Deck 2: Classification and Assessment in Clinical Psychology

Question 1

Which of the following are not measured by psychological tests?

A)Intelligence
B)Cognitive deficits
C)Neurological deficits
D)Unconscious intentions

Answer 1

Unconscious intentions

Question 2

Which of the following is not an advantage of observational assessment?

A)Observing frequency of behaviour
B)Observing the context the behaviour occurs in
C)Observation of actions preceding or following the behaviour
D)Observation of internal processes

Answer 2

Observation of internal processes

Question 3

Specific trait inventories assess:

A)Characteristics across a range of different traits and domains
B)Functioning in one specific area
C)Functioning in a specific psychopathology
D)All of the above

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

Inter-rater reliability refers to:

A)The degree to which two clinicians will agree on interpretation or scoring of a test
B)The degree to which two tests measure the same construct
C)The degree to which a clinician can predict future behaviour
D)The degree to which the items in the test relate to each other

Question 5

Which of the following is not a neuro-imaging technique?

A)PET
B)MRI
C)CAT
D)TIR

Question 6

IQ tests are limited in their application as they do not account for:

A)Cross cultural differences
B)Mathematical ability
C)Reading ability
D)Manual dexterity

Question 7

Which of the following are limitations of the IQ test?

A)It is a hypothetical construct
B)It is a static construct
C)It is reductionist
D)All of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is not a method of assessment?

A)Structured clinical interview
B)Personality inventories
C)Projective tests
D)Thalamic tests

Question 9

Tests such as the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale can be used to assess eligibility for:

A)Special educational needs
B)Housing benefit
C)Disability allowance
D)Suicide risk

Question 10

Which of the following is not a projective test?

A)Rorschach's ink blot test
B)Thematic apperception test
C)Sentence completion test
D)Word association test

Question 11

Test validity is a concept that refers to:

A)The assessment measuring the concept it claims to
B)The degree to which the items in the test consistently relate to each other
C)The degree to which two clinicians will agree on interpretation or scoring of a test
D)All of the above

Question 12

Limitations of the clinical interview are:

A)Time consuming
B)Requires trained observer
C)Observer affects behavioural change
D)All of the above

Question 13

Test-retest reliability refers to:

A)The test will produce consistent results
B)The test is measuring what it claims to be measuring
C)The client's performance will improve second time around
D)All of the above

Question 14

Internal consistency refers to:

A)The degree to which the items in the test consistently relate to each other
B)The degree to which the test will produce consistent results
C)The degree to which two clinicians will agree on the interpretation or scoring of a test
D)The scale of emotional responding

Question 15

Rorschach's projective tests are designed to measure:

A)Unconscious intentions
B)Dreams
C)Conscious desires
D)Brain size

Question 16

The popularity of projective tests has declined over the years because:

A)They reveal information that is relevant to psychodynamic approaches
B)Test reliability is very low
C)Misdiagnosis of psychopathology
D)All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is not true of IQ tests?

A)High test re-test reliability
B)High internal consistency
C)Good validity
D)Good predictor of behaviour

Question 18

Which of the following are advantages of the IQ test?

A)High ecological validity
B)Good cross cultural validity
C)Insures educational potential is achieved
D)None of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is not a neural imaging technique?

A)ECG
B)FMRI
C)MRI
D)PET

Question 20

Validity scales in the MMPI profile are particularly useful because they:

A)Allow measurement of false information
B)Allow the clinician to know what the patient is thinking
C)Insures the clinician will get the same test result again
D)Allows the clinician to predict clients' future behaviour

Question 21

Construct validity refers to:

A)The level to which a construct is related to other similar measures
B)The notion that scores on a test correlate highly with scores from tests that measure the same attribute
C)The degree to which the items in the test consistently relate to each other
D)The test will produce consistent results

Question 22

Which of the following describes case formulation?

A)Using information to draw up a psychological explanation of the client's problems and to develop a plan for therapy
B)Using the psychiatric diagnostic model of psychopathology
C)Using previous case studies for diagnosis
D)Analysing clients behaviour on a case by case basis

Question 23

Anomalies in diagnosis may occur in a cosmopolitan area because:

A)Diagnosis that a client receives may depend critically on whether they are assessed in their first or second language
B)Cultural differences affect client-clinician relationships
C)Cultural stereotypes influence the perception of 'normality' and 'abnormality' in ethnic groups
D)All of the above

Question 24

Which of the following does not address elimination of cultural biases in assessment and diagnosis?

A)Eradicating bias from existing assessment tools
B)Developing new culture-free assessments
C)Adopting assessment procedures that minimize cultural bias
D)Treating clients in culturally relevant groups

Question 25

Concurrent validity refers to:

A)The notion that scores on a test correlate highly with scores from tests that measure the same attribute
B)That two tests are done at the same time
C)Two or more clinicians agree on the outcome
D)The items on the test consistently relate to each other

Question 26

What does the ABC approach to case formulation refer to:

A)Antecedents,beliefs and consequences
B)Actions,betrayals and consequences
C)Antecedents,beliefs and cognitions
D)Actions,behaviours and cognitions

Question 27

Which of the following skills are essential for a clinical interview?

A)Convince the client of the value of the theoretical approach they are taking
B)Clinician must be able to predict a client's behaviour
C)Clinician must be able to assess a client's mood state
D)Clinician must be able to assess a client's motivations

Question 28

Cultural anomalies may exist in assessment and diagnosis because:

A)Mental health symptoms may manifest differently in different cultures
B)Language differences between client and clinician
C)The effect of cultural differences in religion and spiritual beliefs on the expression and perception of psychopathology
D)All of the above

Question 29

Predictive validity is a notion that:

A)Enables clinician to predict future behaviour and symptoms
B)Enables clinician to predict when treatment will be finished
C)Allows client to predict when they will start to feel better
D)All of the above

Question 30

Which of the following components describe case formulation according to Persons (1989)?

A)Understanding the way in which the psychological mechanisms generate the client's problems
B)Identifying the kinds of events that may have precipitated the client's problems
C)Identifying how these precipitating events may have caused the current problems through the proposed psychological mechanisms
D)All of the above

Question 31

The Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery is designed to test:

A)Neurological impairment
B)Spatial awareness
C)IQ
D)Physiological function

Question 32

Face validity refers to:

A)The notion that an assessment method may appear to be valid simply because it has questions which intuitively seem relevant to the trait or characteristic being measured
B)Facial expression is used to make a diagnosis
C)The scale of emotional responding
D)A construct is a hypothetical or inferred attribute that may not be directly observable or directly measurable

Question 33

Cultural bias and assessment exists because:

A)Most tests are developed on white European or American populations
B)Test are developed using high socio-economic groups
C)Test are developed using only Afro-Asian populations
D)None of the above

Question 34

CAT scan machines enable:

A)Three dimensional picture of the brain
B)Two dimensional picture of the brain
C)Measurement of both brain structure and function
D)Pictures of chemical activity in the brain

Question 35

The acronym CAT represents:

A)Computerised axial tomography
B)Comorbid assessment taxonomy
C)Computerised atrial technique
D)Concurrent affect taxonomy

Question 36

The acronym PET represents:

A)Positron emission tomography
B)Positive emotion tracking
C)Psychological evaluation technique
D)Physiological emission technique

Question 37

An analogue observation enables:

A)Surreptitious observation of the client
B)Observations of non-clinical population
C)Observations of more than one client at a time
D)Observations that require three or more clinicians

Question 38

The acronym EEG represents:

A)Encephalogram
B)Electric energy graph
C)Encephalitic emotion graphing
D)Egoenergy galvoscope

Question 39

MMSE is the acronym for :

A)Mini mental state examination
B)Multi memory state examination
C)Multiple mental strata evaluation
D)Meta mental structural evaluation

Question 40

Which of the following are considered to be important components of case formulation?

A)Creating a list of the client's problems
B)Identifying and describing the underlying psychological mechanisms that might be mediating a client's problems
C)Developing a scheme of treatment based on explanations and obstacles to treatment
D)All of the above

Question 41

A psychophysiological test measures:

A)Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system
B)Changes in heart rate
C)Changes in blood pressure
D)All of the above

Question 42

The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery measures:

A)Neurological functioning
B)Psychological functioning
C)Physiological functioning
D)Emotional functioning

Question 43

Specific Trait Inventories enable clinicians to:

A)Aid research in causes of psychopathology
B)Predict behaviours
C)Aid in case formulation
D)Avoid cultural bias

Question 44

Self-monitoring is a form of clinical observation involving:

A)Clients observing and recording their own behaviour
B)Clients measuring their own galvanic skin responses
C)Clients measuring their own heart rate
D)Clients recording their dreams

Question 45

Chronbach's alpha is used to assess:

A)Internal consistency
B)Concurrent validity
C)Inter-rater reliability
D)Test re-test reliability

Question 46

Questions in the MMPI cover which of the following topics?

A)Mood
B)Physical concerns
C)Social attitudes
D)All of the above

Question 47

PET scans enable:

A)Measurement of both brain structure and function
B)Three dimensional picture of the brain
C)Two dimensional picture of the brain
D)Pictures of chemical activity in the brain

Question 48

Which of the following cognitive constructs is not thought to play a role in OCD?

A)Intolerance of uncertainty
B)Beliefs about inflated responsibility
C)Control of thoughts
D)Underestimation of personal ability

Question 49

Confirmatory bias refers to:

A)Clinicians ignore information that does not support their hypothesis
B)Clinicians ignore information that does not support their stereotypes
C)Clinicians interpret ambiguous information as supporting their hypothesis
D)All of the above

Question 50

Hypothetical constructs are factors that are:

A)Not directly observable
B)Psychopathologies based in the hypothalamus
C)Disorders based on bodily sensations
D)Somatic interventions

Question 51

An EMG measures:

A)Electric activity in muscles
B)Electric activity in the heart
C)Electric activity in the brain
D)Electric activity in your visual cortex

Question 52

Ecological momentary assessment involves the use of:

A)Electronic diaries for self-observation
B)Mobile phones
C)iPods
D)MP3 players

Question 53

Standardisation allows the clinician to:

A)See where an individual client's score on the test falls in relation to the normal distribution of scores for that test
B)Use the score on a particular test to estimate whether a client might meet the diagnostic criteria for a psychological disorder
C)Estimate the probability with which a client might meet DSM-5
D)All of the above

Question 54

An ECG is used to measure:

A)Heart rate
B)Brain waves
C)Emotional response
D)Galvanic skin response

Question 55

Lie detectors use what in an attempt to identify whether an individual is lying:

A)Autonomic responding
B)EEG
C)Motor responding
D)Pre-conscious intentions

Question 56

FMRI scans enable:

A)Measurement of both brain structure and function
B)Measures of rapid changes in bran metabolism
C)Three dimensional picture of the brain
D)Two dimensional picture of the brain

Question 57

Electrodermal responding can measure:

A)Emotional responses
B)Mental agility
C)Reaction time
D)Brain chemical imbalances

Question 58

Despite the subjective nature of the Rorschach Inkblot test it is still considered to be a valid and reliable test for the detection of:

A)Schizophrenia
B)Dissociative disorder
C)Bipolar disorder
D)Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Question 59

The psychometric approach is used to measure:

A)Psychopathology symptoms
B)Intelligence
C)Neurological or cognitive deficits
D)All of the above

Question 60

Clinical research has indicated that the MMPI has:

A)Good internal reliability
B)Good internal accountability
C)Good external flexibility
D)Good construct reliability

Question 61

Which of the following are considered causes of psychological and cognitive problems?

A)Problematic life experience
B)Dysfunctional ways of thinking
C)Damage to the structure and functioning of the brain
D)All of the above

Question 62

Most psychological tests are based on the psychometric approach.That is,the test assumes that there are:

A)Stable underlying characteristics or traits
B)Stable underlying unconscious processes
C)Stable levels of IQ
D)All of the above

Question 63

Which of the following are advantages of using observational techniques?

A)Observation can provide important objective measures of the frequency of behaviours
B)Observation will often provide an insight into the purpose the problematic behaviour serves
C)Observational data has greater external or ecological validity than self-reports or other forms of testing
D)All of the above

Question 64

Overestimation of threat,control of thoughts,importance of thoughts,beliefs about inflated responsibility,and perfectionism are all cognitive constructs measured on which questionnaire?

A)Obsessive Belief Questionnaire
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C)Responsibility Attitudes Scale
D)Responsibility of Mood States

Question 65

Structured interviews can also be used to determine overall levels of psychological and intellectual functioning,especially in:

A)Older adolescents
B)Diverse cultural populations
C)People who are resistant to chemical therapies
D)Older people suffering from degenerative disorders

Question 66

The Rorschach test can be a valid and reliable test for the detection of thought disorders that may be indicative of which psychopathology?

A)Anxiety
B)Depression
C)Phobias
D)Schizophrenia

Question 67

The popularity of projective tests has declined steadily over the years.There are a number of reasons for this.Which of the following is one of these?

A)Such tests are mainly based on revealing information that is relevant to psychodynamic approaches to psychopathology.
B)Though standardised procedures for scoring projective tests have developed over recent years,the reliability of such tests is still disappointingly low
C)Even with highly standardised scoring methods,some projective tests such as the Rorschach Test often result in psychopathology being inferred when other evidence for such a conclusion is sparse.
D)All of the above

Question 68

There are now over 100 tests of intelligence available,most of which are standardised to have a score of 100 as the mean.What percentage of the population will have IQ scores less than 2 standard deviations from the mean?

A)Around 2-3%
B)Around 3-4%
C)Around 4-5%
D)Around 5-6%

Question 69

The Thematic Apperception Test is an example of:

A)A projective personality test
B)A neurological impairment test
C)A psychophysiological test
D)Intelligence test

Question 70

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)was originally developed in the 1940s by Hathaway and McKinley (1943),and has been updated by Butcher,Dahlstrom,Graham Tellegen et al.(1989)(now known as the MMPI-2).The questions cover topics such as:

A)Mood
B)Physical concerns
C)Social attitudes
D)All of the above

Question 71

The Rorschach Inkblot Test,the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),and the Sentence Completion Test are examples of which type of test?

A)Proposition tests
B)Projective tests
C)Palliative test
D)Predisposition tests

Question 72

Direct observation of clients by practitioners can provide can objective assessment of:

A)Frequency of behaviour
B)Behaviour to be assessed in the context of events that precede the behaviour
C)Events that immediately follow the behaviour and may represent the consequences of the behaviour that reinforce its occurrence
D)All of the above

Question 73

In what way can biases occur in clinical observation?

A)Observer expectations
B)Poor communication skills
C)Clients socioeconomic background
D)Observer limitations

Question 74

Most versions of the Rorschach Inkblot Test now use around how many official inkblots?

A)5
B)8
C)10
D)12

Question 75

There are now over 100 tests of intelligence available,most of which are standardised to have a score of 100 as the mean and a score of 15 or 16 as the standard deviation what percentage of the population will score between 84 and 116?

A)58%
B)78%
C)68%
D)48%

Question 76

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)was originally developed in the 1940s by Hathaway and McKinley (1943),and has been updated by Butcher,Dahlstrom,Graham Tellegen et al.(1989)(now known as the MMPI-2).The test now has how many clinical scales ?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)10

Question 77

Scores on a test such as the Clark-Beck Obsessive Compulsive inventory (Clark & Beck,2003)(CBOCI)can be used to estimate the probability with which a client might meet DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for

A)OCD
B)Generalised anxiety disorder
C)Depression
D)Panic disorder

Question 78

Other tests have been developed in an attempt to measure cognitive functioning or cognitive constructs that are relevant to psychopathology.One such example is the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire (OBQ)(Steketee G,Frost R,Bhar S,Bouvard M et al.,2005)which was designed to assess beliefs and appraisals considered critical to the acquisition and maintenance of obsessions.This measures six cognitive constructs thought to play a role in OCD including which of the following?

A)Intolerance of responsibility
B)Intolerance of uncertainty
C)Intolerance of anger
D)Intolerance of selfishness

Question 79

Psychological tests have a number of advantages as methods of assessment: Which of the following is not one of these advantages?

A)They usually assess the client on one or more specific characteristics or traits
B)They have good ecological validity
C)They will usually (but not always)have very rigid response requirements so that the questions can be scored according to a pre-conceived scoring system.
D)Once data from these tests have been collected from large numbers of participants,statistical norms for the tests can be established.

Question 80

Once data from psychological tests have been collected from large numbers of participants,statistical norms for the tests can be established.This is called:

A)Standardisation
B)Validation
C)Digitalisation
D)Qualification