Deck 12: Parents

Question 1

Parents spend __________ time with their children per child than they did 30 years ago.

A)less
B)more
C)the same

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Interviews with new parents show that both men and women are stressed about the amount of time spent with the baby.Which of the following is true?

A)Both men and women worry about not having enough time to spend with the baby.
B)Both men and women worry that the time they spend with the baby is causing them to be unable to get other tasks done.
C)Women worry about not having enough time to spend with the baby.Men worry that the time they spend with the baby is causing them to not get other tasks done.
D)Men worry about not having enough time to spend with the baby.Women worry that the time they spend with the baby is causing them to not get other tasks done.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Fassinger (cited by Aulette)investigated the experience of women and men who became single parents when their marriages ended in divorce.She found that the men who felt most confident and claimed they saw little difference in their roles were those from

A)segregated marriages.
B)modified-segregated marriages.
C)integrated marriages.
D)primarily wife-shaped marriages.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Fassinger (cited by Aulette)investigated the experience of women and men who became single parents when their marriages ended in divorce.She found that the women who felt the least disruption in the transition and who expressed satisfaction and enjoyment in their new role were those that came from

A)segregated marriages.
B)modified-segregated marriages.
C)integrated marriages.
D)primarily wife-shaped marriages.

Question 5

In comparing 1970 and the 1990's on the amount of time parents spend with their children,the amount of available time per family has _______ and the available amount of time per child has _______.

A)increased ...increased
B)decreased ...decreased
C)increased ...decreased
D)decreased ...increased

Question 6

Aulette cited Rossi who identified four salient features of parenting in our society.These include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)cultural pressure to assume the role.
B)the expense of raising children.
C)irrevocability of the role.
D)lack of preparation for parenthood.

Question 7

According to Rossi (cited by Aulette),men secure their adult status through _______ while women secure it through _______.

A)fatherhood ...motherhood.
B)marriage ...marriage.
C)employment ...motherhood
D)employment ...marriage.

Question 8

Research comparing two-parent families and single-parent families found that

A)single-parent families report closer relationships with extended families.
B)single-parent families report a higher incidence of major life events such as job changes,moves and illness.
C)single-parent families report higher feelings of efficacy and accomplishment.
D)single-parent families report more conflict in the family.

Question 9

In the United States the majority of pregnancies are

A)planned.
B)unplanned.
C)aborted.
D)illegitimate.

Question 10

Aulette referred to the idealized version of motherhood,in which women are described as achieving their ultimate fulfillment by becoming mothers,as the

A)Motherhood Mystique.
B)Motherhood Salience
C)Mother's Enigma.
D)Mother's Halo.

Question 11

Alice Rossi (cited in Aulette)identified four salient features of parenting in our society.They are

A)cultural pressure to assume the role; surprise onset of the role; irrevocability of the role; and inadequate preparation for parenthood.
B)social aspects of the role; the work assigned to the role; preparation for parenthood; and discipline techniques.
C)the experience; costs; benefits; termination.
D)socialization,internalization,preparation,experiential.

Question 12

All of the following are true EXCEPT:

A)Nearly one quarter of never-married women aged 15to 44 were mothers in 2000.
B)In the early 1960's,the majority of women between 15 and 34 who became pregnant married before the baby was born.
C)In the 1990's,the majority of women between 15 and 34 who became pregnant married before the baby was born.
D)Today nearly half (45%)of all pregnancies are among women who are unmarried.

Question 13

What is the current legal status of adoption by gay and lesbians in the United States?

A)Only one state,California,allows adoption by gays and lesbians.
B)Only one state,Florida,prohibits adoptions by gays and lesbians.
C)All states allow adoption by gay and lesbian individuals but do not allow such gay or lesbians couples to adopt a child together.
D)Almost half of the states allow adoption by gays and lesbians and give preference to such couples adopting a child together.

Question 14

Approximately one in ________ children in the United States has at least one parent who is lesbian,gay,or bisexual.

A)2
B)12
C)22
D)32

Question 15

Families of children with lesbian or gay parents come in three types: blended,single-parent,and couples having children together.Which is the most common?

A)Blended
B)Single-parent
C)Couples having children together

Question 16

In vitro fertilization (IVF)clinics report that about 50% of surrogate mothers are women who

A)are married to men in the military.
B)are married to men who are infertile.
C)cite spiritual reasons for serving as surrogates.
D)love being pregnant.

Question 17

Scholars studying Asian American families noted that a difference between traditional Japanese families and white,middle-class American families is that

A)the Japanese place more emphasis on the parent-child relationship than on the relationship between husbands and wives.
B)the white,middle-class families place more emphasis on the parent-child relationship than the Japanese families.
C)the white,middle-class families place more emphasis on the parent-child relationship than on husband-wife relationships.
D)the Japanese families place more emphasis on the husband-wife relationship than white,middle-class families.

Question 18

The majority of American women report that they were ________ about their experience as mothers.

A)mostly positive
B)mostly negative
C)ambivalent with mixed feelings
D)negative for the first six months

Question 19

According to Rossi (cited in Aulette)how do Nisei (second generation Japanese Americans)generally compare Japanese American families and contemporary white,American middle-class families?

A)Nisei think that their parents placed too much emphasis on parent-child relationships while white,middle-class Americans place too much emphasis on wife-husband relationships.
B)Nisei think that their parents placed too much emphasis on wife-husband relationships while the white,middle-class Americans place too much emphasis on parent-child relationship.
C)Nisei think that both their parents and white,middle-class Americans place too much emphasis on husband-wife relationships and not enough on parent-child relationships.
D)Nisei think that both their parents and white,middle-class Americans place too much emphasis on the parent-child relationships and not enough on the husband-wife relationships.

Question 20

Interviews with new parents indicate that mothers and fathers

A)both describe time with the baby as a job.
B)both describe time with the baby as a pleasure.
C)experience time with the baby differently,with mothers describing it as a job and fathers describing it as a pleasure.
D)experience time with the baby differently,with fathers describing it as a job and mothers describing it as a pleasure.

Question 21

Aulette cites research indicating that when parents spend time interacting with their children,fathers spend most of the time in ________ activities and mothers spend most of the time in ________ activities.

A)play ...caregiving
B)caregiving ...play
C)play ...play
D)caregiving ...caregiving

Question 22

Aulette cited LaRossa who pointed out that the changes in the perception of fathers

A)have meant significant behavioral changes in fathers.
B)meant more change in the ideology of fatherhood than in the behavior of fathers.
C)were equally significant in both the ideology and behavior of fathers.
D)meant more change in the behavior of fathers than in the ideology of fatherhood.

Question 23

Men are taking more responsibility for childrearing.Researchers have found that ________ fathers take more responsibility for childrearing than ________ fathers do.

A)Hispanic and black … white
B)white and Hispanic … black
C)white and black … Hispanic

Question 24

According to Aulette which of the following is supported by research?

A)Poor teen mothers most often came from middle class but became poor because they had babies and gave up educational opportunities.
B)Poor teen mothers are most often poor to begin with and get pregnant in part because they see little hope for their futures.

Question 25

Teen pregnancy is now considered a more serious problem than in previous decades when the rate was actually higher.Aulette identified all of the following as reasons for the increased social concern.Which,however,was identified as most responsible for making teen pregnancy a social problem?

A)The nonteen fertility rate declined more than the teen fertility rate so the proportion of babies born to teen mothers has increased.
B)Unmarried teenage mothers are more likely to keep their babies rather than have them adopted.
C)The majority of teen mothers are now unmarried.
D)The increasing number of abortions for teen women.

Question 26

Infertility is attributed to the man in _______ of the cases and attributed to the woman in _______ of the cases with the remaining cases attributed to both partners or unknown.

A)one third ...one third
B)ten percent ...one half
C)almost two thirds ...almost one third
D)almost one third ...almost two thirds

Question 27

Between the 1955 and 2006 the adolescent fertility rate

A)decreased significantly (60%).
B)increased significantly (60%).
C)stayed almost the same with a small increases of 3%
D)stayed almost the same with the small increase for whites (about 4%)offset by the small decrease for blacks (about 5%)

Question 28

Infertility affects about _____ percent of Americans of reproductive age.

A)5%
B)10%
C)20%
D)30%

Question 29

Aulette reports that the Catholic Church considers alternative insemination for infertile couples to be

A)a gift of life.
B)a violation of God's plan.
C)adulterous.
D)acceptable only if the sperm and/or egg donors are not paid.

Question 30

The health problems associated with teen pregnancy and childbirth are likely due to

A)physical immaturity.
B)poverty.
C)alcohol and/or drug use.
D)sleep deprivation.

Question 31

The American Psychological Association,the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists,and the National Association of Social Workers have declared in their professional opinion based on research that

A)the psychological development of children of lesbian and gay parents is significantly and sufficiently compromised when compared to children of heterosexual parents so that society should discourage lesbians and gays from having children and not allow adoption.
B)the psychological development of children of lesbian and gay parents is somewhat compromised when compared to children of heterosexual parents but not enough to deny the fundamental right to parenthood to lesbians and gays.
C)there are no significant differences in psychosocial development between children of homosexual parents and children of heterosexual parents.
D)the research is still too inadequate,incomplete,biased and/or mixed in conclusions for a professional organization to take a position on parenting by lesbian and gay parents.

Question 32

Pleck (cited by Aulette)noted that ideas about fathers have changed in the past century.In the past century,images of fathers have included all of the following EXCEPT:

A)patriarch.
B)distant breadwinner.
C)sex-role model.
D)nurturer.

Question 33

Aulette cited Ehrensaft who defined mothering as an activity having two components in which men and women can participate.These include day-to-day primary care and

A)a consciousness of being in charge of a child's upbringing.
B)a chosen ideology for a parenting strategy.
C)serving as a role model.
D)taking time to play with the child.

Question 34

Research on teen mothers documents all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Twenty percent of the fathers were more than six years older than the teen mothers.
B)The younger the mother the larger the age gap between them and the older fathers.
C)The average age of men who had impregnated 12- to 17-year-old mothers was 24.
D)Teen mothers are less likely than nonteen mothers to be able to identify the biological father because of transitional relationships.

Question 35

Women who delay childbirth until after the age of 30 differ from other mothers in a number of ways.These include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Older mothers have more education.
B)Older mothers have more prestigious jobs and higher incomes.
C)Older mothers have fewer children.
D)Older mothers are less likely to have planned the pregnancy.

Question 36

Fathers have increased their engagement time with children.This means that

A)fathers and mothers now spend almost equal time interacting with their children.
B)fathers spend more time with their children than mothers.
C)mothers still spend more time with children than fathers but the difference has decreased to about an hour a week.
D)mothers still spend almost three times the time and more than five hours a week interacting more with the children than fathers.

Question 37

Aulette reported that the California Supreme Court broke new legal ground in 2005 regarding parenting by lesbian or gay couples.The Court

A)granted full legal parental status to same-sex partners after a breakup with the same rights and responsibilities as heterosexual parents.
B)declared that lesbian and gay couples have adoption rights equal to heterosexual couples.
C)asserted that a heterosexual parent may have custodial preference over a homosexual parent but may not deny visitation to the latter.
D)upheld a new law providing for same-sex civil unions with most but not all rights of marriage regarding parenting privileges and obligations.

Question 38

Research comparing lesbian and heterosexual mothers indicates that lesbian mothers are

A)more controlling of their children.
B)less interested in their children.
C)very similar although appear to be more child-centered.
D)very different although equally loving.

Question 39

According to Aulette,which category of New Reproductive Technologies (NRT's)has produced the most difficult ethical and political questions?

A)NRT's that inhibit the development of new life.
B)NRT's that monitor the development of new life.
C)NRT's that create new life.

Question 40

A review of the research on gay and lesbian parenting concludes that children of gay and lesbian parents (as compared to children of heterosexual parents)experience

A)a higher rate of becoming gay or lesbian.
B)a higher rate of psychological and social adjustment problems.
C)a lower rate of psychological and social adjustment problems.
D)no difference on measures of psychological well-being and social adjustment.

Question 41

Twenty percent of women aged 40 to 45 have not had children.This number ________ in the past 30 years.

A)was cut in half.
B)doubled.
C)has stayed the same.

Question 42

Alice Rossi (cited by Aulette)has been an important figure in the sociobiological view of parenting.According to Rossi (and other sociobiologists)a man is genetically programmed to be

A)just as good at parenting as a woman.
B)more proficient in many parenting activities than a woman.
C)less important and less skilled in parenting than a woman .
D)more careful than a women in choosing a mate,the mother of his children.

Question 43

Uttal (cited by Aulette)documented three views describing how mothers think about child care.Which of these three views does Aulette consider to be the most realistic,even though it may challenge the dominant view of mothering?

A)Child care is merely custodial care with safe physical surroundings that occupy children's time.Mothers remain the primary socializers and are less concerned that caregivers have similar values because they do not really influence children's social and moral development.
B)Child care is surrogate care in which the child care provider serves as a substitute mother with some distress that another person is taking this role.
C)Child care is coordinated care with which the mother and child care share mothering,so it is important that the provider share the mother's values.

Question 44

Veevers (cited by Aulette)interviewed married couples about their decision not to have children.She found that two-thirds of the couples

A)agreed to be childless before marriage.
B)were infertile and decided to not go through the ordeal of infertility treatments or adoption.
C)made the decision after marriage after a series of postponements.
D)decided their marriage was not strong enough to withstand the stress of parenthood.

Question 45

Issues surrounding fatherhood are among the debates in masculinity politics.The organization,Partners for Fragile Families,promotes all of the following ideas EXCEPT:

A)The importance of heterosexual marriage giving children both a father and mother.
B)The importance of similarities between women and men.
C)A focus on jobs with decent wages that allow fathers to be good providers.
D)The need for parents to work as a team to raise children.

Question 46

Which parental personality characteristic was the most important positive predictor of children sharing emotions with parents?

A)Femininity
B)Masculinity
C)Sense of humor
D)Optimism

Question 47

Lempert (cited by Aulette)identified three types of "other fathers" in the African American community.One-step-removed fathers were

A)grandfathers.
B)uncles.
C)step-fathers.
D)adoptive fathers.

Question 48

Sixty-three percent of the 18.5 million children under five years of age

A)have a mother who is a full-time homemaker.
B)have a parent who is a full-time homemaker.
C)are in some type of regular child-care arrangement.
D)are cared for by relatives when their parents are both working.

Question 49

Ehrensaft (cited by Aulette)interviewed parents who shared parenting activities traditionally defined as mothering.They reported which of the following as a result of such sharing?

A)Both men and women reported only negative consequences.
B)Both men and women reported only positive consequences.
C)Both men and women reported both positive and negative consequences.
D)Men reported positive consequences while women reported negative consequences.

Question 50

Sociobiologists argue that

A)women are genetically programmed to be the more effective parent.
B)men are genetically programmed to form strong bonds with the mothers of their children.
C)we cannot make valid comparisons with other animals about parenting behaviors
D)we need to separate childbearing from childrearing functions.

Question 51

Which of the following is the problem that most commonly pushes grandparents into caretaking roles for grandchildren?

A)Incarceration of parents
B)Parents abusing alcohol or drugs
C)Parents abusing or neglecting children
D)Death of parents

Question 52

During World War II,child care centers were established in 47 states,Alaska,Hawaii and Washington DC to facilitate women working.After the War,most of the child care centers

A)were shut down as women were laid off.
B)were kept open to encourage women to work to support economic growth.
C)changed their goals from custodial care to educational care as pre-schools to justify staying open.
D)changed their focus from child care to parenting education.

Question 53

The United States federal government provides all of the following EXCEPT:

A)social service block grants to states to help subsidize child care.
B)tax credit for parents who spend money on child care.
C)tax credit for employers who spend money on child care.
D)free child care for the working poor.

Question 54

Liberal feminists assert that inequality between women and men results from

A)significant biological differences.
B)psycho-biology,a combination of personality and biological differences.
C)gender-related personality differences.
D)the organization of society.

Question 55

Issues surrounding fatherhood are among the debates in masculinity politics.The National Fatherhood Initiative promotes all of the following ideas EXCEPT:

A)The importance of the natural differences between mothers and fathers.
B)A focus on jobs with decent wages that allow fathers to be good providers.
C)The belief that "the family" is a foundation of society.
D)The importance of heterosexual marriage giving children both a father and mother.

Question 56

Critics of sociobiology point out that

A)sociobiology favors cultural socialization over genetic programming to explain human social patterns.
B)sociobiologists deny the comparisons between human behavior and that of other animals.
C)sociobiology presumes that certain differences between males and females are universal when they are not.
D)sociobiologists use data that is out of date.

Question 57

Ehrensaft (cited by Aulette)identified seven positive effects resulting from mothers and fathers sharing parenting activities traditionally identified as mothering.These advantages include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Liberating women from full-time mothering.
B)Allowing men more access to children.
C)Putting pressure on political,economic,and social structures for such changes as paternity leave,job sharing and child care.
D)Giving women more time to pursue career and financial success.

Question 58

Veevers (cited by Aulette)interviewed married couples about their decision not to have children.She found that the couples

A)perceived themselves to be happier than those with children.
B)eventually regretted their decision when they got older.
C)were as traditional in their marriage as those with children.
D)had more passive marriages with lower levels of intensity.

Question 59

Lempert (cited by Aulette)identified three types of "other fathers" in the African American community.These include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)one-step-removed fathers
B)stand-up fathers
C)stand-in fathers
D)substitute-role-model fathers

Question 60

All of the following social patterns about grandparenthood are true EXCEPT:

A)A significantly smaller proportion of people experience grandparenthood compared to 100 years ago.
B)Grandchildren have more contact with their mother's parents than with their father's parents.
C)Grandchildren have more contact with grandmothers than grandfathers.
D)Two-thirds of the households in which children live in a home maintained by grandparents also include one or both parents of the children.