Deck 16: Performance-Enhancing Drug Abuse

Question 1

In which year did the International Olympics Committee first established rules disqualifying competitors who failed or who refused to take drug tests?

A) 1936
B) 1968
C) 1980
D) 1992

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of these was NOT one of the three reasons given for why we focus so much attention on drug use by athletes?

A) They are seen as role models for youth
B) Athletes make so much money
C) Drugs may give an unfair advantage and diminish the sport
D) The athletes may be endangering their health

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Stimulant drugs like caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are, therefore, referred to as what type of drug?

A) Androgenic
B) Pharmacokinetic
C) Ergogenic
D) Tachyphylactic

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which sport was the target of an article published by Jack Swarbick which provided tips for athletes on how to avoid being disqualified for using banned substances?

A) Boxing
B) Cycling
C) Gymnastics
D) Running sports

Question 5

What has the extensive testing of the effects of amphetamines concluded?

A) Amphetamines do not really improve athletic performances
B) Amphetamines can improve performances by a few percentage points
C) Amphetamines actually make people perform more poorly
D) Amphetamines enhance total work output by 30 percent or more

Question 6

Which person ignited what would become the BALCO Scandal?

A) Barry Bonds
B) Sylvester Stallone
C) Ben Johnson
D) Tommy Simpson

Question 7

What was one outcome of the tougher 2006 drug testing policies in Major League Baseball?

A) As many as one-fourth of the players on some teams have been permanently banned from the league
B) Steroid use has increased further, because the players now cannot use amphetamines
C) Chewing tobacco use has increased
D) More players are diagnosed with ADHD perhaps so they can have therapeutic-use exemptions to take stimulant drugs

Question 8

In the 1800s, the French cycling team endorsed Mariani's "wine for athletes" which contained which of the following?

A) Testosterone
B) Amphetamine
C) A trace of bull's blood
D) Cocaine

Question 9

The 2003 BALCO scandal involved a laboratory that was

A) Accused of taking bribes not to report positive urine tests
B) Selling amphetamines to professional football players
C) Importing testosterone from China
D) Selling a previously undetectable steroid to baseball players

Question 10

Which of the following describes the outcome that resulted when the National Football League banned the distribution of amphetamines in 1971?

A) Random urine tests were used to make sure the players were not taking them
B) There were half as many injuries as before the ban
C) Individual players could still get a prescription and use amphetamines if they wanted
D) The ban was ignored, and most teams still bought amphetamines in large quantities for their players

Question 11

After using a mixture of strychnine and brandy, what sport was Thomas Hicks participating in when he died at the completion of his competition?

A) Boxing
B) Cycling
C) Marathon
D) Wrestling

Question 12

In 2004, what ingredient was banned by the FDA that was previously included in dietary supplement after a Major League Baseball pitcher died from heatstroke after using it?

A) St. John's wort
B) Caffeine
C) Creatine
D) Ephedrine

Question 13

The 1989 Physician's Desk Reference contained which of the following statements in boldface type?

A) Anabolic steroids have been shown to enhance athletic ability.
B) Anabolic steroids have NOT been shown to enhance athletic ability.
C) Anabolic steroids have been shown to be highly addictive.
D) Anabolic steroids have NOT been shown to be highly addictive.

Question 14

Which early type of stimulant drug was reported to have been used by boxers and others?

A) Strychnine
B) Arsenic
C) Laudanum
D) Clenbuterol

Question 15

In 1995, Silken Laumann was stripped of her gold medal for rowing because she failed a drug test. What ingredient was in the drug Benadryl that was a banned substance?

A) Amphetamine
B) Ephedrine
C) Pseudoephedrine
D) Caffeine

Question 16

An American physician came back from the 1956 Olympic games after learning about the Soviets' use of a steroid drug and helped to develop and test more for what type of selective steroid?

A) Short-acting
B) Untraceable
C) Anabolic
D) Psychoactive

Question 17

What have the laboratory studies of endurance on stationary bicycles found regarding caffeine consumption?

A) Caffeine can significantly improve work output at doses of 300-500 mg
B) Caffeine can double endurance at 80 mg, the amount in a can of Red Bull
C) Caffeine does not appear to improve performance
D) Caffeine does not work as well as it did in studies of marathon runners

Question 18

Historically as well as today, where did the concerns and suspicions regarding doping originate?

A) Medial doctors
B) Coaches
C) The athletes
D) Sports officials

Question 19

During and after World War II, it was found that malnourished people could gain weight more rapidly if they were treated with which of the following?

A) Testosterone
B) Cocaine
C) Ephedrine
D) St. John's wort

Question 20

An ingested powder created by which animal's hooves was thought to help an athlete run faster?

A) An ass
B) A horse
C) A giraffe
D) A gazelle

Question 21

In 2013, how many Major League Baseball players were accused of obtaining performance-enhancing drugs, specifically human growth hormone?

A) 9
B) 13
C) 25
D) 37

Question 22

Why has it been difficult to do double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on the effects of steroids?

A) The federal government will not allow research with controlled substances
B) They produce detectable psychological effects, so the participants can tell when they are being given the steroid and when they are being given the placebo
C) The potency of the drugs is so variable from one sample to another
D) The researchers could face a massive lawsuit

Question 23

In 2013, which statement describes a situation that occurred between the MLB and the players union?

A) The MLB and the players' union reached an agreement to add a new test to reveal the use of testosterone.
B) The MLB and the players' union discussion broke down regarding whether to test for use of testosterone.
C) The MLB and the players' union reached an agreement that there would be no systemic testing of testosterone during the regular season.
D) The MLB and the players' union reached an agreement that a new test to reveal the use of testosterone could apply only to the regular season.

Question 24

The BALCO investigation led to a raid on the laboratory and the discovery of other steroids and human growth hormone.

Question 25

When applied to a drug, the word ergogenic means "energy-producing."

Question 26

Which of these was NOT mentioned as one of the psychological side effects of high doses of steroids?

A) Memory loss
B) Paranoid jealousy
C) Mood swings
D) Increased aggressiveness

Question 27

Why has it been more difficult to determine scientifically whether adult men with normal testosterone can get much stronger from using extra steroids?

A) Pure steroids have not been available for medical research
B) No drug company will fund the research
C) It would be unethical to expose research participants to the high doses of multiple steroids used by athletes
D) The FDA doesn't want to find out that they might really work

Question 28

Which widely used legal dietary supplement has been shown to increase strength?

A) Ginseng
B) Taurine
C) Creatine
D) High fructose corn syrup

Question 29

Anabolic steroids are controlled substances in Canada, listed under Schedule IV of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. As such what does this mean?

A) They must be removed from dietary supplements and are prescription-only drugs
B) They cannot be sold in Canada and it is illegal to buy or sell them
C) They are listed as controlled substances, with limited prescription refills
D) They are required to be accurately labeled when they are sold to the public

Question 30

What irreversible effects might be produced in women who use steroids to increase their strength?

A) Fluid retention
B) Increased facial hair
C) Breast enlargement
D) Mood swings

Question 31

Mariani's Coca Wine, which was sold as "wine for athletes," was an early version of a cola drink containing large amounts of caffeine.

Question 32

People of excessive size or "giants" often die at an early age because their internal organs continue to grow due to excessive production of which of the following?

A) Red blood cells
B) Testosterone
C) Creatine
D) Human growth hormone

Question 33

Clenbuterol was first detected in Olympic athletes in 1992. Originally developed as a bronchodilator for treating asthma, what is this drug?

A) An anabolic steroid
B) A beta-2 agonist
C) A serotonin agonist
D) A derivative of strychnine

Question 34

Some bodybuilders are trying to appear not only big and strong, but also lean. How is this sometimes described?

A) Hot and heavy
B) Wired or hacked
C) Cut, ripped, or shredded
D) Smooth or dry

Question 35

Our use of the word dope for illicit drugs is derived from a Dutch word used in South Africa to refer to a cheap wine.

Question 36

In the National Football League, use of both amphetamines and steroids by players was banned in 1971.

Question 37

What is an ideal body fat range for a healthy male?

A) 6 to 9 percent
B) 14 to 20 percent
C) 25 to 30 percent
D) 35 to 37 percent

Question 38

Steroid use by Major League Baseball players was brought to light by the BALCO scandal.

Question 39

Two studies in 2013 and in 2016 investigated anabolic steroid use among Canadian youth. What did the statistical comparison between the two reveal?

A) Anabolic steroid use had decreased from 6% to 3.8%.
B) Anabolic steroid use had decreased from 2% to 0.8%.
C) Anabolic steroid use had increased from 3.8% to 6%.
D) Anabolic steroid use had increased from 0.8% to 2%.

Question 40

Use of substances to enhance performance in athletic competition has been traced back to ancient Egyptians, early Greeks, and the Aztecs.

Question 41

Hormone receptor-blocking drugs have probably been used to delay puberty in female gymnasts.

Question 42

Anabolic steroids, technically known as anabolic androgenic steroids, are drugs that mimic the effects of the endogenous hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.

Question 43

Describe why the powdered hooves of an ass were used historically.

Question 44

How does Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act define growth hormones?

Question 45

Female sex hormones have been used to feminize men so that they could compete in women's events.

Question 46

According to the Major League Baseball Drug Policy, what are the specific Penalties for violating their policies relating specifically to steroid use, after the third positive test?

Question 47

Blood doping is extremely dangerous and is suspected of having caused the death of many athletes since its inception.

Question 48

What is known regarding the early use of Strychnine in sports and its consequence to the athletes who used it?

Question 49

Creatine has been shown to actually be a "fat burner."

Question 50

What was the purpose of the article published in a magazine by Jack Swarbick, and who was he?

Question 51

What are the concerns about the effects of steroid use on the body in young users who have not attained their full height?

Question 52

Some beta-2 agonists sold for treating asthma have been used by athletes as "nonsteroidal anabolic agents."

Question 53

Human growth hormones are available through prescription.

Question 54

It is acceptable for CFL athletes to use dietary supplements containing ephedrine.

Question 55

One concern about the use of high doses of steroids is increased aggressiveness, known as "roid rage."

Question 56

We have had scientific evidence of the effectiveness of amphetamines in enhancing athletic performance for over 50 years.

Question 57

What evidence exists today that described the effects of creatine?

Question 58

The use of steroids is surprisingly high among Canadian women, even higher than use by men.

Question 59

The Canadian government has not yet restricted the amount of ephedra allowed in OTC products and NHPs, which can significantly increase the ability of ripped products to promote weight loss.

Question 60

What is the possible outcome for athletes and others who use amphetamines or cocaine regularly?

Question 61

Describe the development and current state of the drug ephedrine in sports.

Question 62

Describe the role of human growth hormone on the human body and potential problems.

Question 63

How do anabolic steroids affect skeletal muscle size?

Question 64

Besides amphetamine, what other stimulant drugs have been or are being used by athletes to improve performance? Describe the current status of each of these.

Question 65

Distinguish between the terms anabolic and androgenic when referring to steroid effects. What natural male hormone does both? What happens if women use anabolic steroids?

Question 66

Increasingly, bodybuilders are seeking the look of someone who is both strong and lean, with lots of muscle definition. What is often their ideal body fat goal and what is considered the norm for men?

Question 67

Describe the development and current state of International Drug Testing.