Deck 3: Living Primates

Question 1

"Habituation" refers to acceptance by wild animals of a human observer as a neutral element in their environment.It affects the gorilla groups discussed in the text in all the following ways except:

A)changes in daily ranging behavior.
B)decreased movement overall.
C)artificial increase in group size.
D)exposure to disease.
E)vulnerability to poachers.

Answer 1

decreased movement overall.

Question 2

In order to maintain a constant body temperature,mammals most need:

A)occupation of warm areas only.
B)safety in large numbers.
C)high levels of mobility to stay warm.
D)a large brain to be able to construct shelter.
E)a diet high in calories.

Answer 2

a diet high in calories.

Question 3

Among primates,humans are least related to which of the following?

A)Monkeys
B)Chimpanzees
C)Gorillas
D)Bonobos
E)Orangutans

Answer 3

Monkeys

Question 4

The African hominoid family includes humans and their ancestors.Some scientists, recognizing the close relationship of humans,chimps,bonobos,and gorillas,use the term hominid to refer to all African hominoids.They then divide the hominid family into two subfamilies:

A)Platyrrhini and Catarrhini.
B)Strepsirhini and Haplorhini.
C)New World and Old World.
D)Paninae and Homininae.
E)hominid and hominin.

Question 5

The ability of mammals to maintain a constant body temperature allows them a wide range of adaptation.They are considered to be:

A)preadapted.
B)clinally adapted.
C)radiotherms.
D)isotherms.
E)homeotherms.

Question 6

In humans,bilateral symmetry is considered to be what kind of trait?

A)Derived trait
B)Ancestral trait
C)Convergent trait
D)Divergent trait
E)Nocturnal trait

Question 7

Which of the following is not a member of the haplorhines,according to molecular evidence?

A)Tarsiers
B)New World monkeys
C)Humans
D)Lorises
E)Apes

Question 8

Mammals are different from reptiles in all of the following ways except:

A)mammals tend to be more active than reptiles.
B)mammals are homeotherms.
C)mammals tend to have limbs beneath the body and not out to the sides.
D)mammals are k-selected.
E)mammals have pointed,peg-like teeth.

Question 9

In primate evolution,which two types of teeth have been reduced in number from a mammalian origin?

A)Premolars,incisors
B)Molars,premolars
C)Canines,molars
D)Premolars,canines
E)Canines,incisors

Question 10

Primates are mammals.Evidence from ancient skeletons indicates the first mammals appeared over how many millions of years ago?

A)100
B)50
C)75
D)200
E)500

Question 11

Which of the following do primatologists believe to be the greatest threat to habituated great apes?

A)Disease
B)Poachers
C)Inbreeding
D)Agriculturalists
E)Climate change

Question 12

The human dental formula is 2-1-2-3.These numbers,in order,refer to the following tooth pattern:

A)incisors/molar/premolars/canines.
B)canines/premolar/incisor/molars.
C)premolars/incisor/molars/canines.
D)incisors/canine/premolars/molars.
E)molars/incisor/canines/premolars.

Question 13

In which group below do we expect to find that canine tooth size is relatively small,although it has an oversized root,suggestive of larger canines some time back in their ancestry?

A)Baboons
B)Gibbons
C)Gorillas
D)Humans
E)Chimpanzees

Question 14

The mammalian diversity with which we are familiar today is a product of:

A)preadaptation.
B)isothermal radiation.
C)adaptive radiation.
D)clinal radiation.
E)clades.

Question 15

The teeth of primates are:

A)more specialized in comparison with other mammals.
B)arranged in a dental pattern just like that of other mammals.
C)less specialized in comparison with other mammals.
D)larger in number than the primate ancestor from which they evolved.
E)all shaped and formed the same,as their diet does not demand specialization.

Question 16

What kind of evidence has confirmed the close relationship between humans and other primates?

A)Dental
B)Skeletal
C)Linguistic
D)Archaeological
E)Molecular

Question 17

Being r-selected means that:

A)in reproduction,the animal has few offspring who receive large amounts of care.
B)in reproduction,the animal has many offspring who receive low levels of parental involvement.
C)the animal is specialized in diet and unable to adapt well to changing environments.
D)the animal is able to adapt to any living conditions because it is warm-blooded.
E)in dental formula,the animal has very specialized teeth that are shed seasonally.

Question 18

Being arboreal is associated with each of the following except:

A)an expanded food supply.
B)ability to live in trees.
C)ability to gather food instead of forage only.
D)a smaller body size in terms of other mammals.
E)ability to continue growing throughout the lifespan.

Question 19

A general level of biological organization seen among a group of species is called a__________________ .A taxonomic grouping that contains a single common ancestor and all of its descendants is called a__________________.

A)Prosimii;Anthropoidae
B)hominin;hominid
C)grade;clade
D)clade;grade
E)ancestral group;derived group

Question 20

Under what kinds of conditions would you expect to find convergent evolution?

A)Similar environmental pressures on various species
B)Environment in which two or more species occupy the same ecological niche
C)Environment in which there are scarce resources
D)Environment that is facing climate change
E)Environment of abundant resources where no species needs specialization

Question 21

Old World monkeys have all of the following characteristics except:

A)they live in a wide area ranging from Gibraltar to Japan.
B)they do not have prehensile tails.
C)they are of special interest to primatologists because some of them live in terrestrial environments similar to those in which humans evolved.
D)they have closely spaced,downward-pointing nostrils.
E)they do not live in trees.

Question 22

Below the primate skull and neck is the__________________,a bone found in ancestral mammals though lost in mammals such as cats.

A)clavicle
B)cranium
C)foramen magnum
D)vertebrate
E)fovea centralis

Question 23

New World monkeys live in:

A)forests of Borneo.
B)tropical islands of Indonesia.
C)mangrove swamps in India.
D)tropical forests of South and Central America.
E)sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 24

The area of the brain that has enlarged dramatically in primates is the:

A)cerebellum.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)medulla.
D)notochord.
E)rhinencephalon.

Question 25

The gorilla and chimpanzee both practice a distinctive form of locomotion called:

A)brachiation.
B)knuckle walking.
C)bipedalism.
D)quadrupedalism.
E)slithering.

Question 26

Tarsiers resemble monkeys in their noses and lips,and in that part of the brain that governs:

A)smell.
B)hearing.
C)touch.
D)taste.
E)vision.

Question 27

The primate skeleton reflects the importance in primate evolution of most of the following characteristics.Which of the following does it not reflect?

A)A large brain
B)Upright posture
C)Increased significance of smell
D)Flexible limbs and hands
E)Stereoscopic vision

Question 28

Only New World monkeys have a tail that is:

A)prehensile.
B)opposable.
C)wooly.
D)used as a suspensory apparatus.
E)used for grooming.

Question 29

The African Wildlife Foundation had to adjust its mission to protect local wildlife in Congo in the early 2000s for all of the following reasons except:

A)a civil war.
B)increase in poaching.
C)loss of overseas funding.
D)insufficient park staff.
E)evacuation of some AWF staff.

Question 30

Among many species,males possess larger canine teeth than females.This is an example of:

A)prowess.
B)dominance.
C)incompatibility.
D)sexual dimorphism.
E)polygenetic inheritance.

Question 31

Unique to lemurs and lorises are all of the following except:

A)use of their hands in pairs instead of separately.
B)a dental comb for grooming.
C)a 2-1-2-3 dental formula.
D)retention of a claw on their second toe for scratching.
E)particularly strong and sensitive fingerpads.

Question 32

Approximately what percentage of the known primate species and subspecies face extinction in the next decade?

A)25
B)10
C)50
D)75
E)100

Question 33

The evolution of larger brains in primates may be due to all of the following except:

A)the shift from nocturnal to diurnal activity after the extinction of the dinosaurs.
B)greater involvement of the brain in organizing visual experience.
C)the need to integrate sensory and motor information to survive more effectively in trees.
D)increased emphasis on the hand in place of teeth and jaws.
E)development of very specialized dental formulas.

Question 34

Primates have a fovea centralis,leading to which of the following consequences?

A)They can focus clearly on a particular object
B)They can focus clearly on a particular object.
C)Their fingers are better at feeling.
D)They are less likely to lose their teeth.
E)Their brains have a larger emphasis on smell.

Question 35

In Indonesia and Vietnam,the statistics of known primate species and subspecies that face extinction in the next decade are higher than other areas.In these areas researchers estimate what percentage of primate species as threatened today?

A)15
B)35
C)50
D)80
E)95

Question 36

Which of the following occurs during binocular vision?

A)The visual fields are centered literally on top of each other,leading to very penetrating eyesight.
B)The visual fields of each eye overlap,creating depth perception.
C)The eyes function much like binoculars,focusing on distance and not nearness.
D)Stereoscopic vision becomes folded,allowing a two-dimensional visual field.
E)The eyes become occluded,and the individual cannot see as well in front on the periphery.

Question 37

The large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes is an important clue to evolutionary relationships.It is called the:

A)clavicle.
B)suspensory hanging apparatus.
C)fovea cranium.
D)fovea centralis.
E)foramen magnum.

Question 38

The capability to use the arms to move from branch to branch,with the body hanging suspended beneath the arms,is called:

A)suspensory hanging apparatus.
B)foramen magnum.
C)clavicle.
D)brachiation.
E)scapula.

Question 39

The orangutans found in Borneo tend to lead a solitary existence because they have to forage far and wide for sufficient food.In contrast,fruits and insects are sufficiently abundant in the swamps of Sumatra to sustain groups of adult orangs and permit coordinated group travel.Thus,we can say that:

A)orangutans in Sumatra tend to be heavier because they don't have to search so hard for food.
B)a solitary existence is a function of habitat productivity.
C)habitat productivity promotes harmony.
D)gregariousness is a function of habitat productivity.
E)coordinated group travel is a function of lack of habitat productivity.

Question 40

The perception of which of the following colors is a more recent phenomenon for monkeys?

A)Blue
B)Green
C)Red
D)Black
E)Grey

Question 41

Among primates,the sense of smell has increased and the visual sense has diminished in significance,directly related to a change from nocturnal to diurnal activities.

Question 42

Adaptation to a nocturnal life caused the primate brain to grow and develop.

Question 43

In the older taxonomic system,the catarrhines included Old World monkeys,humans,and apes.

Question 44

Many New World monkeys have prehensile tails.

Question 45

Human dentition shows the five-cusp pattern of other hominoids.

Question 46

Convergent evolution can occur when the environment exerts similar pressures on different species.

Question 47

A taxonomic grouping that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants is called a clade.

Question 48

In primates,the canine teeth have only one use,and that is to rip open tough husks of fruit and other foods.

Question 49

In recent years,tamarin monkey populations in Brazil have begun to stabilize,showing that conservation efforts are helping these primates.

Question 50

Primates are isotherms,or warm-blooded,and are able to adapt in almost any temperature environment.

Question 51

The position of the foramen magnum is related to the degree of erectness of the habitual stance of the organism.

Question 52

In anthropoid primates,the snout or muzzle portion of the skull reduced as the acuity of the sense of smell declined.

Question 53

Compared to other mammals,primates have a relatively unspecialized anatomy.

Question 54

Chimpanzees and humans have the same number of chromosomes.

Question 55

Based on molecular evidence,lemurs are more related to humans than tarsiers.

Question 56

All vertebrates are characterized by bilateral symmetry.

Question 57

Primatologists focus solely on studying primates in the wild.

Question 58

Arboreal primates possess an acute sense of touch.

Question 59

In Asia and Europe,all prosimians are both nocturnal and arboreal.

Question 60

Old World monkeys have prehensile tails.

Question 61

Living primates share a number of features.What are these main features?

Question 62

How are lemurs and lorises alike and also unique from other primates?

Question 63

Primate conservation has become an issue of vital importance.Why?

Question 64

Identify the fovea centralis,and explain its importance in primate evolution.

Question 65

Distinguish among a hominoid,hominid,and hominin.

Question 66

What are demographics,and how does this data contribute to our understanding of New World monkeys today?

Question 67

Primates' adaptation to arboreal life involved changes in the form and function of their sensory organs.Explain.

Question 68

What are the differences between a homeotherm and an isotherm? Distinguish between these and describe how the animal's lifestyle is different depending on whether it is one or the other.

Question 69

All great apes are listed as endangered species.What are some attempts at research and conservation that may improve the situation?

Question 70

How do scientists classify humans in taxonomy?

Question 71

Primates move in various ways.Compare and contrast brachiation with knuckle-walking.

Question 72

There are two hot spots in the classification of primates where scientists argue for alternate taxonomies.What are they?

Question 73

What is the function of the primate skeleton?

Question 74

Describe three ways that mammals and reptiles differ.

Question 75

How does the dental formula exhibit primate evolution?

Question 76

What does it mean to be k-selected?

Question 77

Describe and explain the dentition of the primates.

Question 78

Describe the visual acuity of primates.How does this demonstrate the adaptation to arboreal life?

Question 79

Identify the two subdivisions,Strepsirhine and Haplorhine.

Question 80

How are ancestral characteristics distinct from derived ones? Why is this important for a taxonomist?