Deck 17: Police and the Courts

Question 1

Which of the following is considered to be the first state police force?

A)Connecticut State Police
B)Massachusetts Police
C)Pennsylvania State Police
D)Texas Rangers

Answer 1

D

Question 2

_____________________ is an aggressive strategy in which police play an active role in identifying particular community problems and developing strategies to counteract them.

Answer 2

problem-oriented policing

Question 3

A ________________ search is valid if it is made incident to a lawful arrest.

Answer 3

warrantless

Question 4

In 1870,the U.S.Department of Justice became involved in policing when the attorney general hired investigators to enforce _______________.This eventually led to the formation of the FBI.

A)prohibition
B)the Mann Act
C)anti-slavery legislation
D)white-collar crime statutes

Question 5

Police and other law enforcement agents are termed the gatekeepers of society because:

A)Gatekeepers was a historic term associated with the London Metropolitan Police.
B)Police initiate contact with law violators.
C)Police provide security in American society.
D)Gatekeeping involves opening and closing a flow;thus,police discretion controls the gates of the justice system.

Question 6

It has been argued that ________________ encourages defendants to waive their constitutional right to a trial.

Question 7

The _____________ is empowered to negotiate a guilty plea with the defendant,thereby ending the formal trial process.This is termed plea bargaining.

Question 8

Today,which is not an accurate statement regarding the top priorities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation?

A)protecting the United States from terrorist attacks
B)protecting civil rights
C)combating white-collar crime
D)combating public corruption at the federal level

Question 9

The ________________________ has jurisdiction over federal laws,such as espionage,sabotage,treason,civil rights violations,kidnapping,and interstate transportation of stolen vehicles and property

Question 10

Within the multi-tiered court structures of most states,_____________ courts review the criminal procedures of trial courts to determine whether the offenders were treated fairly.

Question 11

______________________ allow the prosecution and defense to excuse jurors for no particular reason or for an undisclosed reason.

Question 12

Police agencies can be found at the federal,state,and local levels.How many local police departments exist at these levels?

A)about 10,000
B)about 13,000
C)about 16,000
D)about 18,000

Question 13

The practice of ___________________ occurs when defendants are denied bail because of the danger they present to the community.

Question 14

______________ involves assigning officers to a particular area to proactively investigate suspicious activities and to enforce existing gun,drug,traffic,and related laws.

Question 15

One of the primary goals of police work is to deter criminal behavior.However,the ________________ study found that variations in police patrol had little effect on the crime patterns in the study districts.

Question 16

The police and other law enforcement agents (such as federal agents)are the ________________ of the criminal justice process.

Question 17

_______________is a type of indigent defense whereby appointments are made from a list of private attorneys who accept cases on a judge-by-judge,court-by-court,or case-by-case basis.

Question 18

The _____________________is a federal level law enforcement agency whose officers help implement federal court rulings,transport prisoners,and enforce court orders.

Question 19

Information provided by a suspect that leads to the seizure of incriminating evidence is permissible if the evidence would have been obtained anyway by other means or sources.This is termed ____________.

Question 20

The right to be protected from _____________ was made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment in the case of Benton v.Maryland.

Question 21

A classic attempt to measure police patrol effectiveness was the Kansas City study.What did this study indicate about the effectiveness of police patrol?

A)that proactive patrol reduced crime
B)that variations in patrol had little effect on crime patterns
C)that reactive patrol reduced crime but only in residential areas
D)that citizens' attitudes toward police became more favorable as patrol increased

Question 22

Assigning officers to a particular area to proactively investigate suspicious activities and to enforce existing gun,drug,traffic,and related laws is termed:

A)strategic patrol
B)proactive patrol
C)directed patrol
D)targeted patrol

Question 23

Which of the following is not among the tasks performed by patrol officers?

A)Enhance public safety by maintaining a visible police presence
B)Promote public safety and crime prevention
C)Inhibit the movement of traffic and people
D)Maintain public order

Question 24

Which of the following components is not an element of community-oriented policing?

A)identifying neighborhood problems
B)getting to know citizens
C)responding to calls for help
D)maintaining a police presence in the community

Question 25

When an officer does not have probable cause to arrest but her or his suspicions are legitimately aroused by the unusual or suspicious behavior of an individual,the officer can:

A)request an arrest warrant
B)perform a stop and frisk
C)request immediate backup
D)conduct a search incident to an arrest

Question 26

What is known about adding more police officers to help bring down the crime rate?

A)Adding police deters minor offenders but has no impact on violent crime.
B)Adding police increases citizens' fear of crime.
C)Adding police has no impact on crime levels.
D)Adding police may reduce crime levels.

Question 27

The Supreme Court has used case law to define the boundaries of the Miranda warning since this landmark decision was handed down.Which is inaccurate pertaining to these boundaries?

A)Suspects must be fully aware of all the possible outcomes of waiving their rights for the Miranda warning to be considered properly given.
B)Admissible evidence can be obtained without a Miranda warning if the information sought is needed to protect public safety.
C)At trial,the testimony of a witness is permissible even if her or his identity was revealed by the defendant in violation of the Miranda rule.
D)Once a criminal suspect has invoked his or her Miranda rights,police officials cannot reinitiate interrogation in the absence of counsel.

Question 28

Which of the following is not a role of the prosecutor?

A)determining the charges to be brought against a suspect
B)negotiating a guilty plea with the defendant
C)charging the jury
D)issuing a nolle prosequi

Question 29

Recent court rulings pertaining to Miranda warnings have:

A)led to the exoneration of a wave of convicted offenders who were illegally interrogated
B)caused a backlog of appeals pertaining to the admissibility of evidence
C)reduced police powers as they pertain to interrogation
D)given police greater leeway in their actions

Question 30

The typical state court structure includes lower courts that try _____________,superior courts that try ____________,and appellate courts that review the procedures of trial courts to determine whether offenders were treated fairly.

A)traffic offenses - misdemeanor and felony cases
B)misdemeanor cases - felony cases
C)felony cases - misdemeanor cases
D)juvenile cases - adult cases

Question 31

The investigation of crimes occurs in a variety of ways.Which of the following is not a practice of detectives to investigate criminals?

A)Familiarity of an offender's modus operandi.
B)Work undercover and impersonate customers looking for illicit activities.
C)Victims or witnesses identify offenders by viewing mug shots or through a line-up.
D)Respond to the initial call for help.

Question 32

Which form of indigent defense involves a salaried staff of full or part-time attorneys that provide services through a public or private non-profit organization or as direct government (court)paid employees?

A)contract counsel
B)assigned counsel
C)public defender
D)court advocate counsel

Question 33

A police officer can initiate an arrest when a crime has been observed or when an arrest warrant has been issued.In either case,an arrest must be based on:

A)fundamental fairness
B)plausible evidence
C)reasonable suspicion
D)probable cause

Question 34

Information provided by a suspect that leads to the seizure of incriminating evidence is permissible if the evidence would have been obtained anyway by other means or sources.This is referred to as:

A)the public safety doctrine
B)the plain view doctrine
C)the Miranda evidence discovery rule
D)the inevitable discovery rule

Question 35

An aggressive policing strategy that identifies and focuses on a specific crime or specific criminals and then develops strategies to counteract them is known as

A)community-policing
B)problem-oriented policing
C)intelligence-led policing
D)community-led policing

Question 36

In the United States,what is the "court of last resort?"

A)a state's supreme court
B)the Executive Office of the President
C)the U.S.Supreme Court
D)the U.S.Attorney General's federal appeals court

Question 37

Police officers cannot perform a warrantless search under what circumstance?

A)when consent to search is willingly given
B)when it is performed incident to a lawful arrest
C)if there is probable cause to believe the automobile was involved in a crime
D)when a housesitter allows the officers to enter and search the premise

Question 38

Who determines the charges to be brought against a suspect?

A)the police
B)the judge
C)the county magistrate
D)the prosecutor

Question 39

Nearly all sheriff's departments provide basic law enforcement services and investigate crimes.Many sheriffs' departments also maintain:

A)state sex offender registries
B)the county courts
C)the county jail
D)automated finger print identification systems

Question 40

When the U.S.Supreme Court words a decision in such a way that it becomes a precedent and must be honored by all lower courts it is termed a:

A)certiorari decision
B)hallmark decision
C)writ decision
D)landmark decision

Question 41

The right to be protected from double jeopardy was made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment in the case of:

A)Benton v.Maryland
B)Baldwin v.New York
C)Williams v.Florida
D)Maryland v.Craig

Question 42

Which of the following is not accurate pertaining to what is known about bail?

A)Bail penalizes indigent offenders who do not have the means to pay bond.
B)Failing to make bail appears to increase the risk of being convicted and the degree of punishment received.
C)Most states place no limit on the amount of bail that may be imposed.
D)The right to bail comes from the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution.

Question 43

Today's Federal Bureau of Investigation is not an investigative agency;rather,it is a police agency.

Question 44

Which of the following (partial)ordering of events accurately reflects the trial process?

A)charging the jury,opening statements,direct examination,redirect examination,rebuttal,closing arguments,charging the jury,verdict
B)charging the jury,opening statements,direct examination,rebuttal,redirect examination,closing arguments,charging the jury,verdict
C)opening statements,direct examination,cross examination,rebuttal,closing arguments,charging the jury,verdict
D)opening statements,charging the jury,direct examination,redirect examination,rebuttal,closing arguments,verdict

Question 45

While the Fifth Amendment provides protection from double jeopardy,if an act violates the laws of two states,the offender may be tried in each state under the:

A)equivalent sovereignty doctrine
B)equal jurisdiction doctrine
C)dual jurisdiction doctrine
D)dual sovereignty doctrine

Question 46

Intelligence-led policing refers to the collection and analysis of information to produce informed police decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels.

Question 47

Contraband can be seized without a warrant if it is plain view.

Question 48

If a defendant is convicted,the judge normally orders a presentence investigation conducted by the _____________ preparatory to imposing a sentence.

A)prosecuting attorney
B)probation department
C)defense attorney
D)court bailiff

Question 49

The questioning of prospective jurors by the prosecution and defense in order to determine their appropriateness to sit on a jury is termed:

A)venire
B)voir dire
C)nolle prosequi
D)jury array

Question 50

Some defendants are detained because they cannot make bail.If a defendant is denied bail because of the danger they pose to society,the detention is termed:

A)anticipatory detention
B)preemptive detention
C)protective detention
D)preventive detention

Question 51

Today,more than ___ of criminal convictions are estimated to result from the negotiated process of plea bargaining.

A)60 percent
B)70 percent
C)80 percent
D)90 percent

Question 52

Which of the following would not motivate a defendant to plea bargain?

A)to reduce their sentences
B)to avoid detention and trial
C)to protect their accomplices
D)to minimize cooperation

Question 53

The bail system goes back to English common law and is meant to ensure the appearance of the defendant at trial.Who actually sets the amount of bail?

A)a probation officer
B)a prosecutor
C)a magistrate
D)a court bailiff

Question 54

Recent court rulings have given police greater latitude to search for and seize evidence and have eased restrictions on how police operate.

Question 55

Which of the following is not a role or responsibility of the judge?

A)guiding the questioning of witnesses
B)settling questions of evidence and procedure
C)charging the jury
D)negotiating a plea bargain with the accused

Question 56

In the case of Baldwin v.New York,the Supreme Court held that defendants are entitled to a jury trial:

A)whenever the possibility of incarceration existed
B)only in felony cases
C)whenever the defendant so requested
D)only if they face the possibility of a prison sentence of more than six months

Question 57

A charge identifies the criminal activity,the facts of the case,and the circumstances of the arrest.What is this document called in the case of misdemeanor offenses?

A)a bill of indictment
B)a complaint
C)an information
D)a nolle prosequi

Question 58

Today,there approximately 800,000 full-time law enforcement officers in the United States,employed at the various levels of government.

Question 59

In felony cases,plea bargaining usually occurs:

A)after arrest and before arraignment
B)between arraignment and the onset of trial
C)during the trial
D)after the trial but before sentencing

Question 60

The first stage of the trial process involves:

A)jury selection
B)negotiating a plea bargain
C)charging the jury
D)setting bail

Question 61

Explain the jury selection process,the verdict process for jurors and the verdict requirements that impact different juries based upon their size.

Question 62

How have the concepts of community-oriented policing and problem-oriented policing changed the role of police?

Question 63

Examine the advantages and disadvantages of plea bargaining for the defendant and for the state.

Question 64

A prosecutor may offer a plea if it is believed that the arresting officers made a serious procedural error in securing evidence that would be brought out during pretrial motions.

Question 65

When the Supreme Court decides to hear a case it usually grants a writ of certiorari requesting a transcript of the case proceedings for review.

Question 66

Compare and contrast the structure of the state and federal court systems.

Question 67

Distinguish between county law enforcement and metropolitan (local)police forces.

Question 68

The judge represents the state in criminal matters that come before the courts.

Question 69

Provide four circumstances when police can search without a warrant?

Question 70

Recent court rulings have broadened the scope of Miranda and have reduced police leeway in their actions.

Question 71

A directed verdict means that the defense did present enough evidence to disprove all the elements of the alleged crime.

Question 72

Explain the fundamentals of Miranda v.Arizona,what happens if the Miranda warning is not given,and the requirements needed if suspects waive this right.

Question 73

Discretion accompanies defendants though every step of the adjudication process,determining what will happen to them and how their cases will be resolved.

Question 74

What functions do police serve in society? Compare and contrast these functions at the federal,state,and county levels?

Question 75

Identify and discuss four legal rights a defendant has during trial.

Question 76

Define bail and provide its origin and purpose.Include in your response how bail can contribute to inequities in the treatment of defendants.

Question 77

The right to bail comes from the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution that states people can expect to be released on reasonable bail in all but capital cases.

Question 78

In the case of Gideon v.Wainwright,the Court granted the absolute right to counsel in all felony cases.

Question 79

The initial list of people chosen for jury selection is called a venire or jury array.

Question 80

After the defense concludes its case,the government may present rebuttal evidence,which is evidence that was not used when the prosecution initially presented its case.