Deck 3: Understanding and Achieving Behavior Change

Question 1

Self-efficacy is the determination to act in a certain way.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Cognitive-behavioral theory is best applied when people are actively ready to make a change.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Behavior change theories provide evidence-based methods that are not empirically tested.​

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Cognitive-behavioral theory is highly process-oriented and goal-directed.​

Question 5

The diffusion of innovation model addresses the process by which people adopt new ideas and behaviors.​

Question 6

The belief that one can successfully change behavior is known as self-efficacy.​

Question 7

The incorporation of behavior change theories into program planning is not critical to the nutrition care process.​

Question 8

In social cognitive theory, the environment refers exclusively to the physical realm (e.g., the workplace, the layout of the kitchen, etc.).​

Question 9

Knowing the factors that affect consumers' food choices tells us how consumers make their decisions.​

Question 10

The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's television ad campaign, "Are You Pouring on the Pounds?" is an example of a social marketing campaign.​

Question 11

​The stages of change model can only be applied at the individual level and is not appropriate for community-based interventions.

Question 12

Nutrition counseling is usually conducted one-on-one, whereas nutrition education, by definition, cannot be conducted in this manner.​

Question 13

Motivational interviewing targets changes in attitudes and beliefs.
​

Question 14

A subjective norm is the perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior.​

Question 15

The transtheoretical model describes an individual's motivation and readiness for change.​

Question 16

An intervention is a health promotion activity aimed at changing the behavior of a target population.​

Question 17

The stages of change model assumes that individuals will pass through each stage in a linear fashion.​

Question 18

The health belief model was developed as a way to explain why people in high-risk groups failed to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease.​

Question 19

Frequently, practitioners incorporate concepts from more than one theory into an intervention design.​

Question 20

​In motivational interviewing, the counselor takes the lead in the counseling session and directs the client by providing information and suggesting "fixes."

Question 21

Motivational interviewing is a style of counseling in which the nutrition counselor is considered the "lifestyle expert".

Question 22

​Which intervention strategy is most appropriate for someone in the precontemplation stage of change?

A)​encouraging a support network
B)​coaching on preparation for high-risk situations
C) ​facilitating the development of an action plan
D) ​exploring ambivalence about change

Question 23

​Which intervention strategy is most appropriate for an individual with hypertension who is in the preparation stage?

A)​attending a health fair to learn more about hypertension
B)​acknowledging that he has hypertension
C) ​setting small, specific, realistic goals
D) ​actively preparing foods that are lower in salt and sodium

Question 24

An innovator typically perceives himself as popular and is financially privileged.​

Question 25

Which model of behavior change was developed by Prochaska and DiClemente?​

A)​health belief model
B)​transtheoretical model
C) ​diffusion of innovation
D) ​theory of planned behavior

Question 26

The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Research Group showed that lifestyle intervention based on cognitive-behavioral theory was significantly more effective than drug therapy at reducing the incidence of diabetes.
​

Question 27

The focus of the ____ is that people and their environment interact continuously, each influencing the other.​

A)​health belief model
B)​stages of change model
C) ​social cognitive theory
D) ​theory of trying

Question 28

In which approach are self-defined behavior change goals especially important?​

A)​health belief model
B)​diffusion of innovation model
C) ​theory of trying
D) ​motivational interviewing

Question 29

The transtheoretical model is also referred to as the ____.​

A)​diffusion of innovation model
B)​stages of change model
C) ​theory of reasoned action
D) ​health belief model

Question 30

Providing tailored self-help materials is a recommended intervention strategy for the action stage of change of the transtheoretical model.

Question 31

Which behavior change approach characterizes individuals as early adopters or laggards?​

A)​diffusion of innovation model
B)​health belief model
C) ​social cognitive theory
D) ​cognitive behavioral theory

Question 32

Social-cognitive theory was developed to explain how people acquire and maintain certain behaviors.​

Question 33

According to the transtheoretical model, when an individual is thinking about making a change by weighing the risks of benefits of the change, he or she is in the preparation stage.​

Question 34

The health belief model is a fundamental model used for explaining social influence and for describing virtually any health behavior over which the individual has control.​

Question 35

According to the transtheoretical model, when an individual actively decides to change and plans a change that will usually take place within one month, he or she is in the ____ stage.

A)precontemplation
B)​contemplation
C) ​preparation
D) ​action

Question 36

According to the transtheoretical model, individuals are in the ____ stage when they have incorporated a behavior change into their daily routine and sustained it for six months or longer.​

A)​precontemplation
B)​preparation
C) ​action
D) ​maintenance

Question 37

Despite dietary recommendations published by the American Cancer Society in 2006 to lower cancer risks, Americans still have saturated fat intakes above the recommended level.​

Question 38

The formal process to instruct or train individuals in a skill to facilitate voluntary adoption of nutrition-related behaviors to improve or maintain health is known as ____.

A)​nutrition education
B)​nutrition counseling
C) ​social marketing
D) ​motivational counseling

Question 39

The diffusion of innovation model attempts to explain how a product or idea becomes accepted by a majority of consumers.​

Question 40

In the decision stage of the diffusion of innovation model, an individual forms an attitude either in favor of or against an innovation.​

Question 41

By examining the relationship between an individual's beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior, the theory of reasoned action explains behavior at the ____ level.​

A)​intrapersonal
B)​interpersonal
C) ​community
D) ​societal

Question 42

The belief that one can lose weight, a key tenet of weight loss, is viewed as an indication of ____ in the health belief model.​

A)​self-efficacy
B)​perceived susceptibility
C) ​perceived severity
D) ​cue to action

Question 43

The health belief model ____.​

A)​is of limited value for primary prevention activities
B)​is applicable only to a select, limited number of health behaviors
C) ​cannot be utilized until a program is in its implementation phase
D) ​is only applicable for programs designed for individuals and not communities

Question 44

​The belief that one can successfully make a behavior change is known as ____.

A)​behavioral capacity
B)​expectation
C) ​self-efficacy
D) ​a subjective norm

Question 45

Which theory of consumer health behavior was developed by social psychologists as a means of explaining why people in high-risk groups failed to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease?​

A)​stages of change model
B)​social learning theory
C) ​health belief model
D) ​motivational interviewing

Question 46

​In cognitive-behavioral theory, encouraging an individual to replace negative self-talk is a type of ____.

A)​goal setting
B)​problem solving
C) ​stimulus control
D) ​cognitive restructuring

Question 47

In the phenomenon of ____, individuals acquire a new behavior by watching others model it.​

A)​expectations
B)​observational learning
C) ​reinforcement
D) ​behavioral capacity

Question 48

​Which theory asserts that behaviors are determined by a person's intentions to behave in certain ways which are, in turn, influenced by past experiences with those behaviors?

A)​diffusion of innovation
B)​stages of change
C) ​theory of reasoned action
D) ​theory of trying

Question 49

​Albert Bandura formulated many of the major concepts of the ____.

A)​diffusion of innovation model
B)​health belief model
C) ​social cognitive theory
D) ​stages of change model

Question 50

​Motivational interviewing ____.

A)​is a counselor-focused technique utilized by many health educators
B)​was developed by dietitians to determine why consumers don't eat more healthful diets
C) ​is designed to help clients build commitment and reach a decision to change
D) ​conceptualizes relapse as a way to grow and mature

Question 51

​According to social cognitive theory, approaching behavior change in small steps that enhance the person's self-confidence will facilitate the development of ____.

A)​expectations
B)​observational learning
C) ​reinforcement
D) ​self-efficacy

Question 52

​When a counselor utilizes motivational interviewing, promoting self-efficacy ____.

A)​helps the counselor to listen with empathy
B)​empowers the client by encouraging hope and optimism
C) ​is used only in the final stages of the intervention strategy
D) ​reminds the client that only he or she is responsible

Question 53

​Cognitive-behavioral theory is best applied when people are ____.

A)​not yet ready to make a change
B)almost ready to make a change
C) ​actively ready to make a change
D) ​already changing the targeted behavior

Question 54

Increasing calcium intakes in people aged 2 years and older is an objective of ____.​

A)​Get Fit Now
B)​Healthy People 2020
C) ​Pathways to Change
D) EatFit Intervention Program

Question 55

The theory of planned behavior is also referred to as the ____.​

A)​diffusion of innovation model
B)​health belief model
C) ​social cognitive theory
D) ​theory of reasoned action

Question 56

​In social cognitive theory, a person's beliefs about the likely outcomes or results of a behavior are called ____.

A)​expectations
B)​capabilities
C) ​reinforcements
D) ​self-efficacy

Question 57

​In the theory of planned behavior, social pressure from others to perform or not to perform a behavior is referred to as ____.

A)​personal intention
B)​cues to action
C) ​perceived susceptibility
D) ​subjective norms

Question 58

​In the social cognitive theory, responses to a person's behavior that increase or decrease the likelihood of recurrence are called ____.

A)​expectations
B)​self-regulations
C) ​reinforcements
D) ​self-efficacy

Question 59

​The health belief model conceptualizes an individual's ____ as having two dimensions.

A)​intention to change
B)​perception of threats
C) ​past attempts at trying
D) ​self-actualization needs

Question 60

​A strength of social cognitive theory is that it focuses on ____.

A)​target behaviors
B)​attitudes
C) ​knowledge
D) ​emotions

Question 61

Match the term in the right column with its correct description in the left column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​attitude
b.​behavior
c.​cognitions
d.​intention
e.​self-efficacy
f.​subjective norm
​Response of an individual to his or her environment

Question 62

A determination to act in a particular way is called a(n) ____.

A)modified attitude
B)subjective norm
C) intention
D) expectation

Question 63

Match the descriptions of the behavior change theories in the left column with the name of the theory in the right column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​health belief model
b.​social cognitive theory
c.​theory of planned behavior
d.​diffusion of innovation model
e.​transtheoretical model
​Focuses on the process by which an idea or behavior spreads throughout a population

Question 64

​The dynamic interaction of the person, the behavior, and the environment in which the behavior is performed is referred to as ____.

A)​self-regulation
B)​reciprocal determinism
C) ​behavioral capability
D) ​self-efficacy

Question 65

​Understanding factors influencing women's breastfeeding practices by exploring attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls is an application of the ____.

A)​theory of planned behavior
B)​transtheoretical model
C) ​cognitive-behavioral theory
D) ​diffusion of innovation model

Question 66

​____ comprise the category of people that adopt an innovation readily, usually without input from significant others.

A)​Early adopters
B)​Innovators
C) ​Early majority
D) ​Laggards

Question 67

​Self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and self-regulation, which are three of the major constructs of the ____, were applied in the development, implementation, and evaluation of the EatFit intervention program for young teens.

A)​transtheoretical model
B)​health belief model
C) ​social-cognitive theory
D) ​theory of planned behavior

Question 68

Match the term in the right column with its correct description in the left column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​attitude
b.​behavior
c.​cognitions
d.​intention
e.​self-efficacy
f.​subjective norm
​Knowledge and awareness we have of our environment and the judgments we make related to it

Question 69

​In the health belief model, a person explores the pros and cons of a behavior change in the ____ component.

A)​cue to action
B)​self-efficacy
C) ​perceived severity
D) ​perceived benefits

Question 70

​In which category are opinion leaders often found?

A)​early adopters
B)​early majority
C) ​laggards
D) ​innovators

Question 71

Match the term in the right column with its correct description in the left column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​attitude
b.​behavior
c.​cognitions
d.​intention
e.​self-efficacy
f.​subjective norm
​Perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior

Question 72

​The process of testing and assessing certain elements of a program before it is implemented fully is called ____ evaluation.

A)​outcome
B)​input
C) ​formative
D) ​strategic

Question 73

Match the term in the right column with its correct description in the left column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​attitude
b.​behavior
c.​cognitions
d.​intention
e.​self-efficacy
f.​subjective norm
​Belief that one can make a behavior changeA determination to act in a certain way

Question 74

Match the descriptions of the behavior change theories in the left column with the name of the theory in the right column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​health belief model
b.​social cognitive theory
c.​theory of planned behavior
d.​diffusion of innovation model
e.​transtheoretical model
​Proposes that before adopting a new health behavior an individual considers his vulnerability to the problem, the seriousness of the problem, and the effectiveness of the new behavior for reducing the risk or preventing the problem

Question 75

​According to the diffusion of innovation model, when an individual is aware of an innovation and has acquired some information about it, he or she is in the ____ stage.

A)​knowledge
B)​persuasion
C) ​decision
D) ​confirmation

Question 76

​Incentive programs and specific how-to education are part of the ____ component of the health belief model.

A)​perceived benefits
B)​perceived susceptibility
C) ​cues to action
D) ​self-efficacy

Question 77

Match the descriptions of the behavior change theories in the left column with the name of the theory in the right column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​health belief model
b.​social cognitive theory
c.​theory of planned behavior
d.​diffusion of innovation model
e.​transtheoretical model
​Considers an individual's intention to change behavior to be determined by both personal attitudes and subjective norms

Question 78

Match the descriptions of the behavior change theories in the left column with the name of the theory in the right column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​health belief model
b.​social cognitive theory
c.​theory of planned behavior
d.​diffusion of innovation model
e.​transtheoretical model
​Emphasizes that people and their environment interact continuously, each influencing the other

Question 79

Match the term in the right column with its correct description in the left column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​attitude
b.​behavior
c.​cognitions
d.​intention
e.​self-efficacy
f.​subjective norm
​Positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior

Question 80

Match the term in the right column with its correct description in the left column. Options will be used only once.​
a.​attitude
b.​behavior
c.​cognitions
d.​intention
e.​self-efficacy
f.​subjective norm
​A determination to act in a certain way