Deck 35: The Urinary System

Question 1

All of the following are functions of the vertebrate urinary system EXCEPT:

A)regulating water balance.
B)maintaining pH levels.
C)regulating temperature.
D)secreting hormones.
E)removing waste products.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these structures most closely resembles a vertebrate kidney tubule?

A)protonephridia
B)nephridia
C)protoglomerulus
D)flame cells
E)nephrostomes

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which portion of the nephron receives filtrate from Bowman's capsule?

A)glomerulus
B)proximal tubule
C)distal tubule
D)loop of Henle
E)collecting duct

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ________ is the muscular tube through which urine leaves each mammalian kidney.

A)urethra
B)ureter
C)bladder
D)collecting duct
E)nephron

Question 5

Which of these organisms have an excretory system composed of flame cells?

A)flatworms
B)earthworms
C)mollusks
D)birds
E)sharks

Question 6

Cellular wastes in an earthworm's coelomic fluid are excreted to the external environment by means of a:

A)ureter.
B)urethra.
C)nephridiopore.
D)nephron.
E)nephrostome.

Question 7

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the filtrate by the:

A)ureter.
B)proximal tubule.
C)distal tubule.
D)loop of Henle.
E)glomerulus.

Question 8

Osmolarity is:

A)the pressure within a closed system.
B)the pH concentration of a solution.
C)the concentration of particles dissolved in a solution.
D)the ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide.

Question 9

Which of the following describes the role of urinary systems in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

A)Urinary systems ensure the delivery of the proper amount of nitrogen to the cells.
B)Urinary systems regulate the water balance to maintain the concentration of dissolved substances for cells.
C)Urinary systems are important for the generation of urea, which cells can use as an energy source when carbohydrates become scarce.
D)Urinary systems filter out diseased and damaged cells that can be excreted from the body.

Question 10

Insect excretory systems consist of:

A)protonephridia.
B)nephridia.
C)protoglomeruli.
D)flame cells.
E)Malpighian tubules.

Question 11

Mammals excrete the cellular waste products of protein digestion in the form of:

A)urea.
B)uric acid.
C)ammonia.
D)amino acids.
E)amine groups.

Question 12

The functions of the urinary system include excretion of waste products and:

A)water balance.
B)ovum maturation.
C)extracellular digestion.
D)regulation of metabolism.
E)temperature regulation.

Question 13

About how much urine would you expect to come out of an average adult, per urination?

A)63 milliliters (1/4 cup)
B)125 milliliters (1/2 cup)
C)250 milliliters (1 cup)
D)500 milliliters (1 pint)
E)1,000 milliliters (1 quart)

Question 14

Amino acids that are metabolized by the body's cells are ultimately broken down to urea by the:

A)kidney.
B)spleen.
C)muscles.
D)vena cava.
E)liver.

Question 15

The human kidneys are located:

A)on each side of the esophagus.
B)in the chest cavity.
C)at about the level of the waist.
D)at the base of the brain.
E)below the large intestine.

Question 16

Where does most secretion take place within the kidney?

A)glomerulus
B)proximal tubule
C)distal tubule
D)loop of Henle
E)collecting duct

Question 17

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A)Bowman's capsule
B)tubule
C)nephron
D)nephrostome
E)glomerulus

Question 18

Voluntary muscles control the:

A)ureter as it enters the bladder.
B)internal urethral sphincter.
C)external urethral sphincter.
D)kidney.

Question 19

Nephridia are found in:

A)flatworms.
B)earthworms.
C)reptiles.
D)arthropods.
E)birds.

Question 20

Each molecule of urea contains ________ atom(s)of nitrogen.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 21

What are the two main functions of the loop of Henle?

A)create a low salt concentration in the medulla and reabsorb some salt and water
B)create a high salt concentration in the medulla and reabsorb some salt and water
C)create a high glucose concentration in the renal cortex and release extra salt into the filtrate
D)create a high salt concentration in the renal cortex and reabsorb some salt and water
E)filter cellular wastes from blood in the capillaries and reabsorb some salt and water

Question 22

When a patient is on a kidney hemodialysis machine, dissolved substances move from the patient's blood to the fluid in the machine primarily by:

A)diffusion.
B)osmosis.
C)active transport.
D)pressure on the blood exerted by the machine.
E)filtration.

Question 23

Which of the following constituents of kidney filtrate is reabsorbed by osmosis?

A)water
B)glucose
C)amino acids
D)urea
E)red blood cells

Question 24

Most reabsorption takes place in what part of the tubule system in the kidney?

A)collecting duct
B)Bowman's capsule
C)proximal tubule
D)loop of Henle
E)distal tubule

Question 25

________ is the process by which water and nutrients are passed from the filtrate back into the blood.

A)Tubular secretion
B)Tubular reabsorption
C)Filtration
D)Tubular excretion
E)Tubular elimination

Question 26

Which of the following can cause kidney damage?

A)a low-protein diet
B)a low-carbohydrate diet
C)low blood pressure
D)diabetes and high blood pressure

Question 27

All of the following are part of the nephron EXCEPT:

A)Bowman's capsule.
B)glomerulus.
C)loop of Henle.
D)renal pelvis.
E)proximal tubule.

Question 28

Which of these is normally found in glomerular filtrate?

A)Na+
B)large proteins
C)erythrocytes
D)fat droplets
E)white blood cells

Question 29

Which is the MOST correct statement about Bowman's capsule?

A)Most of the water that filters into Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed.
B)Half of the water that filters into Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed.
C)Most of the protein that filters into Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed.
D)Half of the glucose that filters into Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed.
E)None of the salts that are filtered in Bowman's capsule are reabsorbed.

Question 30

Which of the following correctly traces the path of urine?

A)renal pelvis → urethra → bladder → ureter
B)renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra
C)renal pelvis → uterus → bladder → urethra
D)renal pelvis → bladder → ureter → urethra
E)ureter → urethra → bladder → renal pelvis

Question 31

A person taking antibiotics must take pills several times each day to maintain effective concentrations in the blood. This is because of:

A)erythropoietin.
B)tubular reabsorption.
C)tubular secretion.
D)a decrease in angiotensin.
E)a decrease in antidiuretic hormone.

Question 32

Which of the following is not normally filtered out of the blood in the kidney?

A)water
B)salt
C)glucose
D)large proteins
E)drugs

Question 33

The funnel-like chamber of the kidney is called the:

A)renal pelvis.
B)cortex.
C)medulla.
D)smooth muscle.
E)glomerulus.

Question 34

What is the force that drives filtration in the kidney?

A)osmosis
B)smooth muscle contraction
C)blood pressure
D)salt gradients
E)pH gradients

Question 35

Which of the following is closest to the external surface of the kidney?

A)pelvis
B)renal cortex
C)medulla
D)smooth muscle
E)glomerulus

Question 36

The network of capillaries where fluid is filtered out of the blood is the:

A)glomerulus.
B)Bowman's capsule.
C)proximal tubule.
D)loop of Henle.
E)distal tubule.

Question 37

Which of the following is not secreted into the tubule for excretion?

A)hydrogen ions
B)potassium ions
C)glucose
D)drug metabolites
E)ammonia

Question 38

Wastes are moved from blood to nephron by:

A)filtration only.
B)reabsorption only.
C)secretion only.
D)filtration and secretion.
E)filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Question 39

Which constituent of kidney filtrate is the most likely to be reabsorbed?

A)glucose
B)proteins
C)drugs
D)uric acid
E)ammonia

Question 40

Which structure collects filtrate from the blood?

A)glomerulus
B)Bowman's capsule
C)proximal tubule
D)loop of Henle
E)distal tubule

Question 41

Of the water that filters into the nephron, ________% is reabsorbed.

A)25
B)75
C)85
D)99
E)100

Question 42

The excretory system of an earthworm consists of two nephridia, a nephrostome, and an excretory pore. True or False?

Question 43

The descending limb of the loop of Henle:

A)is not permeable to water.
B)is freely permeable to salt and urea.
C)pulls water from the medulla to make the filtrate more dilute.
D)loses water to the medulla as the filtrate becomes more concentrated.
E)reacts to ADH levels.

Question 44

An animal that has very long loops of Henle probably lives in a ________ environment.

A)rainforest
B)seasonally wet
C)desert
D)saltwater
E)freshwater

Question 45

Which of the following results in more concentrated urine?

A)decrease in ADH
B)increase in erythropoietin
C)decrease in angiotensin
D)decrease in permeability of the collecting duct
E)increase in permeability of the distal tubule

Question 46

Long loops of Henle correlate with:

A)more concentrated urine.
B)more dilute urine.
C)urine hypotonic to the blood.
D)urine isotonic to the blood.
E)urine with glucose in it.

Question 47

What effect will an increase in the release of ADH have on blood volume?

A)It will decrease blood volume.
B)It will increase blood volume.
C)Only the plasma (fluid)part of the blood will decrease.
D)It will have no effect on blood volume because ADH affects only urine output.

Question 48

The function of antidiuretic hormone is to:

A)increase the amount of urine formed.
B)control the amount of fluid filtered from the blood.
C)increase the permeability of the collecting tubule to water.
D)decrease reabsorption.
E)control the emptying of the bladder.

Question 49

The second step in the formation of urine in a mammal, called ________, occurs in the ________.

A)reabsorption; proximal tubule
B)filtration; glomerulus
C)excretion; rectum
D)secretion; distal tubule
E)concentration; Bowman's capsule

Question 50

Which of the following directly causes constriction of the arterioles?

A)erythropoietin only
B)angiotensin only
C)renin only
D)erythropoietin and angiotensin
E)angiotensin and renin

Question 51

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle:

A)is permeable to water.
B)is permeable to salt, which leaves as the filtrate becomes more dilute.
C)draws in salt from the medulla to make the filtrate more concentrated.
D)is the primary site of tubular secretion.
E)reacts to ADH levels.

Question 52

Which of these hormones controls the concentration of urine?

A)homeostatic hormone
B)diuretic hormone
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)aldosterone
E)renal diluting hormone

Question 53

Which hormone(s)produced by the kidney is/are important in the regulation of blood pressure?

A)renin only
B)angiotensin only
C)ADH only
D)renin and angiotensin
E)renin, angiotensin, and ADH

Question 54

Which of the following explains why a sample of the filtrate in the proximal tubule is not ideal for conducting a drug test or toxicology screen?

A)Many of the toxins and drugs do not enter the filtrate until they are secreted in the distal tubule.
B)As soon as the toxins and drugs enter the proximal tubule, they are immediately reabsorbed.
C)Many of the toxins and drugs enter the bladder and become part of the urine as it is stored.
D)Only a blood test can detect drugs and toxins because they are too large to get into the filtrate at any point along the tubule.

Question 55

Antidiuretic hormone is released into the blood by the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)pituitary gland.
C)kidney.
D)liver.
E)small intestine.

Question 56

A man survives for two days in Death Valley with no water to drink. His blood level of ADH will be:

A)lower than usual.
B)higher than usual.
C)the same as usual.
D)zero.

Question 57

Officials associated with international track and field competitions have noted an increase in the number of athletes who use a synthetic form of erythropoietin. Athletes use this drug because it:

A)decreases blood pressure so that they can be more focused and relaxed during a competition.
B)increases urine output so that they can shed weight just prior to an important competition.
C)increases the number of red blood cells so that they can increase their aerobic capacity for an event.
D)stimulates the release of ADH, which then goes on to cause an increase in the number of red blood cells. This helps athletes increase their aerobic capacity for an event.

Question 58

Which part(s)of the tubule system in the kidney is/are sensitive to the effects of ADH?

A)collecting duct only
B)distal tubule only
C)proximal tubule only
D)loop of Henle only
E)collecting duct and distal tubule

Question 59

Which portions of the nephron reabsorb water in response to ADH concentrations?

A)glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
B)loop of Henle and distal tubule
C)proximal tubule and distal tubule
D)proximal tubule and loop of Henle
E)distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 60

Which of these animals has the longest loops of Henle in the kidney?

A)insect
B)beaver
C)kangaroo rat
D)freshwater fish
E)human

Question 61

Animals produce different types of urine depending on their environment and their need to conserve water. True or False?

Question 62

Your total blood volume has passed through your kidneys 5 minutes after you read this question. True or False?

Question 63

What are the four distinct anatomical components of the mammalian urinary system?

Question 64

Erythropoietin is released in response to low ________ levels.

Question 65

Urea is more toxic to the human body than is ammonia. True or False?

Question 66

The kidneys regulate blood pressure. True or False?

Question 67

People who are in renal failure can eat whatever they like as long as they go to dialysis three times a week as scheduled. True or False?

Question 68

Ethanol increases urine output by altering the body's release of antidiuretic hormone. Therefore, ethanol decreases ADH release. True or False?

Question 69

Since there is a high concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid around the bottom of the loop of Henle, what happens to water in this area?

Question 70

Name the three main parts of the nephron.

Question 71

The watery substance that bathes all cells is called ________ fluid.

Question 72

Explain the connection between dietary proteins and the nitrogenous waste products in mammalian urine.

Question 73

All mammals produce ________, which is a nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine.

Question 74

Human urine is generally isotonic (having the same osmotic pressure as the blood). True or False?

Question 75

What are the two main functions of the urinary system?

Question 76

The composition of glomerular filtrate is almost identical to that of urine. True or False?

Question 77

Flatworms have simple kidneys called nephridia. True or False?

Question 78

Based on your knowledge of the differences between the male and female excretory systems, why are females at greater risk of bladder infections?

Question 79

The funnel-shaped opening of a nephridium is known as a ________.

Question 80

Urea is a product of the breakdown of ________.