Deck 34: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

The average human body at rest burns about ________ Calories per hour.

A)1
B)70
C)500
D)1,000
E)5,000

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The symptoms of pellagra are due to a lack of:

A)thiamin.
B)riboflavin.
C)niacin.
D)pyridoxine.
E)pantothenic acid.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A deficiency of ________ has been associated with birth defects.

A)choline
B)vitamin C
C)folic acid
D)biotin
E)vitamin K

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Sodium and potassium are minerals that are important in the function of:

A)blood.
B)hormones.
C)nerves.
D)bones.
E)DNA.

Question 5

If you eat 20 grams of potato chips, in which 10 grams are potato (carbohydrate)and the other 10 grams are fat, you will get:

A)about half your calories from fat and half from carbohydrate.
B)about 40 fat Calories and 90 carbohydrate Calories.
C)about 90 fat Calories and 40 carbohydrate Calories.
D)all the calories from fat.
E)all the calories from carbohydrates.

Question 6

Which mineral is important for carrying O2 in the blood?

A)calcium
B)zinca
C)sodium
D)potassium
E)iron

Question 7

The amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is called:

A)a Calorie.
B)a calorie.
C)the basal metabolism rate.
D)the basal energy quotient.
E)the RDA.

Question 8

In humans, all essential fatty acids:

A)are required for the synthesis of phospholipids.
B)are necessary for the formation of cell membranes.
C)must be supplied by the diet.
D)must be produced by plants.

Question 9

Vitamin K is required for:

A)night vision.
B)blood clotting.
C)restful sleep.
D)proper kidney function.
E)transduction of nerve impulses.

Question 10

The principal energy-storage molecule in most plants is:

A)starch.
B)cellulose.
C)glycogen.
D)protein.
E)fat.

Question 11

An essential nutrient is one that:

A)is required in large amounts.
B)is used for energy storage.
C)cannot be made by the animal.
D)can be found only in animal products.

Question 12

All of the following statements are true of proteins EXCEPT:

A)their subunits are amino acids.
B)they are important in transporting oxygen.
C)humans can make all of the amino acids needed to produce proteins.
D)enzymes are composed of proteins.
E)kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency.

Question 13

________ is the molecule used by animals as a source of quick energy.

A)Triglyceride
B)Protein
C)Glycogen
D)Phospholipid
E)Starch

Question 14

Which nutrients provide energy for animals?

A)carbohydrates and fats
B)carbohydrates and proteins
C)fats and proteins
D)carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids
E)carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Question 15

Which nutrients help neutralize free radicals?

A)minerals
B)lipids
C)antioxidants
D)monosaccharides
E)cellulose subunits

Question 16

A ________ person has the highest energy expenditure at rest.

A)moderately physically active
B)moderately sedentary
C)very physically active, muscular
D)very sedentary, overweight

Question 17

An anorexic person:

A)eats a meal and then vomits.
B)eats very little food.
C)is usually overweight.
D)has a bacterial infection in the stomach.
E)is primarily treated with antibiotics.

Question 18

Which of these groups is the most concentrated energy source?

A)lipids
B)carbohydrates
C)proteins
D)minerals
E)vitamins

Question 19

Minerals required for bone formation include:

A)calcium and phosphorus.
B)iron and sodium.
C)calcium and sodium.
D)zinc and potassium.
E)calcium and zinc.

Question 20

Vitamin D is added to milk because it increases:

A)calcium uptake from food.
B)digestion of milk protein.
C)digestion of lipids in milk.
D)its shelf life.

Question 21

Imagine that you are examining the teeth in the skull of an unidentified animal. The incisors are flat, the canines are pointed, and molars and premolars are present. This animal was most likely a(n):

A)carnivore.
B)omnivore.
C)herbivore.
D)bird.

Question 22

With the widespread public interest in low-fat food, some companies have started to use synthetic fats that cannot be broken down and absorbed by the digestive system. What problem might be associated with a typical American diet that includes large amounts of these synthetic fats?

A)vitamin C deficiency
B)protein deficiency
C)vitamin K deficiency
D)obesity
E)vitamin B deficiency

Question 23

All of the following structures are found in the digestive system of birds EXCEPT a(n):

A)abomasum.
B)gizzard.
C)crop.
D)small intestine.

Question 24

In most animals, digestion occurs:

A)extracellularly, within a gastrovascular cavity.
B)extracellularly, within a cavity that is open at both ends.
C)extracellularly, within the circulatory system.
D)intracellularly, through collar cells.
E)intracellularly, through simple absorption.

Question 25

Sea anemones, hydra, and jellyfish digest foods within a:

A)lysosome.
B)food vacuole.
C)gastrovascular cavity.
D)gastrointestinal tract.
E)rumen.

Question 26

After getting up late and leaving home without any breakfast, you realize that you are late to class and begin sprinting to reach the lecture hall two blocks away. Which of the following is the most likely energy source for your activity?

A)cellulose
B)fat
C)protein
D)phospholipid
E)glycogen

Question 27

Which of the following produces the cellulose-digesting enzyme (cellulase)in a cow's digestive tract?

A)liver
B)pancreas
C)stomach
D)microorganisms
E)body cells lining the rumen

Question 28

Your roommate tells you that, because she has no time to eat healthy foods, she is taking megadoses of vitamins. You warn her that this may be dangerous. Which vitamin overdose would be most dangerous to her?

A)vitamin C
B)thiamin
C)folic acid
D)vitamin D

Question 29

Which vitamin is involved with blood clotting?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)K

Question 30

Which of the following contains undigested material (such as plant fiber)and dead microorganisms that are eliminated from the body?

A)bile
B)chyme
C)feces
D)secretion
E)pancreatic juices

Question 31

A shipworm is an animal that subsists entirely on a diet of wood. What digestive feature is this animal likely to have in order to survive on this highly specialized diet?

A)large amounts of proteases and lipases
B)a gastrovascular cavity
C)symbiotic microorganisms that produce cellulose-digesting enzymes
D)intracellular digestion
E)a three-part stomach

Question 32

When your mother told you to eat carrots because they would make you see better, she was:

A)wrong, because they contain large amounts of vitamin C, which prevents scurvy.
B)wrong, because they contain large amounts of vitamin A, which helps with the formation of red blood cells.
C)wrong, because they contain large amounts of vitamin D, which prevents rickets.
D)right, because they contain vitamin A, which is a component of visual pigment.
E)right, because they contain vitamin C, which is involved in maintaining the walls of blood vessels in the retina.

Question 33

In cnidarians, which have a gastrovascular cavity:

A)digestion is exclusively intracellular.
B)digestion and elimination occur in the same cavity.
C)digestion is unnecessary because of the small size of the particles absorbed.
D)absorption occurs within collar cells.
E)digestion is in a tube running through the body.

Question 34

Which of these animals uses collar cells to obtain food for intracellular digestion?

A)sponges
B)protists
C)hydra
D)humans
E)earthworms

Question 35

What type of digestion takes place inside the mouth?

A)ingestion only
B)mechanical digestion only
C)chemical digestion only
D)absorption only
E)mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 36

Which of the following BEST describes the process of bringing food into the digestive tract through an opening?

A)digestion
B)indigestion
C)ingestion
D)absorption
E)adsorption

Question 37

Which part of the digestive tract has the lowest pH?

A)stomach
B)small intestine
C)large intestine
D)rectum
E)pancreas

Question 38

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

A)A
B)C
C)D
D)E
E)K

Question 39

Wolves, seals, and cats are all:

A)omnivores.
B)carnivores.
C)ruminants.
D)herbivores.

Question 40

Ruminant animals:

A)harbor symbiotic microorganisms that digest cellulose.
B)rely on a muscular gizzard to grind their food.
C)are obligate meat-eaters, or carnivores.
D)are capable of synthesizing carbohydrates for their own use.
E)break down their own cellular wastes into a food source.

Question 41

The cells lining the small intestine have projections into the lumen of the intestine. These projections, combined with the highly folded layering of cells lining the lumen, function to:

A)increase the passage rate of food.
B)facilitate countercurrent exchange.
C)increase the surface area.
D)increase water retention.
E)slow the nerve impulses that trigger peristalsis.

Question 42

Which of these enzymes catalyzes the breakdown of starch (a polysaccharide)?

A)amlyase
B)peptidase
C)lipase
D)protease
E)pepsin

Question 43

Which of the following plays a key role in the absorption and distribution of fats?

A)segmentation movement
B)lacteal
C)secretin
D)microvilli
E)large intestine

Question 44

Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. The function of bile is to:

A)dissolve salts and detoxify poisons in food.
B)raise the pH of food from the small intestine and emulsify fats.
C)prevent regurgitation of food into the esophagus and activate stomach acids.
D)disperse fats into smaller particles.
E)lower the pH of the stomach.

Question 45

The pH of the digestive tract is:

A)neutral throughout.
B)higher in the stomach and lower in the intestines.
C)lower in the stomach and higher in the intestines.
D)high throughout.
E)low throughout.

Question 46

The major function of the large intestine is to:

A)digest food.
B)produce digestive enzymes.
C)make bile.
D)reabsorb water.
E)neutralize chyme.

Question 47

Bile aids in fat digestion by:

A)converting lipids to proteins, which can then be digested by proteases.
B)acting directly as a lipid-digesting enzyme.
C)breaking lipids into smaller components that can then be digested further by pancreatic enzymes.
D)removing the fatty acid chains from the glycerol.

Question 48

Digested fats are packaged into ________, which enter the lymph.

A)chylomicrons
B)micelles
C)lipases
D)bile salts
E)chyme

Question 49

Which of the following are absorbed directly into the bloodstream?

A)amino acids only
B)monosaccharides only
C)fats only
D)amino acids and monosaccharides
E)amino acids, monosaccharides, and fats

Question 50

Most chemical digestion occurs in the:

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)small intestine.
D)large intestine.
E)esophagus.

Question 51

The stomach is different from the small intestine because it:

A)does not secrete mucus.
B)secretes enzymes.
C)produces enzymes that work best at a very low pH.
D)absorbs the products of digestion.
E)has microvilli.

Question 52

Amylase is produced by the:

A)salivary glands only.
B)small intestine only.
C)pancreas only.
D)salivary glands and pancreas.
E)salivary glands, small intestine, and pancreas.

Question 53

The bacteria in the large intestine manufacture:

A)some minerals.
B)vitamin K.
C)vitamin A.
D)vitamin C.

Question 54

Which of the following is responsible for stimulating the release of pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine?

A)gastrin
B)secretin
C)cholecystokinin
D)gastric inhibitory peptide
E)pepsin

Question 55

Digestion begins in the:

A)mouth.
B)pharynx.
C)stomach.
D)small intestine.
E)colon.

Question 56

If you chew on a piece of bread long enough, it will begin to taste sweet because:

A)amylase is breaking down starches into disaccharides.
B)lipases are forming fatty acids.
C)disaccharidases are forming glucose.
D)proteases are forming amino acids.
E)maltase is breaking down maltose.

Question 57

Which hormone stimulates the production of sodium bicarbonate, which is released into the small intestine?

A)gastrin
B)pepsinogen
C)cholecystokinin
D)secretin

Question 58

Which of the following exhibits segmentation movements as well as peristalsis?

A)esophagus
B)stomach
C)small intestine
D)large intestine
E)rectum

Question 59

What structure prevents swallowed material from passing into the larynx?

A)tongue
B)pharynx
C)glottis
D)epiglottis
E)pyloris

Question 60

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile?

A)gastrin
B)pepsin
C)cholecystokinin
D)pancreatin
E)pepsinogen

Question 61

Digestion in humans occurs in a gastrovascular cavity. True or False?

Question 62

In the typical American diet, most of the energy comes from carbohydrate sources. True or False?

Question 63

A 50-year-old woman visits her doctor with complaints of bruises that will not heal. Her doctor has had her on long-term antibiotic treatment to control some chronic infections. Which of the following explains how her antibiotic treatment is related to her bruising?

A)She is malnourished because the antibiotics have destroyed the "good" bacteria in her digestive system that are responsible for producing the digestive enzymes that she needs to break down her food.
B)The antibiotics have traveled to her liver and are now preventing the liver from producing proteins that circulate in the blood and help with clotting.
C)The antibiotics have destroyed the "good" bacteria in her large intestine that produce vitamin K, which is important for proper blood clotting.
D)The antibiotics have destroyed the "good" bacteria in her large intestine that produce vitamin E, which is important for proper blood clotting.

Question 64

Hydrochloric acid formed in the stomach converts pepsinogen into ________, which enables the stomach to begin digesting ________.

Question 65

When you swallow, you set in motion a series of muscle contractions that are collectively called ________.

Question 66

The bacterium shown to be associated with the majority of gastric ulcers is:

A)Staphylococcus aureus.
B)Escherichia coli.
C)Streptococcus pyogenes.
D)Helicobacter pylori.
E)Streptococcus lactis.

Question 67

Name the six major categories of animal nutrients.

Question 68

The large intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract. True or False?

Question 69

Which of these dietary changes should I make following surgery to remove my gallbladder? (Hint: How does the gallbladder assist in digestion?)

A)decrease my consumption of fats
B)increase my consumption of fats
C)decrease my consumption of protein
D)decrease my consumption of starch
E)increase my intake of water

Question 70

Humans are able to synthesize all the lipids they need. True or False?

Question 71

The small, sharp stones in a bird's gizzard grind and crush food, much like teeth. True or False?

Question 72

The hydrophobic end of bile salts interacts with ________, while the ________ end is attracted to water.

Question 73

The small intestine is the principal site of both digestion and nutrient absorption into the blood. True or False?

Question 74

If the fluid in the stomach has a highly acidic pH of 1 to 3, how does this fluid become slightly basic almost immediately after it leaves the stomach?

A)The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate secreted from the pancreas.
B)The acids in this fluid remain in the stomach and only the partially digested food enters the small intestine.
C)The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the amylase secreted from the pancreas.
D)The acids are absorbed by the small intestine as soon as they leave the stomach.

Question 75

You need the mineral ________ in your diet in order to make thyroid hormone.

Question 76

Which of the following digestive enzymes will be affected by the regular consumption of antacids following a meal?

A)lipase
B)pepsin
C)amylase
D)cellulase
E)sucrase

Question 77

In which of these structures would there be a risk of food entering the lungs as it travels?

A)esophagus
B)stomach
C)pharynx
D)larynx
E)epiglottis

Question 78

Imagine you are a family physician. You see an 18-year-old with a lower-than-normal body weight and teeth that have been eroded by acid. Your diagnosis is:

A)anorexia.
B)ulcer of the small intestine.
C)bulimia.
D)pancreatitis.
E)liver failure.

Question 79

Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth. True or False?

Question 80

Bile is made in the ________.