Deck 1: The Essence of Anthropology

Question 1

The Garbage Project in Tucson demonstrated that what people say and what they do can differ dramatically.For instance,investigators found that:

A)no one claimed to use hair coloring,but many empty packages of hair dye were found in the trash.
B)people claimed to take vitamins daily,but the number of empty vitamin bottles did not support this claim.
C)women who said they bought no new clothes in the last month in fact had discarded tags and sales slips from clothing stores in their trash.
D)no one said they drank Scotch,but several empty Johnny Walker bottles were found in the trash.
E)the amount of beer consumed,according to empty cans in the trash,was far higher than people claimed.

Answer 1

the amount of beer consumed,according to empty cans in the trash,was far higher than people claimed.

Question 2

An archaeologist studies material remains and environmental data to understand:

A)geological time periods.
B)fossils and the process of preservation.
C)human culture.
D)adaptation and the formation of future species.
E)how oil is formed from ancient plants.

Answer 2

human culture.

Question 3

Cultural anthropology is the study of patterns of human behavior.These standards:

A)are biologically inherited.
B)operate only when people are unconscious.
C)can be studied only by sociologists.
D)focus on humans as culture producing and re-producing creatures.
E)are inherited and are studied initially by physical anthropologists.

Answer 3

focus on humans as culture producing and re-producing creatures.

Question 4

The hallmark of ethnographic fieldwork is:

A)participant observation.
B)formal interviews.
C)field notes.
D)applied anthropology.
E)holism.

Question 5

What is the primary purpose of practicing applied anthropology?

A)It provides case studies to determine the accuracy of new anthropological theories.
B)It establishes new field sites where future anthropologists can work.
C)It allows the use of anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems.
D)It allows anthropologists to work with non-governmental agencies to establish democracy.
E)It provides students with areas where they can practice doing fieldwork.

Question 6

Cross-cultural studies show that in many non-Western cultures mother-infant "co-sleeping" is the rule.Which of the following is not a benefit of mother-infant co-sleeping?

A)Infants nurse more often.
B)Infants receive more stimuli.
C)Infants are less susceptible to sudden infant death syndrome.
D)Mother gets at least as much sleep as mothers who do not sleep with infants.
E)Infant begins to adapt to separation of space and individual identity.

Question 7

Recent studies have shown that the unusual degree of separation of mother and infant in Western societies has important consequences.Which of the following are not consequences of the rather long degree of mother/infant separation in Western societies?

A)Decreases in the length of infant feeding
B)Prevention of early ovulation after childbirth
C)Increase in physical abuse of child
D)Increases in crying
E)Decreases in physical stimulation

Question 8

An archaeologist has a research project involving the analysis of an old campsite of a people who relied primarily on foraging for wild foods about 500,000 years ago.This project would be considered:

A)Arctic.
B)prehistoric.
C)futuristic.
D)historical.
E)culture-bound.

Question 9

How does the perception of organ transplantation differ between the U.S.and Japan?

A)It is performed more frequently in Japan because they have developed a more efficient harvesting system.
B)It is rarely performed in Japan because they do not believe in a mind-body split.
C)It is performed more frequently in the U.S.because there is no belief in a mind-body split.
D)It is rarely performed in the U.S.because the cultural system does not endorse the idea of anonymous "gifts."
E)The perception of organ transplantation does not differ significantly between the U.S.and Japan.

Question 10

A "culture-bound" theory is a:

A)prediction that is bound to be fulfilled in a particular culture.
B)theory developed by a cultural anthropologist rather than a physical anthropologist.
C)theory developed by a sociologist rather than a cultural anthropologist.
D)theory based on assumptions common to a particular culture rather than deriving from comparisons of many different cultures.
E)theory based on comparison of cultures and not tied to a single cultural worldview.

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the four branches of anthropology?

A)Archaeology
B)Linguistics
C)Biology
D)Cultural anthropology
E)Physical anthropology

Question 12

The branch of anthropology that studies human languages is called:

A)linguistic anthropology.
B)ethnology.
C)ethnography.
D)ethnolinguistics.
E)ethnography of speaking.

Question 13

Which of the following research projects would not belong to the province of linguistic anthropology?

A)Learning about a culture by finding out which objects or events are associated with a large vocabulary
B)Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to find out at what time humans began to walk upright
C)Comparing languages to see which ones can be traced back to a single unifying language
D)Describing how,in a particular language,sounds are combined to form words and how words are combined to form sentences
E)Studying the development and use of profanity in middle-school conversation

Question 14

The belief that one's own culture is superior to another is called:

A)discrimination.
B)holism.
C)ethnology.
D)ethnography.
E)ethnocentrism.

Question 15

Anthropology is the study of:

A)Western culture primarily through the analysis of its folklore.
B)humankind everywhere,throughout time.
C)nonhuman primates through an analysis of their myth and folklore.
D)the species Homo sapiens by analyzing its cultural but not its biological dimensions.
E)humankind from the subjective perspective of one group.

Question 16

Anthropologists doing fieldwork typically involve themselves in many different experiences.They try to investigate not just one aspect of culture (such as the political system)but how all aspects relate to each other (for example,how the political system fits with economic institutions,religious beliefs,etc. ).This perspective is called:

A)holism.
B)ethnology
C)comparison
D)comparison.
E)culture-boundedness.

Question 17

The protection of cultural resources as part of archaeology is called:

A)ethnographic resource management.
B)cultural resource management.
C)cultural resource administration.
D)cultural area management.
E)cultural resource excavation.

Question 18

Cross-cultural research that allows anthropologists to explain why differences or similarities occur between groups is known as:

A)ethnography.
B)biography.
C)ethnology.
D)ethnohistory.
E)ethnoarchaeology.

Question 19

What does it mean to take a "holistic perspective"?

A)To seek comparisons between cultures in order to understand what is universal in human thought and behavior
B)To examine culture as a whole and how various parts are related,without examining behavior as if it were a biological instinct
C)To seek interconnections and relatedness between various parts of human culture and biology
D)To approach culture as a uniquely human practice that is the same everywhere and is thus studied as if it were a whole
E)To view culture as changing and whole,but not subject to analysis and experiment

Question 20

In-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures are called:

A)ethnologies.
B)ethnobotanies.
C)biologies.
D)ethnographies.
E)anthropologies.

Question 21

The Ukkuqsi excavation near the modern town of Barrow,Alaska showed that:

A)anthropologists should avoid working with locals.
B)it is nearly impossible to gather data from ruins before about 5,000 years ago.
C)the current native population can offer insights into ancient practices.
D)Alaskan excavations have a long work season.
E)local communities will not benefit from scientific inquiry.

Question 22

All of the following exacerbated the Rohingya situation except:

A)the work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
B)involvement of human traffickers.
C)the Thai government.
D)the Myanmar government.
E)the reduction of employment opportunities.

Question 23

The plight of the Rohingya Muslims is an example of how:

A)governments take care of their people.
B)local and global issues intertwine.
C)the United Nations lacks basic information on the Rohingya.
D)citizenship is a clearly defined idea.
E)international migration problems seem to be mainly solved.

Question 24

Anthropology is different from other disciplines that study humans because it is very focused on singular aspects of a culture.

Question 25

What is the best way to ensure that a people has the right to maintain its own culture?

A)Allow them to collaborate with and contribute to the anthropologist's study
B)Make a cross-cultural comparative study
C)Determine the most important facts that are relevant to the study
D)Only allow the individuals studied to write the ethnography
E)Do a sample study of various communities in the area

Question 26

Which of the following is not a goal of science?

A)To discover the universal principles that govern the workings of the visible world
B)To develop explanations of the world that are testable and correctable
C)To eliminate the need to use the imagination
D)To seek patterns in the data
E)To use an empirical approach

Question 27

Which of the following are broad research interests of physical anthropologists?

A)Descriptive ethnography and culture-bound theory
B)Fingerprinting and study of hair loss
C)Biological variation in human populations and evolution of human characteristics
D)Primate population variation and the reconstruction of the material remains of culture
E)The study of the origins of language and what causes language change

Question 28

__________________ was a pioneer in using anthropology as an instrument to combat racism.

A)Franz Boas
B)Matilda Coxe Stephenson
C)William Haviland
D)Stephen Jay Gould
E)Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala

Question 29

As part of your job,you may study the frequency of blood types in human populations,or watch the behavior of monkeys and apes,or dig for early hominid bones in East Africa.You are a(n):

A)ethnologist.
B)primatologist.
C)ethnographer.
D)physical anthropologist.
E)cultural anthropologist.

Question 30

From skeletal remains,the forensic anthropologist cannot establish which of following?

A)Stature
B)Race
C)Sex
D)Marital status
E)Age

Question 31

The key find at the Ukkuqsi site was:

A)an ancient whalebone.
B)a family's remains found intact.
C)a set of old hunting tools.
D)the remains of a young girl.
E)animal bones.

Question 32

Anthropology studies the language of a culture,its philosophy,and its forms of art.In the process of doing research,ethnographers involve themselves intensively in the lives of those they study,trying to experience culture from their informants' points of view.In this sense,anthropology is:

A)scientific.
B)humanistic.
C)radical.
D)conservative.
E)systematic.

Question 33

The anthropologist has to consider obligations to three sets of people:

A)the anthropologist's family,government,and people studied.
B)the people who funded the study,the anthropologist's government,and the people who were studied.
C)the profession of anthropology,other anthropologists who have studied the community,and the community studied.
D)the anthropologist's students,parents,and the people studied.
E)the profession of anthropology,the people who funded the study,and the people studied.

Question 34

Clyde Snow is an anthropologist who:

A)studied the Zapotec of Mexico.
B)went to Truk and studied drinking behavior.
C)used forensic evidence to investigate "disappearances" in Argentina.
D)advised the U.S.government about how to implement the New Deal.
E)found out that a questionnaire administered to rural Peruvians wasn't accurate in what it implied about their behavior.

Question 35

A position that is a closely examined and critically checked explanation of observed reality is called a(n):

A)attractive hunch.
B)dogma.
C)doctrine.
D)indisputable opinion.
E)theory.

Question 36

Which of the following services is not one that forensic anthropologists routinely are called upon by the police and other authorities to identify?

A)Potential archaeological sites
B)The remains of murder victims
C)Missing persons
D)People who have died in disasters
E)Victims of genocide

Question 37

Anthropology has been called the most human of the sciences for all of the following reasons except:

A)it has developed a systemic,cross-cultural approach to understanding human behavior.
B)it takes human beings as its subject matter ("the study of humankind").
C)it develops hypotheses and theories about the organization of language,values,and art in culture.
D)it tackles culture as a human experience or system of meaning in which the anthropologist must involve himself/herself in order to develop adequate explanations of what is being observed.
E)it has discovered which cultures are most efficient and has encouraged those less privileged to progress.

Question 38

The term that refers to worldwide interconnectedness,signified by global movements of natural resources,trade goods,human labor,finance capital,information,and infectious diseases is known as:

A)nationalization.
B)internationalization.
C)pandemonium.
D)globalization.
E)holism.

Question 39

__________________ is the pioneering American anthropologist who did work among the Zuni and founded the Women's Anthropological Society in 1885.

A)Margaret Mead
B)Ruth Benedict
C)Martha Knack
D)Margaret Lyneis
E)Matilda Coxe Stephenson

Question 40

All of the following are powerful forces that drive globalization except:

A)increased trade between countries.
B)cost differences between countries.
C)financial autonomy between countries.
D)faster knowledge transfers.
E)technological innovations.

Question 41

Technological innovations contributed to the development of anthropology in that it enabled people to travel to remote parts of the world.

Question 42

Organ transplantation involves both biological and social systems.

Question 43

The hallmark of all anthropological fieldwork is participant observation.

Question 44

Cultural and economic upheavals born of globalization have nothing to do with the rising levels of ethnic and religious conflict throughout the world.

Question 45

According to anthropological ethics,the first responsibility of the anthropologist is to the people studied.

Question 46

Anthropological fieldwork is characteristic of all of the anthropological subdisciplines.

Question 47

Molecular anthropology is the study of primates and the closest human relatives.

Question 48

Like other scholars who study people,anthropologists are holistic in their approach.

Question 49

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to another.

Question 50

A doctrine is a type of scientific theory.

Question 51

Studies of human adaptation focus on the capacity of humans to adapt,or adjust to their material environment,biologically and culturally.

Question 52

One way that culture is preserved and shared is by language.

Question 53

Anthropology is considered to be an empirical social science.

Question 54

When state legislation sponsors any kind of archaeological work,it is called contract archaeology.

Question 55

The shared,learned behavior of non-human apes should not be considered culture.

Question 56

Ethnographic fieldwork is never done in Western societies.

Question 57

Material and skeletal remains help archaeologists reconstruct the cultural context of human life in the past.

Question 58

Besides providing factual accounts of the fate of victims who had disappeared (desaparecidos)to their surviving kin,Dr.Snow's work helped convict several Argentine military officers of kidnapping,torture,and murder.

Question 59

While ethnography is the in-depth study of a single culture,ethnology is the comparative study of culture.

Question 60

Physical anthropologists are only concerned with the past evolutionary development of the human animal and the biological variations with the species that occurred in the past.

Question 61

How do linguists contribute to our understanding of the past?

Question 62

How was a forensic anthropologist able to assist in unraveling the mysteries of the Argentinian desaparecidos?

Question 63

Describe cultural resource management and explain its significance to anthropology.

Question 64

The current Code of Ethics for anthropology is devised and implemented by the American Association of Practicing Anthropologists.

Question 65

Biological anthropology eschews work in genetics.

Question 66

Archaeologists attempt to recover information about past human cultures,some of which left no written records.Explain how they would go about that task.

Question 67

What is a holistic perspective?

Question 68

How does the understanding of organ transplants vary between Japan and the United States?

Question 69

To which three groups are anthropologists primarily responsible ethically?

Question 70

Compare and contrast ethnography and ethnology.

Question 71

What is participant observation,and why is it considered the hallmark of ethnographic fieldwork?

Question 72

Name the four fields (subdisciplines)of anthropology and briefly describe each one.

Question 73

Name three forces that contribute to the expansion of globalization.

Question 74

Identify the ways that each of the subfields can be applied.

Question 75

What does it mean to say that anthropology is one of the most "human" of the human sciences?

Question 76

Briefly identity the two early anthropologists,Franz Boas and Matilda Coxe Stephenson.

Question 77

Distinguish between the concepts of theory,hypothesis,and doctrine.

Question 78

What can the "Whispers from the Ice" article tell us about how archaeologists could interact with local populations while on site?

Question 79

Explain the term hypothesis,and provide an example of it in anthropology.

Question 80

Emerging technologies have ethical implications with impact on anthropological fieldwork.