Deck 9: Intelligence

Question 1

Studies of impoverished families find less evidence for genetic influences on intelligence than do studies of middle-class families.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A five-year-old who has a Stanford-Binet IQ score of 116 is more intelligent than an eight-year-old who also scores 116.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Stanford-Binet is now considered the only test entirely free of cultural influence.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for children (WISC-IV)provide scores in four major categories.

Question 5

I administer an intelligence test and find that left-handed people score higher than right-handed people.Researchers should conclude that this test is biased against right-handed people.

Question 6

Psychologists now agree that the Progressive Matrices test is entirely free of cultural influence.

Question 7

Psychologists have identified the cause of the Flynn effect.

Question 8

If a test has poor reliability,it will also have poor validity.

Question 9

The goal of the first intelligence tests was to identify the LEAST capable children,those who could not learn from ordinary schooling.

Question 10

Psychologists first developed the theory of intelligence,and then they began to develop the original tests of intelligence.

Question 11

A question on a math test contains a diagram of an American football field.If this question is among the easiest for men to answer and among the hardest for women to answer,we can conclude that this test question is biased.

Question 12

On average,the IQ scores of fraternal twins correlate with each other more highly than do the IQ scores of identical twins.

Question 13

The reliability of a test is defined as the repeatability of its scores.

Question 14

A psychologist needs to measure the intelligence of a person who has recently immigrated to the United States and who does not speak English.The psychologist should administer the Progressive Matrices test rather than the Stanford-Binet.

Question 15

Standard IQ tests attempt to measure crystallized intelligence.

Question 16

Intelligence quotient (IQ)tests attempt to measure an individual's probable performance in school and similar settings.

Question 17

Contemporary intelligence researchers such as Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg have proposed theories claiming there are many different kinds of intelligence.

Question 18

The finding that tests of intelligence (as well as other kinds of cognitive tests)are positively correlated with one another is consistent with Spearman's concept of g.

Question 19

On average,people with high IQ scores have fewer car accidents than people with low IQ scores.

Question 20

Psychologists now agree that Spearman's g is best explained as the single ability of mental speed.

Question 21

____________________ is a possible explanation for the Flynn effect.
or

Question 22

Someone who has learned a great deal of specific information and who has acquired many specialized skills can be said to have a great deal of ____________________ intelligence.

Question 23

Robert Sternberg's theory regarding how a person processes information is called a ____________________ theory.

Question 24

According to Raymond Cattell,the "g" factor in intelligence has two major components,____________________ and ____________________.
or

Question 25

The WISC-IV is a test of ____________________ developed for ____________________.

Question 26

Irving has answered 92 questions correctly on a newly devised IQ test.To decide whether this score is above average or below average,psychologists must determine the ____________________ of the test.

Question 27

In developing new tests for practical and creative intelligence,Sternberg has attempted to account for ____________________ differences.

Question 28

Sternberg has identified three types of intelligence: practical,creative,and ____________________.

Question 29

Six-year olds who were randomly assigned to music lessons showed a gain of 10 to 20 IQ points,on the average,compared to other children.

Question 30

The early IQ tests developed in France were modified for English speakers and became the first important IQ test in the English language.This new version was the ____________________.

Question 31

The process of establishing rules for administering a test and for interpreting its scores is known as ____________________.

Question 32

The British scholar who was the first to argue that a tendency toward high intelligence is hereditary was ____________________.

Question 33

By developing tests of creative and practical intelligence,Sternberg is attempting to develop intelligence tests that are better predictors of ____________________ than standard IQ tests.

Question 34

Since the early days of IQ tests,psychologists have periodically rewritten the tests.Their revisions have intentionally made the tests more ____________________ than they used to be.

Question 35

The ____________________ is the phenomenon that raw scores on IQ tests have been increasing from decade to decade.

Question 36

To get separate scores on a number of separate abilities,use the ____________________ IQ test.To measure abilities more fairly in people who do not speak English,use the ____________________ test.

Question 37

The reliability of a psychological test is practically the same thing as its ____________________.

Question 38

Raven's Progressive Matrices test is designed to reduce the influence of ____________________ on test scores.

Question 39

Sternberg has developed a newer distinction among types of intelligence: analytical,creative,and ____________________.

Question 40

For someone to be classified as intellectually gifted,they must score at least ____________________standard deviation(s)above the mean score on an IQ test.
or

Question 41

If a psychologist wanted to test Spearman's concept of a "g" factor in intelligence,what kind of data should the psychologist collect?

A)correlations between performances on various intellectual tasks
B)information on similarities and differences in the IQ scores of identical twins reared in separate environments
C)data on the means and standard deviations for people of various ages when they take IQ tests
D)surveys of whether psychologists believe that IQ tests actually measure intelligence

Question 42

Identical twins typically are ____________________ similar in intelligence than fraternal twins,fraternal twins typically are ____________________ similar in intelligence than single birth siblings.

Question 43

Intelligence quotient (IQ)tests are used to measure an individual's probable performance in school and similar settings.Name the two most widely-used adult intelligence tests and explain the principle of adaptive testing.

Question 44

Suppose someone demonstrated that there are several kinds of intellectual abilities that correlate poorly or negatively with one another.That demonstration would be evidence against

A)Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
B)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
C)Spearman's "g" factor.
D)the theory that heredity contributes to intelligence.

Question 45

The researcher who introduced the idea of the "g" factor in intelligence was

A)Spearman.
B)Cattell.
C)Zimbardo.
D)Skinner.

Question 46

One of the reasons that test makers have to repeatedly restandardize IQ tests is due to the Flynn effect.Describe the Flynn effect.What do test makers have to do with test questions to address the Flynn effect? Given the restandardizing that test-makers have to do,what would you expect to happen to your IQ test if you took the test now and again in 25 years?

Question 47

There are four theories of intelligence presented in your text.Select two of the four theories and name the theory,the theorist,and the key idea associated with the theory.

Question 48

Spearman inferred the existence of a "g" factor in intelligence because of his evidence that,on the average,

A)people who live in prosperous countries do better on IQ tests than those in poorer and less educated countries.
B)each generation of people scores higher on IQ tests than the last generation.
C)people who do well on a test of one ability also do well on tests of other abilities.
D)high-IQ parents tend to have high-IQ children.

Question 49

When Spearman described the "g" factor in intelligence,what did the "g" stand for?

A)general
B)gifted
C)genetic
D)group

Question 50

What does "psychometric" mean?

A)based on theory
B)based on measurements of individual differences
C)based on an analysis of motivation and emotion
D)based on the study of intelligence

Question 51

Psychologist Dinah Moe asks each individual to take several tests of specialized intellectual abilities,such as arithmetic,mechanical ability,logical reasoning,and spatial reasoning.Then she measures the correlation between performance on one test and performance on another test.What is she probably trying to determine?

A)whether or not Spearman's concept of a "g" factor is correct
B)whether or not IQ tests have high utility
C)the extent to which heredity and environment influence intelligence
D)whether or not Cattell's concept of fluid and crystallized intelligence is correct

Question 52

When psychologists want to evaluate the accuracy or fairness of a test,they examine specific kinds of evidence.The main ways of evaluating any test are to check its reliability and validity.Define reliability and validity.Can a test have high reliability and low validity or vice versa?

Question 53

Spearman's theory has been called a monarchic theory of intelligence because it

A)was first developed in Great Britain.
B)was a widely held belief among the aristocracy during the Middle ages.
C)included a single ability which was solely responsible for all performance.
D)included a dominant ability that ruled over lesser abilities.

Question 54

Charles Spearman inferred the existence of a "g" (or general)factor in intelligence from the observation that

A)people's scores on intelligence tests correlate highly with measures of the size of their cerebral cortex.
B)people who score high on a test one day are likely to score high again if they take the same test another time.
C)people who do well on a test of one kind of intellectual ability generally do well on tests of other kinds also.
D)the mean score on intelligence tests is the same in all countries.

Question 55

Which of the following facts is the best evidence in favor of the "g" factor in intelligence?

A)People who take an IQ test repeatedly generally get about the same score each time.
B)Parents who have high IQ scores generally have children with high IQ scores.
C)The mean IQ score for boys is the same as that for girls.
D)Scores on tests of specialized intellectual abilities are all positively correlated with one another.

Question 56

Davis performs very well on tests of logical reasoning and arithmetic and very poorly on tests of mechanical ability and spatial reasoning.This pattern of performance would be evidence against

A)Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
B)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
C)Cattell's distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence.
D)Spearman's "g" factor.

Question 57

In addition to being reliable and valid,any test should also be unbiased-that is,equally fair for all groups.A biased test overstates or understates the true performance of one or more groups.Stereotype threat is one type of influence that may bias a test.Define stereotype threat and describe the findings from Claude Steele's classic study on stereotype threat.

Question 58

What evidence did Spearman cite to support his concept of a "g" factor in intelligence?

A)Mean performance on IQ tests rises until age 14-20,and then begins to decline.
B)Changes in the instructions can alter the mean performance of various groups.
C)Mean performance on IQ tests has been rising from one generation to the next.
D)Most people who do well on one intellectual task do well on others tasks also.

Question 59

The main evidence for the existence of a "g" factor in intelligence is the fact that

A)young adults ordinarily get higher test scores than do either children or older adults.
B)identical twins usually get similar scores on intelligence tests.
C)intelligence tests have several parts,and people who do well on one part generally do well on other parts also.
D)people who do well on an intelligence test today will probably do well when they take a similar test again later.

Question 60

Certain IQ tests,such as the WISC-IV,include separate tests for specialized abilities.Scores on all those separate tests are positively correlated with one another.These positive correlations are considered evidence in favor of

A)Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
B)Spearman's "g" factor.
C)Cattell's distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence.
D)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

Question 61

Which of the following has been proposed as the underlying skill that could account for g?

A)mental speed
B)how easily a person's neurons change in response to experience
C)speed of visual processing
D)all of the above have been proposed to account for g

Question 62

What is meant by crystallized intelligence?

A)intelligence that increases and decreases from time to time
B)intelligence that is present in the same amount at all times
C)the ability to reason,use information,and gain new knowledge
D)acquired skills and knowledge and the application of that knowledge to familiar problems

Question 63

Extensive practice at a particular skill,such as computer programming,improves that skill but has little effect on any other kind of performance.Therefore we classify the improved performance of that skill as

A)general intelligence.
B)fluid intelligence.
C)crystallized intelligence.
D)psychomotor intelligence.

Question 64

The ability to reason and to learn new skills is __________ intelligence.The ability to apply acquired skills to a familiar problem is __________ intelligence.

A)verbal...performance
B)performance...verbal
C)fluid...crystallized
D)crystallized...fluid

Question 65

What is meant by fluid intelligence?

A)the ability to reason,use knowledge,and gain more information
B)intelligence that is present in the same amount at all times
C)intelligence that increases and decreases from time to time
D)acquired skills and knowledge and the application of that knowledge to familiar problems

Question 66

A new worker at Consolidated Generic Products cannot perform any of the company's traditional tasks as well as more experienced workers can.However,when the company teaches all the workers a new skill,this new worker learns it faster than the older workers.The new worker apparently has a high degree of

A)fluid intelligence.
B)crystallized intelligence.
C)verbal intelligence.
D)performance intelligence.

Question 67

Workers at the State Department of Transportation can quickly and accurately calculate the distance between any two cities in the state.Those same workers are rather slow to learn a simple new concept of geometry.Apparently they have a high degree of

A)motor intelligence.
B)triarchic intelligence.
C)fluid intelligence.
D)crystallized intelligence.

Question 68

The main assumption of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is that

A)people have a number of unrelated forms of intelligence.
B)all types of intelligence are positively correlated with one another.
C)intelligence is controlled by unconscious and unmeasurable cognitive processes.
D)a single "g" factor is present in all types of intelligence.

Question 69

One possible explanation for Spearman's "g" factor is that

A)most of the early IQ tests had very low reliability.
B)health and other influences that improve one ability also improve other independent abilities.
C)extra development of one ability decreases the possibility for developing other abilities.
D)different parts of the brain develop at different times,depending on different genes.

Question 70

If a psychologist wanted to determine whether Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is correct,as opposed to Spearman's theory of the "g" factor,what type of information would the psychologist probably collect?

A)information about the stability of individuals' IQ scores over a period of years
B)correlations between people's performances on many unrelated types of intelligent abilities
C)comparisons of the IQs of identical twins reared together and identical twins reared in separate environments
D)means and standard deviations for IQ scores of people in different parts of the world

Question 71

Jacque's co-workers are surprised to see him solve all sorts of complex problems on the spot at work since he is unable to remember very many facts or work-related information.Jacque would likely do well on tasks assessing ____ intelligence and poorly on tasks measuring ____ intelligence.

A)fluid;crystallized
B)verbal;performance
C)verbal;spatial
D)crystallized;fluid

Question 72

Which of the following theories holds that intelligence includes unrelated (or poorly correlated)abilities such as language,music,logic,body movement,and social sensitivity?

A)Spearman's concept of a "g" factor
B)Cattell's distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence
C)Binet's theory of intelligence
D)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Question 73

Which of the following types of evidence,if found,would offer the strongest support in favor of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

A)Men score higher than women on mathematical ability,and women score higher than men on language ability.
B)People with high scores on one ability tend to get high scores on other abilities.
C)There is a strong genetic component to the g factor.
D)The different skills reflect different underlying abilities,not simply crystallized intelligence.

Question 74

Of the following,which would be a good example of "fluid" intelligence?

A)repeating a story that one had memorized years ago
B)performing well on a highly-practiced videogame
C)quickly solving a new kind of problem
D)driving home on a familiar road without thinking about it

Question 75

According to Raymond Cattell,the "g" factor in intelligence has two major components:

A)inherited and acquired.
B)fluid and crystallized.
C)verbal and performance.
D)slow and fast.

Question 76

The disagreement between Spearman (who proposed the "g" factor)and Raymond Cattell had to do with

A)whether all IQ tests measure the "g" factor or whether only some tests measure it.
B)whether differences in intelligence depend mostly on genetics or mostly on environment.
C)whether the "g" factor is present in all people or just in some.
D)whether the "g" factor has just one major component or two.

Question 77

According to Cattell,if we examine the intelligence of a person at age 20 and again at age 50,we are most likely to find

A)consistent levels of both fluid and crystallized intelligence.
B)the same amount of fluid intelligence,but less crystallized intelligence at age 50.
C)lower levels of fluid intelligence at age 50,but more crystallized intelligence.
D)more fluid intelligence at age 50,but less crystallized intelligence.

Question 78

Critics of the notion of a single kind of intelligence argue that psychologists find strong evidence for a "g" factor in intelligence because

A)their tests focus on overlapping skills.
B)their tests are not narrow or specific enough.
C)they test children far more often than they test adults.
D)the statistical methods that are commonly used are biased.

Question 79

Most tasks people do seem to require?

A)crystallized,but not fluid intelligence.
B)fluid,but not crystallized intelligence.
C)neither crystallized nor fluid intelligence.
D)a combination of both crystallized and fluid intelligence.

Question 80

An experienced taxi driver becomes more and more skilled at finding various addresses within a city,without improving other kinds of intellectual skills.We can say that the driver has increased his or her:

A)fluid intelligence.
B)standardized intelligence.
C)crystallized intelligence.
D)solid intelligence.