Deck 6: Work and Family

Question 1

Feldberg and Glenn (cited by Aulette)argue that two models for understanding work and family dominate: the job model and the gender model.All of the following are true of the job model EXCEPT:

A)It is used to explain men's work behavior.
B)It is used to explain women's work behavior.
C)It focuses on working conditions in trying to understand worker's behavior.
D)It assumes that family experience is pretty much unrelated to work experience.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Industrialization resulted in a separation of work and family,segregating men in the public sphere and women in the domestic sphere.This familial ideology was problematic for

A)no one because such separation is functional.
B)upper-class and middle-class white women because they often felt isolated and stifled in their domestic spheres.
C)African American and working-class white women because it was held up as an ideal but was often impossible for them to attain.
D)Both B and C above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Feldberg and Glenn (cited by Aulette)argue that two models for understanding work and family dominate: the job model and the gender model.All of the following are true of the gender model EXCEPT:

A)It is used to explain men's work behavior.
B)It is used to explain women's work behavior.
C)It focuses on personal and family characteristics to explain behavior and expectations at work.
D)It assumes that workers put their families first in making decisions about work.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Zavella (cited by Aulette)interviewed Chicanas who worked in canneries in California about the tensions between work and family.The women had been encouraged and socialized to become full-time housewives and mothers but were working in the cannery.What did Zavella find was the typical reaction of these women regarding their working?

A)They were disappointed and sometimes angry with their husbands for not providing enough income that would allow them to be full-time homemakers.
B)They felt guilty about working outside the home and felt that working prevented them from being good wives and mothers.
C)They felt that working for pay helped their families and was,therefore,an extension of their roles as good wives and mothers.
D)They suppressed their guilt about working by becoming "supermoms" doing even more domestic activities than their full-time homemaker friends.

Question 5

The U.S.Department of Labor tracks labor force participation rates for all adults over age 20 by race and sex.All of the following EXCEPT one reflects their 2009 data cited by Aulette.Which is FALSE?

A)The majority of women work for wages.
B)A larger percentage of black men work for wages than black men.
C)A larger percentage of black women work for wages than black women.
D)A larger percentage of Hispanic men work for wages than black men.

Question 6

When male workers are studied in the sociology of work,researchers typically use

A)a job model focusing on working conditions,opportunities,and problems in trying to understand their behavior at work and their expectations.
B)a gender model focusing on personal characteristics and family circumstances to explain work behavior.
C)a social structural model focusing on societal opportunities and problems.
D)a cultural model focusing on values and belief systems that impact work expectations.

Question 7

Aulette divides explanations for why women entered the labor force in the 20th century into three groups,including all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Supply side
B)Demand side
C)Social Structural
D)Cultural

Question 8

Aulette divides explanations for why women entered the labor force in the 20th century into three groups.Which of the following theories argues that jobs identified as female occupations such as secretary,nurse,and waitress have increased,thus creating a need for women and enticing them to enter the labor force?

A)Supply side
B)Demand side
C)Social structural
D)Cultural

Question 9

Aulette cites both Gerson and Zavella for their research on women and work.Gerson's work showed that women choose between two opposing roles: employees,or wives and mothers.Zavella's work shows that Chicanas

A)shared this perception.
B)felt that the two roles were contiguous; they worked because they wished to be better wives and mothers.
C)tended to believe that the best choice for women was to be full-time housewives.
D)relied on their mothers to raise their children so that they could devote themselves more completely to their wage-earning activities.

Question 10

Aulette divides explanations for why women entered the labor force in the 20th century into three groups.Which of the following theories argues that as falling birth rates and labor-saving devices made unpaid domestic labor less important for the family economy,more women looked for outside jobs,therefore putting pressure on the labor market to open up jobs for women?

A)Supply side
B)Demand side
C)Social structural
D)Cultural

Question 11

Gerson (cited by Aulette)studied how women chose to enter the paid labor force.All of the following are factors that encouraged women to enter the paid labor force EXCEPT:

A)a good,stable relationship with a male partner.
B)upward mobility at work and rewarding jobs.
C)low wages for husbands.
D)having neighbors and friends that devalued full-time homemaking.

Question 12

Gerson (cited by Aulette)interviewed men about "negotiating the new terrain of work,family and gender" and grouped these men into general categories.She concluded that men face a dilemma and that men who resist family involvement and domestic participation do so

A)in order to protect their benefits associated with traditional roles.
B)for religious beliefs.
C)because they are structural functionalists.
D)because they are unskilled in domestic work.

Question 13

Demand side theorists argue that women have increasingly entered the labor force because

A)jobs identified as women's work,like waitressing and secretarial work,have increased.
B)fewer children means women's labor is less needed at home.
C)changes in health care and nutrition have increased women's life span.
D)automation has made clothing production in factories cheaper than home sewing thus eliminating one of the tasks of housewives earlier in the century.

Question 14

Feldberg and Glenn (cited by Aulette)argue that two models for understanding work and family dominate: the job model and the gender model.Which of the following is true of the gender model?

A)It is used to explain men's work behavior.
B)It is used to explain women's work behavior.
C)It focuses on working conditions in trying to understand worker's behavior.
D)It assumes that family experience is pretty much unrelated to work experience.

Question 15

When female workers are studied in the sociology of work,researchers typically use

A)a job model focusing on working conditions,opportunities and problems in trying to understand their behavior at work and their expectations.
B)a gender model focusing on personal characteristics and family circumstances to explain work behavior.
C)a social structural model focusing on societal opportunities and problems.
D)a cultural model focusing on values and belief systems that impact work expectations.

Question 16

Aulette divides explanations for why women entered the labor force in the 20th century into three groups.Which of the following theories argues that women's increased labor participation can be attributed to factors such as improved birth control,increased life spans,and technology in factories that make it easier and cheaper to purchase good and services than it is to produce them at home?

A)Supply side
B)Demand side
C)Social Structural
D)Cultural

Question 17

Gerson (cited by Aulette)interviewed men about "negotiating the new terrain of work,family and gender" and grouped these men into three general categories.She concluded that the diversity of responses results from the diversity of exposure individual men have to the structural changes in our society.The first of these changes is

A)a decline in economic opportunities for men.
B)an improvement in economic opportunities for men.
C)a decline in economic opportunities for women.
D)a stronger connection between marriage and parenthood.

Question 18

Gerson (cited by Aulette)interviewed men about "negotiating the new terrain of work,family and gender." She found that "involved fathers" face a dilemma between

A)spending time making money and spending time with their children.
B)spending time with their wives and spending time with their children.
C)pursuing a "fast track" or a "mommy-track" career path.
D)being secretive or open about their parental involvement to avoid or risk being labeled "whipped" by more traditional male friends.

Question 19

Gerson (cited by Aulette)interviewed men about "negotiating the new terrain of work,family and gender" and grouped these men into general categories including all EXCEPT:

A)Men who reflect a "stalled revolution," who took their breadwinning role very seriously,and expected it to be translated into authority in the home.
B)Men who chose autonomy over parenthood,including "rebels" who did not have children,and "estranged fathers" who were not close with their children.
C)"Involved fathers," who work to become more integrated into the work of family life,especially the work of raising children.
D)"New age traditionals," who claimed egalitarian values but whose behavior reflected traditional roles.

Question 20

Aulette cited a recent study which found that 82% of men between the ages of 20 and 39 ranked ____________ as highest on their list of priorities.

A)family time
B)money
C)power
D)prestige

Question 21

Rosabeth Moss Kanter (cited by Aulette)examined the effect of work on family and identified five ways in which the organization of paid work affects families.All of the following are included EXCEPT:

A)absorptivenss of an occupation
B)time and timing
C)worldview
D)degree of autonomy

Question 22

Aulette concludes that a review of the research literature on the impact of employed mothers on children shows

A)mostly negative impacts.
B)mostly positive impacts.
C)mixed results - some show positive effects,some negative and some have shown no differences at all.
D)no impact whatsoever

Question 23

When wives earn wages,

A)it has little effect on their relationship with their husbands.
B)it helps to move them in the direction of greater equality with their husbands.
C)it tends to diminish their power relative to their husbands.
D)it creates equality between themselves and their husbands.

Question 24

One of the ways jobs differ in their impact on families is by the demand of time placed on employees.Aulette discusses three ways that time issues impact families.These include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)the number of hours of work
B)when the work is done
C)long-term commitments
D)travel

Question 25

Harvey's research using the large National Longitudinal Survey of Youth examined the impact of mothers' working during the first three years of their child's life.The study found that the children of working mothers had __________ the children of nonworking mothers.

A)more behavioral problems than
B)had better cognitive development than
C)both more behavioral problems and better cognitive development than
D)no significant or lasting differences from

Question 26

Research in the past (1960's - 1970's)indicated that retirement had a _______ impact on marriage on average.More recent research (1990's)indicates that retirement has a ________ impact on marriage.

A)negative ...negative
B)positive ...positive
C)negative ...positive
D)positive ...negative

Question 27

Aulette cites the work of Rosabeth Moss Kanter who identified five major effects of work on family including "Worldview," which is defined as:

A)The amount of time a job requires and when the time is demanded.
B)The extent to which a job draws in an employee and his or her family members.
C)The values and ideas promoted at work that influence the employee in his or her behavior at home.
D)The social-psychological influences at work that affect employees and their relationships in families.

Question 28

Exchange theory argues that people enter into social relationships in which they

A)exchange rewards with each other.
B)love each other.
C)can control each other.
D)acquire status.

Question 29

Wages have an impact on the internal dynamics of families.Research shows that:

A)Women who earn wages exercise greater power in their families than women who are not employed.
B)Full-time homemakers exercise greater power in their families than women who are employed.
C)Earning wages does not make a difference in women's power in their families.

Question 30

Aulette cites the work of Rosabeth Moss Kanter who identified five major effects of work on family,one of which she labeled "Emotional Climate," which is defined as:

A)The amount of time a job requires and when the time is demanded.
B)The extent to which a job draws in an employee and his or her family members.
C)The values and ideas promoted at work that influence the employee in his or her behavior at home.
D)The social-psychological influences at work that affect employees and their relationships in families.

Question 31

Gerson (cited by Aulette)interviewed men about "negotiating the new terrain of work,family and gender" and grouped these men into three general categories.She concluded that this diversity of responses is a result of the diversity of exposure individual men have to the structural changes in our society.These changes include all of the following EXCEPT

A)a decline in economic opportunities for men.
B)women's participation in the paid labor force.
C)the expansion of alternatives to permanent marriage.
D)a stronger connection between marriage and parenthood.

Question 32

Teenagers' working affects their relationships with their parents.Research has found that:

A)Teenagers (both male and female)who work report feeling closer to their parents than those who do not work.
B)Teenagers (both male and female)who work report less closeness to their parents than those who do not work.
C)Female teen workers report an increased closeness with parents while male teen workers report decreased closeness.
D)Female teen workers report a decreased closeness with parents while male teen workers report increased closeness.

Question 33

Harvey's research using the large National Longitudinal Survey of Youth examined the impact of working parents.She found that fathers' employment and working hours

A)had positive effects on children's development.
B)had negative effects on children's development.
C)had no significant effects on children's development.
D)had such mixed results on children's development she could not make general conclusions.

Question 34

Hochschild's research,reported in her book,The Time Bind,documents the tension people experience between work and family.She identifies three solutions to these challenges,including all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Cool modern: women should be more efficient.
B)Traditional: women should stay home or enter the "mommy track" at work to give priority to family.
C)Warm modern: men and women should share parenting and housework.
D)New traditional: only one parent should work full-time while the other works part-time and/or intermittently and/or at home until children are old enough to no longer need child care.

Question 35

Hochschild's research,reported in her book,The Time Bind,shows that when companies offer family-friendly supports like flextime and family leave,

A)both women and men take good,appropriate advantage of these options.
B)employees tend to exploit these options,reducing hours or skipping work for minor and avoidable reasons.
C)employees generally do not use these options because the work culture encourages them to work long hours.
D)women are more likely than men to take advantage of these options.

Question 36

Farel's research (cited by Aulette)compared children whose mothers stayed home with children whose mothers were employed.The researcher divided the mothers into groups: those who were pleased with their role and those who were not.Which group of children scored highest on several measures of social and cognitive development?

A)Children of mothers who stayed at home and who believed that working outside the home would be detrimental for their children.
B)Children of mothers who stayed and home but wished they had paid jobs.
C)Children of working mothers who were happy with their jobs.
D)Children of working mothers who did not like their jobs.

Question 37

Farel's research (cited by Aulette)compared children whose mothers stayed home with children whose mothers were employed.The researcher divided the mothers into groups: those who were pleased with their role and those who were not.Which group of children scored lowest on several measures of social and cognitive development?

A)Children of mothers who stayed at home and who believed that working outside the home would be detrimental for their children.
B)Children of mothers who stayed at home but wished they had paid jobs.
C)Children of working mothers who were happy with their jobs.
D)Children of working mothers who did not like their jobs.

Question 38

Hochschild's research,reported in her book,The Time Bind,documents the tension people experience between work and family.She found that people spend long hours at work for three reasons,including all of the following EXCEPT:

A)they need the money.
B)economic insecurity and the fear of being downsized.
C)they like work and find it rewarding,sometimes more rewarding than their families.
D)the concept of competition at work and the need for "face time" there.

Question 39

Hochschild's research,reported in her book,The Time Bind,documents the tension people experience between work and family.She identifies three solutions: traditional,cool modern and warm modern.All of the following are elements of the "warm modern" EXCEPT:

A)Men and women should share parenting and housework.
B)Communities should value work in the home as highly as work on the job.
C)Policymakers should demand family-friendly reforms.
D)Government should pay an allowance in the form of special tax breaks to parents so one can stay home before children are in school.

Question 40

Aulette cites the work of Rosabeth Moss Kanter who identified five major effects of work on family including "absorptiveness of an occupation," which is defined as:

A)The amount of time a job requires and when the time is demanded.
B)The extent to which a job draws in an employee and his or her family members.
C)The values and ideas promoted at work that influence the employee in his or her behavior at home.
D)The social-psychological influences at work that affect employees and their relationships in families.

Question 41

If a job is stressful,employees may either use family to compensate for the emotional rewards that do not come at work or displace anger and frustration at home.Research cited by Aulette provides evidence that highly stressful occupations that may be related to high incidence of wife and child abuse include

A)high-level executives.
B)construction workers.
C)police officers.
D)middle-level managers.

Question 42

In which of the following couples did differences in earnings cause the greatest power differences?

A)Married heterosexuals
B)Cohabiting heterosexuals
C)Gay males
D)Lesbians

Question 43

Who is eligible for job protection through the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993?

A)Government employees only
B)Government employees and about half of the people who work for private business
C)All women and single fathers who work for private business
D)All full-time workers in the United States

Question 44

Rosabeth Moss Kanter (cited by Aulette)lists five ways in which the organization of paid work affects families.________________ refers to the values and ideas promoted at work that influence the employee in his or her behavior at home.

A)Absorptiveness
B)Time and timing
C)Worldview
D)Emotional climate

Question 45

Rosabeth Moss Kanter (cited by Aulette)lists five ways in which the organization of paid work affects families.If a job is stressful and unsatisfying and the employee takes out his or her anger and frustration on family members,Kanter categorizes the situation as a result of

A)Absorptiveness
B)Time and timing
C)Worldview
D)Emotional climate

Question 46

Some feminists criticize exchange theory,which assumes that all individuals operate from their own self-interests and ignore gender.They cite the work of Gilligan,who studied the moral reasoning of women and men.She found that women make moral decisions based on an ethic of __________,while men make moral decisions based on an ethic of __________.

A)caring ...responsibility.
B)principle ...noncoercion.
C)caring and responsibility ...principled noncoercion.
D)principled noncoercion ...caring and responsibility.

Question 47

The Family and Medical Leave Act

A)guarantees that eligible employees will not lose their jobs if they take time off work to care for family members.
B)guarantees a minimum wage to workers during the time they are off work to care for family members.
C)makes the United States the first nation to offer its citizens protection from losing their jobs if they need time to care for family.
D)guarantees six weeks maternity leave to all employed women in the United States.

Question 48

Wives whose husbands have _______ incomes have the highest rates of labor force participation.

A)below-average
B)average
C)above-average

Question 49

The "Mommy Track" proposes that corporations distinguish between _______________,giving the former the "fast-track" treatment and the latter slower career development,less pressure to excel,and a goal of staying in the middle-management instead of competing for promotions so they can better balance careers and families.

A)men and women
B)employees without children and employees with children
C)employees,male and female,who are "career primary" and employees who are "career and family" oriented.
D)women who are "career primary" and women who are "career and family" oriented.

Question 50

Researchers studying the relationship between earnings and marital power have shown that exchange theory is most valid for

A)couples comprised of one man and one woman.
B)couples comprised of two men.
C)couples comprised of two women.
D)nonfamily interactions.

Question 51

Provisions of the Family and Medical Leave Act include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)It allows up to twelve weeks leave in a twelve-month period.
B)It may be taken for birth,adoption or foster placement of a child.
C)It may be taken to care for a spouse,parent,or child with serious medical condition.
D)It requires at least half pay for the leave.

Question 52

The Family and Medical Leave Act covers

A)all full-time employees in the United States.
B)public-sector employees but not private sector employees.
C)private sector employees but not public sector employees.
D)all public workplaces but only those private workplaces with more than fifty employees.

Question 53

Medicine,a traditionally masculine profession,is noted for making enormous demands on physicians' time and attention.One third of physicians are women.Social research regarding female physicians' careers and families found all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Women medical students defined these challenges as personal ones and put the burden on themselves to work it out.
B)The entrance of women into the medical profession has changed the profession so that it is more family friendly for both men and women.
C)Women physicians tend to specialize in different areas and more likely to choose specialties with regular hours,such as dermatology or pathology.
D)Women physicians work fewer hours per week,see fewer patients,and earn less money than male physicians.

Question 54

Differences in earnings are related to power differences in all of the following couples EXCEPT:

A)married heterosexuals.
B)cohabiting heterosexuals.
C)gay males.
D)lesbians.