Deck 18: Economic Systems

Question 1

Anthropologist Amanda Stronza studied ecotourism in northern Bolivia.The local indigenous leaders saw all of the following benefits in local ecotourism except:

A)creation of local employment opportunities.
B)development of new markets for local handicrafts.
C)desire to leave behind local cultural traditions and become more "Western."
D)resources to construct new schools and health clinics.
E)development of a community identity.

Answer 1

desire to leave behind local cultural traditions and become more "Western."

Question 2

Which of the following items is exchanged in the Trobriands during death rituals?

A)Cotton skirts
B)Banana leaf bundles
C)Wheat sheaves
D)Money
E)Sweet potatoes mounds

Answer 2

Banana leaf bundles

Question 3

Among food foragers such as the Ju/'hoansi:

A)Among food foragers such as the Ju/'hoansi:
B)land is thought of as belonging to those who have bought it.
C)land is considered private property;however,the owner wants to share in order to be part of the band.
D)land is owned by the ancestors,and the living only use it.
E)land is leased by a corporation of strangers who support the survival of the foraging lifestyle.

Answer 3

Among food foragers such as the Ju/'hoansi:

Question 4

The following statements about land are made by people who belong to food-foraging,horticultural,pastoralist,intensive agriculturalist,and industrial societies.Which statement is most likely to be made by horticulturalists from a tributary system of land ownership in West Africa?

A)"The land of my people is the land around Spirit Lake,where my ancestors emerged and where we hold annual ceremonies."
B)"I gave the land to my brother's son,who distributed it among his sons,for which they pay me ten days' work a year.When the eldest son died,I gave his land to my cousin,who needs more land for his growing family."
C)"I paid ten grand for that parcel of land in the desert,and expect it to double in value in the next five years."
D)"In the summer,we go to our land in the mountains,and in the winter,we pass through the land corridor to the east,using the water holes and meadows for grass until we reach the summer pastures."
E)"I inherited five acres of land from my mother,as well as the rights to use the water from the river three days a week."

Question 5

When an Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return,he is exemplifying:

A)generalized reciprocity.
B)negative reciprocity.
C)balanced reciprocity.
D)redistribution.
E)market exchange.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Yams are eaten at every meal once harvest season occurs.
B)A family gets all of its yams from the husband's sister's family.
C)Once harvested,yams are not usually eaten as daily food.
D)All men sponsor a yam competition as a puberty ritual.
E)Women are never allowed to handle or distribute yams.

Question 7

There is a degree of task specialization in all societies.In the Danakil region of Eritrea,the Afar men occasionally mine what mineral as a trade good?

A)Iron
B)Salt
C)Silver
D)Tin
E)Mercury

Question 8

Among the Ju/'hoansi:

A)children are expected to contribute to subsistence from the time they reach puberty (around 14 or 15).
B)elderly people past the age of 60 are expected to contribute hunted or gathered food to the group,as they are being taken care of by others now.
C)elderly people are a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom about hunting and gathering and are consulted regularly.
D)elderly people are taken care of grudgingly because after the age of 60 they contribute nothing to the group.
E)children are expected to set up their own separate households by the time they are 16.

Question 9

A typical Ju/'hoansi band requires about how many square miles of land?

A)750
B)500
C)250
D)100
E)50

Question 10

In most societies,the basic unit of the cooperation is the:

A)village.
B)household.
C)state.
D)religious group.
E)division of labor by gender.

Question 11

What do we call the division of labor pattern in which men and women carry out their work separately,while maintaining a socially and economically complementary balance?

A)Symmetrical pattern
B)Segregated patterns
C)Flexible/integrated pattern
D)Dual-sex configuration
E)Male-female oppositional labor

Question 12

Balanced reciprocity:

A)is part of a long-term process in which nothing is specified about what is expected in return or when it is expected.
B)involves the expectation of a specific and immediate exchange.
C)usually occurs between members of different communities who may have a hostile,distrustful relationship.
D)is exemplified by your stopping to give a stranger a lift,and replying,when he thanks you,"Pass it on to the next stranger you meet who needs your help."
E)does not occur in industrial societies.

Question 13

The mode of distribution called reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods and services:

A)between people in hierarchical relationships
B)for the purpose of maintaining social relationships and gaining prestige.
C)to make a profit.
D)to embarrass the person who gave the least.
E)of unequal value.

Question 14

What do we call a system in which goods are produced,distributed,and consumed?

A)Economic
B)Political
C)Religious
D)Kinship
E)Industrial

Question 15

In which society are we most likely to find exploitative child labor conditions?

A)Foraging
B)Horticultural
C)Agricultural
D)Pastoral
E)Industrial

Question 16

Tools tend to be fewer and simpler among:

A)mobile food foragers and pastoralists.
B)semi-permanent horticulturalists.
C)sedentary agriculturalists.
D)wealthy industrialists.
E)rice farmers.

Question 17

When a tool is complex and difficult to make,it is usually considered to be owned by:

A)the whole village in which it is used.
B)a single individual.
C)the state.
D)all those who touch it.
E)all relatives.

Question 18

Which tool would you not expect to find among horticulturalists?

A)Digging stick
B)Carrying containers
C)Axe
D)Plow
E)Hoe

Question 19

When a man works hard in his garden in the Trobriand Islands to produce yams,he does this to satisfy which of the following demands?

A)To have food for his household to eat
B)To gain prestige by giving yams away to his sister's husbands
C)To prove to his wife that he can work as hard as she can
D)To give the yams to his wife so that she can trade them for goods that they don't produce themselves
E)To trade for fish

Question 20

Cooperative work groups are found:

A)in all societies worldwide.
B)only in illiterate,nonindustrial societies.
C)only in extended households with married parents,children,and grandparents.
D)only in horticultural societies.
E)in agricultural societies,although there are special times where it occurs in industrial societies.

Question 21

The concept that by obligation wealthier members of the community give to less wealthy members so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else is called:

A)conspicuous consumption.
B)generalized reciprocity.
C)a leveling mechanism.
D)silent trade.
E)negative reciprocity.

Question 22

What is a remittance?

A)A type of farm work visa that is issued only seasonally and cannot be renewed.
B)A form of transportation that the employee sends to bring workers to the U.S.
C)A portion of earnings that is sent back to families in another location.
D)A percentage of earnings that is paid to the local job recruiter.
E)A type of salary that is higher than minimum wage and paid as an enticement too workers (a kind of monetary advance).

Question 23

When Spanish invaded Mexico and Guatemala,they adopted the local practice of using money.What item represented money in this area?

A)Coca leaves
B)Cacao
C)Feathers
D)Salt
E)Silver

Question 24

"Buyer beware!" is the philosophy many North American business people use.What type of reciprocal exchange does this philosophy imply?

A)Balanced
B)Negative
C)Generalized
D)Ambiguous
E)Deceptive

Question 25

What is silent trade?

A)Exchange of goods only through various intermediaries so that the final consumer does not know the producer
B)Exchange of goods and services between distant groups who are unable to have direct contact
C)Exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups that do not want personal contact
D)A type of redistribution in which there is a display of wealth for social prestige
E)A mode of exchange in which goods flow into a central location and are then redistributed without acknowledging ownership

Question 26

Anthropologist Rosita Worl is a member of which Native American tribal group?

A)Creek
B)Haida
C)Tlingit
D)Assiniboine
E)Kootenai

Question 27

The U.S.system of paying income taxes every April is an example of:

A)generalized reciprocity.
B)balanced reciprocity.
C)negative reciprocity.
D)redistribution.
E)market exchange.

Question 28

Leveling mechanisms are:

A)more common in hunter-gatherer societies than in horticultural societies.
B)associated with one family becoming wealthier than others.
C)found in communities where property is not allowed to threaten egalitarian social order.
D)more common in industrial societies than in agricultural societies.
E)no longer in existence.

Question 29

Every fall,a group of about 600 migrants travels to Maine to work on the apple harvest.They are contacted by a labor recruiter in their home country and given temporary foreign farm work visas.Often,they must change aspects of their physical appearance to be seen as more "employable." Where are they from?

A)Mexico
B)India
C)Bolivia
D)Jamaica
E)Australia

Question 30

From an economist's point of view,"market exchange" is defined by:

A)the purchase of goods in a marketplace.
B)the buying and selling of goods and services whose value is determined by supply and demand.
C)the role of middlemen who bring buyers and sellers together.
D)face-to-face bargaining for goods and/or services.
E)the role of large multinational corporations,using a formal stock exchange.

Question 31

Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value is called:

A)money.
B)credit.
C)prestige.
D)barter.
E)silent trade.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a chemical found in chocolate?

A)Anandamide
B)Phenylethylamine
C)Tryptophan
D)Formaldehyde
E)Theobromine

Question 33

What do we call a network of producing and circulating marketable commodities,labor,and services that for various reasons escapes government control?

A)Formal economy
B)Informal economy
C)Hidden economy
D)Silent trade
E)Redistribution

Question 34

The Kula ring is a form of__________________that reinforces trade relations among a group of seafaring Melanesians inhabiting a ring of islands off the eastern coast of Papua New Guinea.

A)negative reciprocity
B)balanced reciprocity
C)market exchange
D)silent trade
E)generalized reciprocity

Question 35

Which of the following is the fundamental characteristic of the market in non-Western societies?

A)It is located in a rural area close to where produce is grown.
B)It is found only in towns where produce is grown,distributed,and consumed.
C)It is an abstract concept,where goods are exchanged over the Internet.
D)It is a traditional marketplace,where actual goods are exchanged.
E)There is no concrete marketplace where actual goods are exchanged.

Question 36

For redistribution to be possible,a society must have:

A)a cultural emphasis on generosity.
B)an egalitarian social order.
C)a centralized system of political organization.
D)an informal economy.
E)industrialization and urbanization.

Question 37

The Kula ring functions to do all of the following except:

A)distribute scarce resources over a broad ecological zone
B)distribute scarce resources over a broad ecological zone.
C)gain power through the ability to give and receive highly valued prestige items.
D)accumulate wealth in the hands of an upper-class elite.
E)foster a ritual of ceremonial exchange.

Question 38

Anthropologists focus on culture as a way of explaining economic behavior.

Question 39

Anthropologist Rosita Worl has been associated with each of the following except:

A)Board of Directors at Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian.
B)President of the Sealaska Heritage Institute.
C)founder of Alaska Native News.
D)faculty at University of Alaska Southeast.
E)author of Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

Question 40

The display of wealth for social prestige is called:

A)a leveling mechanism.
B)conspicuous consumption.
C)redistribution.
D)balanced reciprocity.
E)barter.

Question 41

The Inca Empire featured a highly efficient redistributive system.

Question 42

Rosita Worl is a Native American anthropologist who now works to encourage traditional communities to enter the global market and put aside their less profit-oriented economic ventures.

Question 43

In some countries,the informal economy generates as much as 40% of the GNP.

Question 44

A division of labor by gender is found only in foraging and horticultural societies.

Question 45

The use of money for exchange has been traced back as far as 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia.

Question 46

Market exchange is defined as the exchange of goods through face-to-face bargaining in a market place.

Question 47

The Kula ring is a form of barter in which no actual trade takes place.

Question 48

In 2011,more than 1 billion people were employed by the tourist industry worldwide.

Question 49

Among the Inca there was such a thing as "chocolate money."

Question 50

A customary practice such as hosting a birthday party is an example of negative reciprocity.

Question 51

Today,almost 215 million child laborers under the age of 14 work for income.

Question 52

Leveling mechanisms are found in every society,although they are less common in smaller,more traditional societies where there is less material need.

Question 53

Among food foragers,tools may be given or loaned to others in exchange for the products gained from their use.

Question 54

Amanda Stronza is involved in doing applied anthropology among the Trobriands,where she studies aspects of women's work and task specialization.

Question 55

Economic behavior can be analyzed in purely economic terms without ignoring crucial noneconomic considerations.

Question 56

Because these events were sponsored alternately by different ethnic groups,the potlatch was a form of balanced reciprocity.

Question 57

Raw materials,labor,and technology are the productive resources used by all societies.

Question 58

Food producers have less craft specialization than food foragers.

Question 59

Migrant workers often send remittances to their families back in their home village.

Question 60

What is an economic system from an anthropological approach?

Question 61

What is an informal economy? Provide examples.

Question 62

Describe the economic and noneconomic functions of the Kula ring.

Question 63

Describe the variation that exists among nonindustrial societies in their organization of labor by age.

Question 64

What is meant by the term "conspicuous consumption"? Give an example.

Question 65

What is a remittance?

Question 66

Define three types of reciprocity,and give examples of each.

Question 67

What is the women's role in the Trobriand economy?

Question 68

Discuss how anthropologists study economic systems.Give specific examples.

Question 69

What are the benefits that some local communities acquire by engaging in global ecotourism?

Question 70

Define technology,and describe how it varies in societies with different economic systems.

Question 71

Why is understanding economic transactions essential to a full understanding of culture?

Question 72

Name and describe three different divisions of labor by gender.

Question 73

What is a leveling mechanism? Discuss and provide an example.

Question 74

How did the introduction of money change the marketplace?

Question 75

What are the productive resources that all societies must organize according to culturally appropriate rules?

Question 76

Distinguish between market exchange and marketplace.

Question 77

Describe the conditions that are likely to produce an economic system of redistribution.

Question 78

What is money,and what different kinds of money have existed historically? Discuss at least one alternative example.

Question 79

How are land and water resources allocated differently in a foraging versus an agricultural society?

Question 80

Economics has a powerful effect on society.What forms of social mobilization have resulted when economic policies were considered detrimental to the community?