the air?

A)transpiration
B)respiration
C)photosynthesis
D)evaporation

Question 16

Essential elements are the elements that are required for a plant to

A)grow normally.
B)complete its life cycle.
C)produce another generation.
D)have normal metabolism.

Question 17

The pattern of leaf arrangement on the shoots of land plants is critical for

A)increasing the shade of the lower leaves.
B)decreasing the surface area of leaves for the exposure of light.
C)increasing the rate of photosynthesis.
D)increasing the rate of transpiration.

Question 18

Which of the following determines the direction of water movement across the membrane?

A)cell health
B)a difference in water potential
C)size of the cell
D)shape of the cell

Question 19

Which of the following was an essential adaptive feature for the evolution of plants from water to the land?

A)minimizing the evaporative loss of water
B)using light more effectively
C)acquiring CO₂ from the air
D)acquiring water from the ground

Question 20

Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants?

A)proton pumps in the membrane
B)a difference in solute concentrations
C)receptor proteins in the membrane
D)aquaporins

Question 21

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa,which of the following would be the most likely outcome?

A)The pressure potential of the cells would increase.
B)Water would move out of the cells.
C)The cell walls would rupture,killing the cells.
D)Solutes would move out of the cells.

Question 22

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem.
1)Water diffuses into the sieve tubes.
2)Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis.
3)Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes.
4)Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf.
5)Sugar moves down the stem.

A)2,1,4,3,5
B)1,2,3,4,5
C)2,4,3,1,5
D)4,2,1,3,5

Question 23

Which of the following essential nutrients plays an essential role in the opening and closing of the stomatal aperture?

A)Fe
B)Bo
C)Mg
D)K

Question 24

Active transport would be least important in the normal functioning of which of the following plant tissue types?

A)leaf transfer cells
B)stem tracheid element
C)root endodermal cells
D)leaf mesophyll cells

Question 25

Which of the following macronutrients plays a critical role on plant growth and crop yields?

A)carbon
B)oxygen
C)nitrogen
D)potassium

Question 26

Atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.Arrange the following forms of nitrogen from the atmospheric N stage to the final form that enters the roots.
1)Ammonia
2)Nitrogen gas
3)Ammonium ion
4)Nitrite
5)Nitrate

A)1,2,3,4,5
B)2,1,3,5,4
C)2,1,5,4,3
D)2,1,3,4,5

Question 27

Phloem transport is described as being from source to sink.Which of the following would most accurately complete this statement about phloem transport as applied to most plants in the late spring?
Phloem transports ________ from the ________ source to the ________ sink.

A)amino acids;root;mycorrhizae
B)sugars;leaf;apical meristem
C)nucleic acids;flower;root
D)proteins;root;leaf

Question 28

Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem?

A)Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport.
B)Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.
C)Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources.
D)Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement.

Question 29

Why does overwatering a plant kill it?

A)Water does not have all the necessary minerals a plant needs to grow.
B)Water neutralizes the pH of the soil.
C)The roots are deprived of oxygen.
D)Water supports the growth of root parasites.

Question 30

What is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells?

A)establish ATP gradients
B)maintain the H⁺ gradient
C)pressurize xylem transport
D)eliminate excess electrons

Question 31

The opening of stomata is thought to involve

A)an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells.
B)a decrease in the solute concentration of the stoma.
C)active transport of water out of the guard cells.
D)decreased turgor pressure in the guard cells.

Question 32

In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be negative?

A)leaf mesophyll cell
B)stem xylem
C)stem phloem
D)root cortex cell

Question 33

For this pair of items,choose the option that best describes their relationship.
(a)The average size of particles that constitute silt
(b)The average size of particles that constitute clay

A)Item (a)is larger than item (b).
B)Item (a)is smaller than item (b).
C)Item (a)is exactly or very approximately equal to item (b).
D)Item (a)bears no relationship to item (b).

Question 34

Which of the following is considered an organic fertilizer?

A)manure
B)10:12:10
C)MiracleGrow
D)ammonium nitrate

Question 35

A fertilizer marked "20-10-5" is

A)20% N (as ammonium nitrate),10% P (as phosphate),and 5% K (as the mineral potash).
B)20% P (as phosphate),10% N (as ammonium nitrate)and 5% K (as the mineral potash).
C)20% K (as the mineral potash),10% P (as phosphate),and 5% N (as ammonium nitrate).
D)20% N (as ammonium nitrate),10% K (as the mineral potash),and 5% P (as phosphate).

Question 36

If you wanted to increase the cation exchange and water retention capacity of loamy soil,what should you do?

A)Adjust the soil pH to 7.9.
B)Add clay to the soil.
C)Practice no-till agriculture.
D)Add fertilizer containing potassium,calcium,and magnesium to the soil.

Question 37

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because

A)chloroplasts within wilted leaves are incapable of photosynthesis.
B)CO₂ accumulates in the leaves and inhibits the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.
C)there is insufficient water for photolysis during the light reactions.
D)stomata close,restricting CO₂ entry into the leaf.

Question 38

Guard cells do which of the following?

A)protect the endodermis
B)accumulate K⁺ in order to close the stomata
C)contain chloroplasts that import K⁺ directly into the cells
D)help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

Question 39

Which of the following has the lowest (most negative)water potential?

A)root cortical cells
B)root xylem
C)trunk xylem
D)leaf air spaces

Question 40

The size of clay particles ranges from ________ in diameter.

A)0)002-2.0 mm
B)0)002-0.02 mm
C)less than 0.002 m
D)0)02-2.0 mm

Question 41

Arrange the following in the correct sequence of steps in nitrogen fixation.
I)Nitrogen gas
Ii)Nitrite ion
Iii)Ammonia
Iv)Nitrate ion

A)i,ii,iii,iv
B)i,iv,ii,iii
C)i,iii,ii,iv
D)iii,i,iv,ii

Question 42

In hydroponic culture,what is the purpose of bubbling air into the solute?

A)to keep dissolved nutrients evenly distributed
B)to provide oxygen to the root cells
C)to inhibit the growth of aerobic algae
D)to inhibit the growth of anaerobic bacteria

Question 43

Which of the following soil minerals is most likely leached away during a hard rain?

A)Na⁺
B)K⁺
C)Ca²⁺
D)NO₃^-

Question 44

Upregulation of leghemoglobin biosynthesis in a leguminous species would most likely indicate

A)the plant is suffering from a mineral deficiency.
B)the successful inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
C)the plant is suffering from water stress.
D)an increase in the biosynthesis of amino acids.

Question 45

The bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from

A)soil minerals.
B)CO₂.
C)the hydrogen from H₂O.
D)the oxygen from H₂O.

Question 46

Which of the following elements is required for the stability of cell walls?

A)zinc
B)chlorine
C)calcium
D)molybdenum

Question 47

Copper plays a critical role in ________ of plant cells.

A)water splitting in photosynthesis
B)redox reactions and lignin-biosynthetic enzymes
C)cytochromes
D)cofactor for enzymes needed for nitrogen fixation

Question 48

You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots of your pea plants.You notice swellings (root nodules)on the roots,and there is a reddish tinge to the ones you accidentally damaged.Most likely your pea plants

A)suffer from a mineral deficiency.
B)are benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium.
C)are developing offshoots from the root.
D)contain developing insect pupa.

Question 49

A corn (Zea mays)mutant is developed that is impaired in magnesium uptake.The most likely phenotypic expression would be

A)chlorosis,especially in the older leaves.
B)a purple tinge to actively growing shoots.
C)severely stunted root growth and branching.
D)a reduction in leaf surface area.

Question 50

An example of a mutualistic association between a plant and a fungus would be

A)nitrogen fixation.
B)Rhizobium infection.
C)mycorrhizae.
D)parasitic infection.

Question 51

Most of the dry weight of a plant is derived from

A)NO₃^- and CO₂.
B)K⁺ and CO₂.
C)PO₄^3- and K⁺.
D)H₂O and CO₂.

Question 52

Plants can use nitrogen in the form of

A)NH_3.
B)NH₄⁺ ion.
C)NO₃^- ion.
D)NO₂^- ion.

Question 53

Hyphae form a covering over roots.These hyphae create a large surface area that helps to do which of the following?

A)aid in absorbing minerals and ions
B)maintain cell shape
C)increase cellular respiration
D)protect the roots from ultraviolet light

Question 54

Synthesis of which of the following compounds in a mature leaf would be least impacted by a temporary soil nitrogen deficiency?

A)chlorophyll
B)DNA
C)RNA
D)cellulose

Question 55

The mutualistic associations between bacteria and plants will

A)enhance plant growth.
B)secrete antibiotics and protect roots from disease.
C)increase crop yields.
D)All the above are true.

Question 56

The enzyme complex nitrogenase catalyzes the reaction that reduces atmospheric nitrogen to

A)N₂.
B)NH₃.
C)NO₂^-.
D)NO⁺.

Question 57

In a root nodule,the gene coding for nitrogenase is

A)inactivated by leghemoglobin.
B)absent in active bacteroids.
C)found in the cells of the pericycle.
D)part of the Rhizobium genome.

Question 58

If a plant is infected with nitrogen-fixing bacteria,what is the most probable effect on the plant?

A)It gets chlorosis.
B)It dies.
C)It will have a higher concentration of N₂ in its roots and shoots.
D)It will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant.

Question 59

Which of the following,if used as a fertilizer,would be most immediately available for plant uptake?

A)NH₃
B)N₂
C)CN₂H₂
D)NO₃^-

Question 60

Iron deficiency is often indicated by yellowing in newly formed leaves.This suggests that iron is

A)a relatively immobile nutrient in plants.
B)tied up in formed chlorophyll molecules.
C)concentrated in the xylem of older leaves.
D)concentrated in the phloem of older leaves.

Question 61

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to remove toxic heavy metals from a soil?

A)heavy irrigation to leach out the heavy metals
B)application of fertilizers to compete with heavy metal uptake
C)adding plant species that have the ability to take up and accumulate heavy metals
D)inoculating soil with mycorrhizae to avoid heavy metal uptake

Question 62

The rise (upward mobility/transportation)of xylem sap by the cohesion-tension mechanism begins at the

A)root hairs.
B)leaves.
C)roots.
D)stem.

Question 63

Ignoring all other factors,what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of a tree?

A)cool,dry day
B)warm,dry day
C)warm,humid day
D)very hot,dry,windy day

Question 64

Most of the water taken up by a plant is

A)used as a solvent.
B)used as a hydrogen source in photosynthesis.
C)lost during transpiration.
D)used to keep cells turgid.

Question 65

Rhizobia,actinomycetes,and cyanobacteria all share the common feature that they can

A)increase water uptake in plants.
B)increase nutrient availability in the soil for plants.
C)kill parasites in the soil.
D)fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Question 66

Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather than a composite of many individual cells.Which of the following cellular structures best supports this view?

A)cell wall
B)cell membrane
C)vacuole
D)plasmodesmata

Question 67

Pine seedlings grown in sterile potting soil grow much slower than seedlings grown in soil from the area where the seeds were collected.This is most likely because

A)the sterilization process kills the root hairs as they emerge from the seedling.
B)the normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil.
C)water and mineral uptake is faster when mycorrhizae are present.
D)B and C.

Question 68

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?

A)active transport of ions into the stele
B)atmospheric pressure on roots
C)evaporation of water through stoma
D)the force of root pressure

Question 69

What are epiphytes?

A)aerial vines common in tropical regions
B)haustoria used for anchoring to host plants and obtaining xylem sap
C)plants that live in poor soil and digest insects to obtain nitrogen
D)plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts

Question 70

The water and minerals in the xylem vessels transported by

A)diffusion.
B)active transport.
C)bulk flow.
D)passive transport.

Question 71

Nitrogen fixation is a process that

A)recycles nitrogen compounds from dead and decaying materials.
B)converts ammonia to ammonium.
C)releases nitrate from the rock substrate.
D)converts nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Question 72

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide.What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?

A)Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning.
B)Mycorrhizal fungi were killed.
C)Active transport of minerals was inhibited.
D)Proton pumps reversed the membrane potential.

Question 73

Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals.The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of

A)energy.
B)carbohydrates.
C)minerals.
D)water.

Question 74

What drives the flow of water through the xylem?

A)passive transport by the endodermis
B)the number of companion cells in the phloem
C)the evaporation of water from the leaves
D)active transport by tracheid and vessel elements

Question 75

The Casparian strip in plant roots is correctly described by which of the following?

A)It aids in the uptake of nutrients.
B)It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex.
C)It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts.
D)It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele.

Question 76

A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once.This living cell would be a part of which structure?

A)the Casparian strip
B)a guard cell
C)the root epidermis
D)the endodermis

Question 77

The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases.However,the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of

A)evaporative cooling.
B)mineral transport.
C)increased turgor.
D)evaporative cooling and mineral transport.

Question 78

The transpiration pull is due to the ________ that causes water to move up through the xylem that begins at the surface of mesophyll cells.

A)negative pressure potential
B)positive pressure potential
C)solute potential
D)solvent potential

Question 79

The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes)but no roots.Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by

A)absorption by hairs and trichomes.
B)absorption by mycorrhizae.
C)osmosis through the root hairs.
D)diffusion across the cuticle of the rhizome.

Question 80

Which of the following plant structures shares the most common features and functions with a fungal hyphae?

A)stomata
B)vascular cambium
C)lenticels
D)root hairs