Deck 36: Defenses Against Disease

Question 1

A natural killer cell prevents viral infection by:

A)enzymatically degrading all viruses.
B)enzymatically destroying cells that are infected with a virus.
C)secreting proteins that make pores in the viral membrane.
D)ingesting the viruses and digesting them.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following are the first line of defense against microbial attack?

A)nonspecific responses
B)immune responses
C)external barriers
D)mucous and ciliary actions

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Nonspecific internal defenses include:

A)tears and saliva.
B)inflammation.
C)adaptive immune system.
D)skin.
E)plasma cells.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All bacteria, viruses, and protists, as well as some fungi, are:

A)antibodies.
B)microbes.
C)pathogens.
D)causes of cancer.
E)plasma cells.

Question 5

Antimicrobial skin secretions include:

A)neutrophils.
B)dendritic cells.
C)macrophages.
D)natural killer cells.
E)lactic acid.

Question 6

Which of the following predictions is the most accurate about a person who has normal external barriers and specific internal defenses but lacks nonspecific internal defenses?

A)He will have many more infections than normal.
B)He won't be able to build immunity to microbes.
C)He won't be any different because the external barriers will keep out pathogens.
D)He won't be any different because the specific defenses will kill invading pathogens.

Question 7

________ are cells that leave the capillaries and enter tissue to attack and ingest invading microbes.

A)Phagocytes
B)Lymphocytes
C)Mast cells
D)Natural killer cells

Question 8

The cells that target the MHC proteins on another cell are:

A)neutrophils.
B)dendritic cells.
C)macrophages.
D)natural killer cells.
E)plasma cells.

Question 9

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are:

A)dendritic cells.
B)natural killer cells.
C)mast cells.
D)B cells.
E)T cells.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a nonspecific response to infection?

A)T cells
B)antibodies
C)fever
D)B cells

Question 11

"Big eater" cells that ingest and destroy microbes are:

A)macrophages.
B)natural killer cells.
C)plasma cells.
D)mast cells.
E)T cells.

Question 12

Which of the following causes food poisoning?

A)SARS
B)H1N1
C)E) coli O157:H7
D)Ebola virus
E)Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 13

________ are white blood cells that attack cancer cells.

A)Macrophages
B)Microphages
C)Plasma cells
D)Mast cells
E)T cells

Question 14

Inflammation occurs in response to chemicals secreted by:

A)natural killer cells.
B)plasma cells.
C)mast cells.
D)B cells.
E)T cells.

Question 15

Cells that release histamine are:

A)neutrophils.
B)mast cells.
C)B cells.
D)T cells.
E)macrophages.

Question 16

Histamine causes:

A)decreased blood flow.
B)decreased inflammation.
C)less leaky capillaries.
D)increased warmth at the site of infection.
E)decreased warmth at the site of infection.

Question 17

Which of the following is a consequence of histamine release?

A)leaky capillary walls
B)constriction of the smooth muscle that surrounds arterioles
C)decreased blood flow
D)initiation of blood clotting

Question 18

Why do physicians recommend that their patients avoid taking aspirin for a low-grade fever?

A)Aspirin increases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells.
B)Aspirin decreases fevers, which decrease the amount of interferon produced by the body.
C)Aspirin decreases fevers, which slow down bacterial reproduction rates.
D)Aspirin increases the fever response.

Question 19

Pyrogen:

A)increases the diversity of neutrophils.
B)decreases the diversity of neutrophils.
C)increases the set point of the hypothalamus thermostat.
D)decreases the set point of the hypothalamus thermostat.
E)is the chemical that triggers an inflammatory response.

Question 20

How does the skin act as a barrier to microbial invasion?

A)Its moist surface slows bacterial growth.
B)The dead skin cells contain bacterial nutrients.
C)Secretions from sweat glands and sebaceous glands inhibit bacterial growth.
D)It releases B cells and T cells to fight infections.

Question 21

Natural killer cells:

A)destroy body cells that have been invaded by viruses.
B)are a type of B cell.
C)engulf and destroy bacteria.
D)are located on the skin.
E)are a type of T cell.

Question 22

Antibodies are most similar in structure to:

A)bacteria.
B)viruses.
C)B-cell receptors.
D)T-cell receptors.
E)macrophages.

Question 23

Antibodies are Y-shaped. The part of the Y that binds to an antigen is the:

A)constant region of the light chain.
B)tip of the arm.
C)stem of the Y.
D)constant region of the heavy chain.

Question 24

Why is it sometimes a disadvantage to take aspirin to reduce a fever?

A)Aspirin makes you irritable and fatigued.
B)Aspirin reduces your ability to produce interferon.
C)Aspirin stimulates a dangerous inflammatory response.
D)Aspirin reduces your production of toxins so that you feel better, even though you are still sick and need to rest.

Question 25

What are antibodies?

A)bacteria
B)viruses
C)proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins
D)proteins produced by T cells that bind to foreign proteins
E)cells that undergo apoptosis

Question 26

Interferon:

A)kills bacteria.
B)helps cells resist viral infection.
C)causes fever.
D)causes inflammation.

Question 27

The genes for antibody parts:

A)do not undergo mutation.
B)represent about half of all human genes.
C)are different for the constant and variable regions of the antibody.
D)are all on the same chromosome.
E)are in the shape of a Y.

Question 28

Fever is caused by:

A)the release of histamine by damaged cells.
B)the effect of pyrogens on the hypothalamus.
C)increased blood flow to the brain.
D)decreased white blood cell count in the bloodstream.

Question 29

The inflammatory response includes:

A)the absence of histamine.
B)reduced blood clotting.
C)localized tissue swelling.
D)the release of specific antibodies.

Question 30

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)proteins:

A)control antibody gene expression.
B)cause cancer.
C)mark cells as "self."
D)are released by T cells to kill infected cells.

Question 31

Antibodies attach to a B cell via:

A)mucus.
B)the stem of the antibody.
C)the heavy chain of the arm of the antibody.
D)the light chain of the arm of the antibody.
E)sticky proteins produced by T cells.

Question 32

Which of these immune cells are produced by the bone marrow?

A)B cells
B)T cells
C)both B and T cells
D)all white and red blood cells

Question 33

Antibodies are:

A)protein molecules.
B)amino acid molecules.
C)carbohydrate molecules.
D)organelles of platelets.
E)derived from vitamins.

Question 34

Most specialized immune cells are located in the:

A)thyroid gland.
B)hypothalamus.
C)lymph nodes.
D)gall bladder.

Question 35

When antibodies are acting as ________, they attract macrophages.

A)mast cells
B)effectors
C)B cells
D)T cells
E)receptors

Question 36

________ cells are immune system cells that mature in the bone marrow.

A)Helper T
B)B
C)Memory
D)Cytotoxic T

Question 37

Which of the following is responsible for starting fevers?

A)B cells
B)T cells
C)histamine
D)endogenous pyrogens

Question 38

Foreign proteins that bind to an antibody are called:

A)cytotoxins.
B)histamines.
C)interferons.
D)antigens.

Question 39

The proteins that must be matched as closely as possible between an organ donor and a recipient are the ________ proteins.

A)glyco-
B)MHC
C)clotting factor
D)cytokine

Question 40

Macrophages:

A)cannot squeeze through capillary walls.
B)are microbe-digesting enzymes in tears, saliva, and mucus.
C)act by phagocytosis.
D)are microbes located within the immune system.

Question 41

Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. Which of the following is most likely true about this antibiotic?

A)It is as effective now as when it first came out.
B)All microbes are resistant to this antibiotic, given its widespread use.
C)Some microbes aren't resistant to this antibiotic in areas where these products have not been distributed.
D)Although bacteria may become resistant to triclosan, viruses will still be affected by it.

Question 42

Excess secretion of ________ by mast cells causes the symptoms of ________.

A)MHC; cancer
B)antibodies; malaria
C)complement; allergies
D)histamine; allergies

Question 43

A cell can signal to the immune system that it is infected with a virus by:

A)secreting histamine.
B)attaching viral proteins to its membrane.
C)releasing steroid hormones.
D)creating antigens.
E)releasing interferon.

Question 44

Last summer you were stung by a bee for the first time in your life. You developed only a small area of redness and swelling at the site. However, if you are stung again and have a very severe reaction that occurs more rapidly, you know that this is due to the activity of:

A)memory cells.
B)cytotoxic T cells.
C)complement.
D)helper T cells.
E)tissue macrophages.

Question 45

Which type of cell secretes antibodies into the blood?

A)plasma
B)memory
C)helper T
D)cytotoxic T

Question 46

Complement is a(n):

A)antibiotic.
B)phagocytic cell.
C)blood protein that assists antibodies.
D)nonspecific antigen.
E)antibody.

Question 47

The major function of cell-mediated immunity is to:

A)decrease the amount of complement.
B)increase the number of macrophages.
C)promote the production of antigens.
D)destroy cancerous or infected host cells.
E)create more types of antigens.

Question 48

Who first performed vaccinations using cowpox viruses to provide immunity against smallpox viruses?

A)Lady Montague
B)Jenner
C)Pasteur
D)Phipps

Question 49

The recent appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is an example of:

A)natural immunity.
B)acquired immunity.
C)natural selection.
D)inflammation.

Question 50

Which of the following can make plasma cells?

A)B cells only
B)T cells only
C)both B and T cells
D)any white blood cells

Question 51

Imagine that the immune cells of your body have detected some body cells infected with a virus. Which of the following are called in to "take care" of this problem?

A)antibodies
B)phagocytes
C)B cells
D)T cells
E)antigens

Question 52

Which of these is a function of some B cells?

A)responsible for cell-mediated immunity
B)secrete antibodies
C)act as helper T cells
D)act as natural killer cells

Question 53

Which of the following provides cell-mediated immunity?

A)B cells
B)antibodies
C)T cells
D)red blood cells

Question 54

Vaccinations protect against future exposure to disease organisms by:

A)increasing the number of red blood cells.
B)stimulating suppressor T cells.
C)increasing complement proteins.
D)forming memory cells.

Question 55

Why are new flu shots necessary every year?

A)The flu is caused by either bacteria or viruses, depending on the year.
B)The shots do not result in the production of memory cells.
C)Flu viruses mutate rapidly.
D)The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months.

Question 56

Vaccinations are effective because they stimulate the production of ________ cells.

A)memory
B)plasma
C)cytotoxic T
D)helper T

Question 57

Life-long immunity to a disease after a vaccination is due to the presence of ________ cells.

A)helper T
B)killer T
C)memory
D)red blood

Question 58

Vaccinations involve injecting ________ into the person or animal.

A)weakened or killed microbes
B)antibiotics
C)the disease itself
D)antibodies against the disease
E)antibodies against similar diseases

Question 59

No antibiotics are effective against:

A)bacteria.
B)viruses.
C)fungi.
D)protists.

Question 60

Each B cell of the immune system produces:

A)only one kind of antibody.
B)several different antibodies.
C)an infinite diversity of antibodies.
D)the antibodies specified by its variable region gene.
E)the antibodies specified by its constant region gene.

Question 61

HIV and SCID are called ________ diseases.

Question 62

B cells develop in the ________, whereas T cells migrate to the ________ gland early in embryonic life where they develop.

Question 63

What mechanisms do natural killer cells use to destroy body cells that have been infected by cancer or a virus?

Question 64

An autoimmune disease is characterized by:

A)the absence of an inflammatory response.
B)"anti-self" antibodies that can destroy some "self" cells.
C)an insufficient or completely inactivated immune system.
D)increased lysozyme enzyme concentration in saliva, tears, and mucous secretions.

Question 65

There is one gene for every antibody. True or False?

Question 66

When AIDS patients die, it is because:

A)their lack of immune response leads to other serious infections.
B)they lack HIV antibodies.
C)there are no drugs that slow the progress of the disease.
D)the AIDS virus has a high rate of mutation.
E)HIV destroys the internal organs.

Question 67

Antibodies are nonspecific. True or False?

Question 68

What are some advantages against microbes that the extra mucus in a runny nose provides

Question 69

Chemotherapy drugs make patients nauseous because they:

A)stimulate stomach acid production.
B)attack rapidly dividing cells, including those lining the digestive tract.
C)cause fever, which can trigger nausea.
D)interfere with the brain's interpretation of balance.

Question 70

HIV selectively destroys:

A)all B and T cells.
B)helper T cells.
C)cytotoxic T cells.
D)plasma B cells.
E)memory B cells.

Question 71

Would you expect someone with AIDS to have a fever in response to an infection?

A)Yes, because the nonspecific defenses are relatively normal.
B)Yes, because the specific immune response is relatively normal.
C)No, because the nonspecific defenses are weakened or destroyed.
D)No, because the specific immune response is weakened or destroyed.

Question 72

It is likely that a hospitalized patient with a high lymphocyte count has some type of infection. True or False?

Question 73

Some cancers are caused by viruses. True or False?

Question 74

The proteins released by macrophages, which are responsible for starting fevers, are called ________.

Question 75

List the human body's three lines of defense against disease.

Question 76

In the body, a whitish mixture of dead bacteria, damaged tissue, and living and dead white blood cells often associated with an infection is called ________.

Question 77

At present there is no effective vaccine for AIDS. True or False?

Question 78

Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes is caused by an autoimmune disease. True or False?

Question 79

As part of the ________ defense system of the body, the skin produces sweat, which inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi.

Question 80

HIV weakens a person's ability to fight off other infections, thus causing the other infections to prove deadly. True or False?