Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

According to a sociological perspective,we cannot form a sense of self or personal identity without intense social contact with others.The self represents the sum total of perception and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct,unique person-a sense of who and what one is.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Sociobiologists focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through nurture (socialization).

Answer 2

False

Question 3

When we conform to our peer group's expectations,we are rewarded;if we do not conform,we may be ridiculed or even expelled from the group.Conforming to the demands of peers frequently places children and adolescents at cross-purposes with their parents.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

As presented in the text,the most significant agents of socialization are genetic makeup,school,friends,and religion.

Question 5

Psychologist Jean Piaget stated that cognitive development is a continuous process of successive changes and that the sequence of the stages is not important.

Question 6

According to Freud,human development occurs in two stages: the "I" and the "me".

Question 7

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead,significant others are those persons whose care,affection,and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

Question 8

Psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow observed that infant rhesus monkeys,having been deprived of social contact with other monkeys during their first six months of life,never learned how to relate to other monkeys or to become well-adjusted adult monkeys.

Question 9

Sociologist Charles Horton Cooley developed the looking-glass self theory.He believed that our sense of self is always developing as we interact with others in the larger society.

Question 10

Based on the introductory story in this chapter,it is clear that Mdmse.Amelie and Dr.Ellen Rothman experienced stress when joining a new social organization.

Question 11

Sociologist George Herbert Mead linked the idea of self-concept to role-taking.He believed that role-taking often occurs through play and games,as children try out different roles (such as being mommy,daddy,doctor,or teacher)and gain an appreciation for them.

Question 12

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan,women are socialized to make moral decisions based on a justice perspective,whereas men are socialized to make such decisions on a care and responsibility perspective.

Question 13

Based on his findings presented with moral development,psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg identified the conventional level (age ten through adulthood)as the stage in which people are most concerned with how they are perceived by their peers and how one conforms to rules.

Question 14

Mead divided the self into three parts: the id,ego,and superego.

Question 15

In the case of "Genie," extensive therapy was used in an attempt to socialize her and develop her language abilities.These efforts were highly successful and,at about age eighteen,she was able to live independently.

Question 16

The basic assumption in psychologist Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic approach is that human
behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within individuals.

Question 17

Generally,studies have found that quality day-care and preschool programs have a positive effect on the overall socialization of children.

Question 18

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud,the ego refers to the rational,reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.

Question 19

Today,93 percent of teens report that they use the Internet.Boys are more likely to play video games and girls are more likely to engage into blogging.

Question 20

Conflict theorists assert that students have different expectations in the school system depending on their social class,their racial/ethnic background,the neighborhood in which they live,their gender,and other factors.

Question 21

According to Sigmund Freud,the______________is the rational,reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of individuals.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 22

Older adults in industrialized societies may experience social devaluation-where a person or
group is considered to have less social value than other persons or groups.

Question 23

Gender socialization is important in determining what we think the "preferred" sex of a child should
be and in influencing our beliefs about acceptable behaviors for males and females.

Question 24

______________ often involves acts of omission (where parents or caregivers fail to provide adequate physical or emotional care for children)rather than acts of commission (such as physical or sexual abuse).

A)Maltreatment
B)Abuse
C)Neglect
D)Maladaptiveness

Question 25

Jails and prisons are examples of total institutions.In these settings,people are totally stripped of
their former selves-or depersonalized- through a degradation ceremony.

Question 26

Socialization is essential for the______________because it enables us to develop our human potential and learn the ways of thinking,talking,and acting that are necessary for social living.

A)nation
B)society
C)group
D)individual

Question 27

______________ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature is a major factor.

A)Psychophysiology
B)Genetic analysis
C)Sociobiology
D)Cybernation

Question 28

The case of Genie,an isolated child,illustrates that:

A)with proper therapy,children who have been isolated can become a part of the mainstream
B)children who have experienced extreme isolation do not live long enough to reach adulthood
C)children who experience social isolation and neglect may be defined as "retarded" when they reach adulthood
D)isolated children actually can recover quickly from any physical or psychological damages

Question 29

Resocialization,the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes,values,and behaviors
from those in one's background and previous experiences,is strictly voluntary.

Question 30

According to Sigmund Freud,the______________is the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 31

According to Sigmund Freud,the______________is first expressed as the recognition of parental control and eventually matures as the child learns that parental control is a reflection of the values and moral demands of the larger society.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)libido

Question 32

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection,warmth,and closeness see the world:

A)as a non-trustworthy and abusive place
B)with suspicion and fear
C)as a safe and comfortable place
D)as a hostile place

Question 33

According to Sigmund Freud,the newborn child's personality is all______________,and from birth the child finds that urges for self­gratification-such as wanting to be held,fed,or changed-are not going to be satisfied immediately.

A)ego
B)libido
C)superego
D)id

Question 34

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna,a child who was kept in an attic-like room in her grandfather's house,because:

A)he was studying parental attitudes of young,unmarried mothers
B)he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation
C)he was attempting to determine how children develop a generalized other
D)he was examining the relationship between sexual motives and human behavior

Question 35

In a series of laboratory experiments,psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to:

A)demonstrate the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species
B)demonstrate that human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality
C)demonstrate how conflicts that coincide with major changes in a person's social environment can be resolved in a positive manner
D)demonstrate that cognitive development occurs in stages and children's activities are governed by their perception of the world around them

Question 36

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud,human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality.The______________,or conscience,consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 37

Each time we experience a change in status (such as becoming a college student or getting married);we learn a new set of rules,roles,and relationships.Even before we achieve a new status,we often participate in what sociologists refer to as expectant socialization.

Question 38

The case of Anna,a child that was given just enough care to keep her alive illustrates the effects of .

A)sexual abuse
B)cognitive abuse
C)socialization
D)social isolation

Question 39

______________ occurs when children's basic needs-including emotional warmth and security,adequate shelter,food,health care,education,clothing,and protection-are not met,regardless of cause.

A)Child neglect
B)Infant maladaptiveness
C)Child mistreatment
D)Toddler maladjustment

Question 40

______________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self- identity and the physical,mental,and social skills needed for survival in society.

A)Acculturation
B)Socialization
C)Reification
D)Self-representation

Question 41

Psychologist Jean Piaget believed that,in each stage of human development (from birth to adolescence),children's activities are governed by their:

A)individual psyches
B)perception of the world around them
C)socialization
D)interactions with others

Question 42

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory,during the______________level (age seven to ten),children's perceptions are based on punishment and obedience.

A)conventional
B)subconventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 43

According to psychologist Jean Piaget,toward the end of the second year of life,children comprehend______________;that is,they start to realize that objects continue to exist even when the items are placed out of their sight.

A)egocentricity
B)object permanence
C)human interactions
D)psychological insight

Question 44

According to Jean Piaget,in the______________stage (age two to seven),children are limited in their ability to use logic to solve problems or to realize that physical objects may change in shape or appearance but still retain their physical properties.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 45

Psychologist Jean Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development.Which of the following is the correct sequence?

A)preoperational,sensorimotor,formal operational,and concrete operational
B)concrete operational,preoperational,formal operational,and sensorimotor
C)preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational,and sensorimotor
D)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,and formal operational

Question 46

Tyler is very concerned with how his friends view his behavior.This would be representative of Kohlberg's______________stage of moral development.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)subconventional

Question 47

In Jean Piaget's theory,by the______________stage (age twelve through adolescence),the individual is able to engage in highly abstract thought,can think about the future,and can evaluate different options or courses of action.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 48

According to Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget,there are______________stages of childhood development.

A)two
B)four
C)eighth
D)twelve

Question 49

According to Jean Piaget,in the______________stage (birth to age two),children understand the world only through sensory contact and immediate action;they cannot engage in symbolic thought or use language.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 50

With regard to the stages of cognitive development,Piaget emphasized that

A)all children progress at more or less the same rate.
B)all children must go through the stages in sequence.
C)most children get stuck in the concrete operational stage.
D)the most important stage is the preoperational stage.

Question 51

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory,in the______________level (few adults reach this stage),people view morality in terms of individual rights;"moral conduct" is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws.

A)subconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 52

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory,in the______________level (age 10 through adulthood),people are most concerned with how they are perceived by their peers and on how one conforms to rules.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)subconventional

Question 53

Lawrence Kohlberg elaborated on Piaget's theories of cognitive reasoning by conducting a series of studies in which people were presented with______________that took the form of stories.

A)moral dilemmas
B)ethical principles
C)philosophical problems
D)tautology

Question 54

Evil behavior is that which is likely to be punished;good conduct is based on obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.This thinking is representative of which of Kohlberg's moral levels?

A)conventional
B)subconventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 55

In Jean Piaget's theory,during the______________stage (age seven to eleven),children think in terms of tangible objects and actual events.They begin to take the role of others and start to empathize with the viewpoints of others.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 56

Children and adults who are able to read and hear about places and ideas they have not experienced,yet still understand them,would be considered to be in Piaget's__________________________________________________________________________________________________cognitive stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 57

Jean Piaget showed children two identical beakers filled with the same amount of water.After the children agreed that both beakers held the same amount of water,Piaget poured the water from one beaker into a taller,narrower beaker and then asked them about the amounts of water in each beaker.Children in what stage would be unable to distinguish the fact that the beakers held the same amount of water?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 58

Laura would really like to have a second piece of chocolate cake for dessert.After thinking about it,Laura eats the second piece of cake even though she knows this is what she wants and not what she needs.According to psychologist Sigmund Freud's theory of personality,which level of the personality is in control?

A)libido
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 59

Babies and toddlers experience their world through touch and sound.This is an example of Jean Piaget's______________stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 60

Children who are capable of understanding that placing their hand on a hot stove will hurt,without actually placing their hand on the stove,would be an example of Piaget's______________stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 61

Viewing morality in terms of human rights rather than in terms of government and laws is representative of Kohlberg's______________moral level.

A)subconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 62

According to Charles Horton Cooley,the______________refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

A)human psyche
B)looking-glass self
C)process of role-taking
D)significant others

Question 63

George Herbert Mead stated that______________are those persons whose care,affection,and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

A)significant others
B)perceived others
C)generalized others
D)primary others

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a step in the looking-glass self process?

A)We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people.
B)We imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that we think we present.
C)We develop a self-concept.
D)We refuse to scrutinize the reactions of others.

Question 65

Which of the following is a viewpoint expressed by psychologist Carol Gilligan?

A)Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development reflect the ways many women think about moral problems.
B)Men are socialized to make moral decisions based on their desires to do the greatest good for both themselves and others.
C)Women are socialized to make moral decisions based on abstract principles of justice.
D)Women are socialized to make moral decisions based on their desires to do the greatest good for both themselves and others.

Question 66

The "me" is the______________element of the self,which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands.

A)imaginary
B)subjective
C)objective
D)neutral

Question 67

Four components make up our self-concept.The psychological self is best reflected in which of the following?

A)"I am nice to others."
B)"I am good at soccer."
C)"I am tall."
D)"I believe in world peace."

Question 68

Sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and George H.Mead can best be classified as:

A)functionalists
B)conflict theorists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)postmodernists

Question 69

Four components make up our self-concept.The social self is best reflected in which of the following?

A)"I am good at soccer."
B)"I am nice to others."
C)"I am tall."
D)"I believe in world peace."

Question 70

Four components make up our self-concept.The physical self is best reflected in which of the following?

A)"I am tall."
B)"I am good at soccer."
C)"I am nice to others."
D)"I believe in world peace."

Question 71

______________ is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves.

A)Personality
B)Psyche
C)Self-concept
D)Individual orientation

Question 72

According to George Herbert Mead,in the______________stage of self-development (from about age three to five),children learn to use language and other symbols,thus enabling them to pretend to take the roles of specific people.

A)preparatory
B)game
C)play
D)generalized

Question 73

According to Carol Gilligan,the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's work is that it:

A)underestimates human potential for immorality
B)was based on only male subjects
C)ignores key social psychological insights
D)overemphasizes the subconscious mind

Question 74

Sociologist______________divided the self into the "I" and the "me."

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)Erik Erikson
C)Neil Smelser
D)George Herbert Mead

Question 75

Our______________is our perception about what kind of person we are,which is developed through our interaction with others.

A)mind
B)physical self
C)socialization
D)self-identity

Question 76

Four components make up our self-concept.The active self is best reflected in which of the following?

A)"I believe in world peace."
B)"I am tall."
C)"I am good at soccer."
D)"I am nice to others."

Question 77

According to sociologist Irving Goffman,inmates entering prison are required to strip,shower,and wear assigned institutional clothing.In this process,they are searched,weighed,fingerprinted,photographed,and given no privacy even in showers and restrooms.This depersonalization process is referred to as a:

A)total institution
B)resocialization ritual
C)rite of passage
D)degradation ceremony

Question 78

According to George Herbert Mead,______________refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

A)role exploration
B)role assumption
C)role-taking
D)role-searching

Question 79

The "I" is the______________element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.

A)subjective
B)objective
C)imaginary
D)neutral

Question 80

According to George Herbert Mead,in the______________stage of self-development (up to age three),interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

A)play
B)preparatory
C)game
D)generalized