Deck 12: Corrections in Canada: History, Facilities, and Populations

Question 1

What was the Auburn system also referred to as?

A)the Pennsylvania system
B)the isolation system
C)the congregate system
D)the group system

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How many correctional facilities are there across Canada?

A)200
B)225
C)250
D)275

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What percentage of all custodial sentences imposed by the adult criminal courts are one month or less?

A)33.3 percent
B)43 percent
C)57.9 percent
D)72 percent

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following was a significant change that occurred during the 17th and 18th centuries that dramatically influenced how most Western societies ran their correctional facilities in the coming centuries?

A)a shift from punishing the body to punishing the mind
B)laws that made it illegal to imprison anyone who had been convicted of a crime
C)the end of the King's Right to punishment
D)the belief that prisoners could be used for free labour on the King's land

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Pennsylvania system?

A)inmates were isolated from the outside
B)inmates had 3 hours each to exercise on an outside yard
C)inmates had large cells
D)inmates were able to work with other inmates in special shops

Question 6

How many regional mental health units are there across Canada?

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 7

What did the Auburn system consider to be the best way to hold inmates?

A)the total system
B)the religious system
C)the universal system
D)the congregate system

Question 8

Which population group was the only one to see a decrease in offenders during the 10-year population trend?

A)Caucasian
B)Aboriginal
C)Black
D)Spanish

Question 9

What did Bentham consider to be the role of lawmakers?

A)to calculate the degree of pleasure or pain for any type of activity
B)to determine the degree of punishment necessary to deter criminal behaviour
C)to determine what actions should be criminal
D)to determine the extent of the King's power

Question 10

In 2015-2016, what percentage of admissions to custody in the federal correctional system did Indigenous adults account for?

A)8 percent
B)18 percent
C)28 percent
D)38 percent

Question 11

How many federal facilities are designated as regional women's institutions?

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)10

Question 12

In 2015-2016, what percentage of all adults sentenced to custody in provincial/territorial facilities were women?

A)11 percent
B)15 percent
C)19 percent
D)23 percent

Question 13

Which prison system introduced the cells built in tiers?

A)the Auburn system
B)the Pennsylvania system
C)the Quaker system
D)the Reformative system

Question 14

Of all the guilty findings that result in custody, what percentage result in a sentence of two years or more (i.e., in a federal correctional facility)?

A)only 1.3 percent
B)only 3.2 percent
C)between 4 and 6 percent
D)approximately 10 percent

Question 15

What did Bentham call his prison?

A)utilitarian
B)deterrent
C)panopticon
D)progressivism

Question 16

What did the Auburn system believe was the most efficient way for inmates to reform their actions?

A)total isolation
B)hard work
C)solitary confinement
D)the learning of occupational skills

Question 17

The Pennsylvania system has continued to survive within which of the following?

A)solitary confinement
B)education programs
C)architectural design
D)urban location

Question 18

Where does the history of Canada's correctional system begin?

A)Toronto
B)Kingston
C)Ottawa
D)Vancouver

Question 19

In 2015-2016, Indigenous adults accounted for what percentage of admissions, while representing approximately three percent of the Canadian adult population?

A)2 percent
B)6 percent
C)16 percent
D)26 percent

Question 20

What type of approach to punishment was favoured by Beccaria and his followers?

A)rehabilitation
B)utilitarian
C)coercive
D)incapacitation

Question 21

Which belief led the federal government to introduce a change in its approach toward the treatment of inmates starting in 1935?

A)the belief that offenders could be deterred
B)the belief the inmates could be corrected
C)the belief that incapacitation didn't work
D)the belief that reintegration was the best approach

Question 22

What was the location of the earliest prison for women in Canada?

A)St. John's, Newfoundland
B)Saint John, New Brunswick
C)Winnipeg, Manitoba
D)Kingston, Ontario

Question 23

What approach reflects the justice model of corrections?

A)the medical model
B)the reintegration model
C)the punishment model
D)the treatment model

Question 24

When was the Structured Living Environment (SLE) approach was implemented?

A)1978
B)1988
C)1998
D)2008

Question 25

Which the following was a finding made by the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston?

A)The CSC did not value individual rights.
B)The CSC was too focused upon deterrence.
C)The CSC wasn't committed to rehabilitation.
D)The CSC had to start efforts to reintegrate inmates.

Question 26

Which model of corrections was the first to emerge in Canada?

A)custodial
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)community

Question 27

Which healing lodge was opened by the federal government in 1995 for Indigenous female offenders?

A)Pe Sakestew Centre
B)Kwikwexwelhp Healing Village
C)Okimaw Ohci Healing Lodge
D)Willow Cree Healing Lodge

Question 28

Which approach allowed higher security levels in the federal women's correctional facilities so that federally sentenced women would be able to remain in the same regional facilities with other offenders?

A)structured living environment
B)deterrence-based policies
C)community resources
D)inmate work programs

Question 29

Which policy specified that inmate programs had to be in a controlled environment in order to better represent the conditions in society?

A)reintegration
B)retribution
C)normalization
D)lesser confinement

Question 30

Which of the following changes were introduced into the federal correctional system in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century?

A)solitary confinement of inmates was eliminated
B)development of inmate classification systems
C)end of harsh penal punishments
D)separation of female and male inmates into separate institutions

Question 31

How do the Indigenous healing lodges operated by the federal government differ from those run by Indigenous agencies?

A)The federal facilities follow the same transfer principles for all inmates.
B)The federal facilities are operated as multilevel agencies.
C)The federal facilities do not follow a structured approach.
D)The federal facilities have to meet applicants prior to being accepted.

Question 32

How many riots broke out in federal correctional facilities between 1932 and 1937?

A)16
B)18
C)20
D)22

Question 33

Where was the first Indigenous-operated healing lodge opened in 1995?

A)Saskatchewan
B)Alberta
C)Manitoba
D)Quebec

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT required under Sections 79 through 84 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act?

A)Indigenous-specific programs shall be provided.
B)When an inmate is applying for parole, notice is not required to the Indigenous community.
C)The Indigenous community can provide services to Indigenous offenders.
D)The Correctional Service of Canada must establish a National Aboriginal Advisory Committee.

Question 35

Where was the first CSC-operated healing lodge opened in 1995?

A)Saskatchewan
B)Alberta
C)Manitoba
D)Quebec

Question 36

The federal healing lodges for Indigenous Peoples focus upon which of the following?

A)traditional deterrence approaches
B)individualized treatment methods
C)spiritual teachings
D)empowerment

Question 37

Which report advocated the empowerment of women inmates?

A)Commission of Inquiry
B)Creating Choices
C)the Arbour Commission
D)the Rivera Report

Question 38

What model did the federal government merge with the reintegration model in the 1990s?

A)deterrence
B)medical
C)risk prediction
D)restorative

Question 39

Which of the following recommended the creation of the National Parole Board of Canada?

A)the Brown Report
B)the Archambault Commission
C)the Fauteux Report
D)the Correctional Reform Commission

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT part of the dominant approach to corrections today?

A)increased use of community resources
B)assessment of offenders' risks and needs on entering the correctional facility
C)increased use of imprisonment
D)creation of individual programs addressing risks and needs

Question 41

In what level of security are the majority of inmates in the federal correctional system?

A)minimum
B)medium
C)multilevel
D)maximum

Question 42

The majority of female inmates serving a custodial sentence in Canada are in what level of security?

A)maximum security
B)medium security
C)minimum security
D)multilevel security

Question 43

While incarcerated, Donald was constantly supervised from secure control booths and he had little interaction with the officers. In which type of facility was Donald incarcerated?

A)first-generation facility
B)second-generation facility
C)new-generation facility
D)next-generation facility

Question 44

The majority of Indigenous inmates serving a custodial sentence in Canada are in what level of security?

A)maximum security
B)medium security
C)minimum security
D)multilevel security

Question 45

In which correctional model is the emphasis on individualized treatment?

A)custodial
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)community

Question 46

When did the CSC begin operating on the basis of seven security levels?

A)1961-1962
B)1971-1972
C)1981-1982
D)1991-1992

Question 47

What supervision models are associated with "new-generation" correctional facilities?

A)indirect
B)general
C)specific
D)direct

Question 48

Federal female offenders are classified on the basis of which type of scale?

A)the Security Reclassification Management System
B)the Security Guidelines System
C)the General Guidelines System
D)the Inventory Security System

Question 49

The CSC employed a classification system for offenders based on both the likelihood that the offender would try to escape from an institution and the potential harm to the community if they succeeded. When did this classification system end?

A)1961-1962
B)1971-1972
C)1981-1982
D)1991-1992

Question 50

What type of security optimizes a safe environment for all employees, offenders, and the public?

A)level 2 security
B)secure units
C)minimum security
D)dynamic security

Question 51

Indigenous adults made up just under three percent of Canada's population in 2016 yet they accounted for what percentage of the in-custody population of federal custodial facilities in 2016-2017?

A)4.8 percent
B)10.8 percent
C)16.8 percent
D)26.8 percent

Question 52

Monty has entered a correctional facility and he has been assessed as likely to escape but not cause serious harm in the community. What security level facility would Monty enter?

A)maximum security
B)medium security
C)minimum security
D)multilevel security

Question 53

Which of the following is a behavioural dimension necessary for the effective supervision and control of inmates?

A)inmates are directly and constantly supervised
B)inmate requests are responded to
C)inmates are advised about the rules of the facility
D)rewards and punishments are structured to ensure compliant behaviour

Question 54

How are the podular design facilities that house 12 to 24 one-person cells usually shaped?

A)square
B)triangle
C)circle
D)rectangle

Question 55

Which correctional model stresses responsibility and accountability?

A)rehabilitation
B)deterrence/incapacitation
C)reintegration
D)justice

Question 56

Which model of corrections is based on the idea that prisoners are to be incarcerated for the purpose of deterrence and incapacitation?

A)rehabilitation
B)community
C)custodial
D)selective incapacitation

Question 57

Which type of facilities are operated as a level 2 security risk in the federal correctional system?

A)maximum-security facility
B)multilevel-security facility
C)special handling unit
D)work camps

Question 58

When was the Security Reclassification Management System approved?

A)April 1975
B)April 1985
C)April 1995
D)April 2005

Question 59

Which model of corrections makes decisions in the context of maintaining maximum security and discipline?

A)rehabilitation
B)community
C)custodial
D)restorative

Question 60

Which correctional model is the most influential in Canada today?

A)custodial
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)community

Question 61

In 2016-2017, Asians accounted for what percent of the total offender population?

A)5.5 percent
B)7.5 percent
C)11.5 percent
D)15.5 percent

Question 62

Your friend tells you that a relative of his has been sentenced to custody in a federal correctional facility. As a criminology student, you advise your friend of the likelihood of suicide in prison. When should your friend be most concerned about his relative with respect to suicide?

A)early in the sentence
B)within a year of sentencing
C)within 18 months of sentencing
D)within 24 months of sentencing

Question 63

In 2016-2017, Hispanics accounted for what percent of the total offender population?

A)1.1 percent
B)2.1 percent
C)3.1 percent
D)4.1 percent

Question 64

Your brother has been incarcerated in a federal facility for four years. You receive a phone call explaining that your brother has "accidentally" passed away. What would be the most likely cause of your brother's death?

A)suicide
B)drug overdose
C)stabbing
D)food poisoning

Question 65

What do Sykes and Messinger call the system of social norms and values established by inmates to regulate inmates' behaviour while in prison?

A)prison code
B)inmate subculture
C)prisonization process
D)institutional hierarchy

Question 66

Which of the following is a manifestation of the pains of imprisonment experienced by female inmates according to Hannah-Moffat?

A)the creation of pseudo families
B)self-injurious behaviour
C)an increasing amount of self-respect
D)the lack of trust

Question 67

What did Clemmer call the unique language used by prisoners?

A)subculture
B)interference
C)argot
D)code talk

Question 68

What does Clemmer call it when an individual assimilates into the inmate subculture?

A)the prison code
B)the prisonization process
C)a total institution
D)the direct supervision model

Question 69

In 2016-2017, Blacks accounted for what percentage of the total offender population?

A)5.5 percent
B)7.5 percent
C)11.5 percent
D)15.5 percent

Question 70

In May 2014, what did the CSC announce that it was adding to women's correctional facilities to improve the mother-child program?

A)99 beds and 5 new rooms
B)111 beds and 10 new rooms
C)114 beds and 15 new rooms
D)133 beds and 21 new rooms

Question 71

Which model states that the inmate society is shaped by external rather than internal factors?

A)deprivation
B)normalization
C)importation
D)externalization

Question 72

Who identified the pains of imprisonment; that is, five deprivations inflicted on inmates that constitute the defining elements of imprisonment?

A)Goffman
B)Sykes
C)Clemmer
D)Messinger

Question 73

What is the major theme of the inmate social code according to Sykes and Messinger?

A)group solidarity
B)a mentality
C)a hierarchical structure
D)corruption

Question 74

Chris is an Indigenous male inmate serving time in a federal facility. How will Chris NOT likely be released from incarceration?

A)statutory release
B)warrant expiry
C)parole
D)conditional release

Question 75

What does Goffman call it when inmates share their space with other inmates, who are all treated alike?

A)community centre
B)total institution
C)halfway house
D)reflexive facility

Question 76

Marko is incarcerated in federal custody in Canada. If Marko were to die in custody, what would be the most likely cause?

A)natural causes
B)murder
C)overdose
D)suicide

Question 77

What does Goffman call it when inmates' time is tightly scheduled by a body of rules and administrative orders imposed by those in charge?

A)community centre
B)total institution
C)halfway house
D)reflexive facility

Question 78

Rose and Clear (1998) argue that while offenders are viewed by many as community liabilities (e.g., victimizers) they can also be what?

A)community contributors
B)victims
C)community assets
D)benefactors

Question 79

What is the leading cause of unnatural death in Canadian prisons?

A)murder
B)old age
C)prison riot
D)suicide

Question 80

Which of the following is the basis of the inmate subculture?

A)sharing space with other inmates
B)the entire system of enforced activities
C)a unique social code of unwritten rules and guidelines
D)a social code of written rules and guidelines imposed by correctional officials