Deck 17: Industrialorganizational Psychology

Question 1

Robert Yerkes helped I/O psychology gain respectability by proposing that psychological testing be used to _____.

A)select and hire employees
B)promote managers
C)evaluate the mental abilities of Army recruits
D)identify which children might grow up to be good teachers

Answer 1

evaluate the mental abilities of Army recruits

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an area of focus for I/O psychologists?

A)Job design
B)Vacation locations and retirement options for workers
C)Recruitment, testing, training, and evaluation of workers
D)Leadership style, worker motivation, and job satisfaction

Answer 2

Vacation locations and retirement options for workers

Question 3

Personnel recruitment begins with _____.

A)advertising
B)candidate screening
C)a job analysis
D)management requirements

Answer 3

a job analysis

Question 4

A major component of industrial psychology is to find _____.

A)"a needle in a haystack"
B)"the meaning" of work
C)"the key to occupational happiness"
D)"the right person for the right job"

Question 5

Hugo Munsterberg applied psychology to the workplace in which of the following areas?

A)Selecting workers
B)Building loyalty
C)Developing healthy competition
D)Designing more ergonomic workspaces

Question 6

I/O Psychology was an established force in the workplace:

A)by the start of World War I.
B)between World War I and World War II.
C)the end of World War II.
D)prior to the beginning of the Vietnam war.

Question 7

Industrial psychology deals with all but which of the following?

A)employee recruitment
B)job design
C)the social context of the workplace
D)a management perspective

Question 8

According to your text, the major contribution of the Hawthorne studies was the discovery that workers' behavior was _____.

A)influenced by the physical setting
B)influenced by social factors in the workplace
C)directly related to individualized training
D)indirectly related to the manager's leadership style

Question 9

A detailed description of the skills, knowledge, and abilities required by a particular job is called a(n)_____.

A)job analysis
B)job description
C)itemized task inventory
D)differential skills description

Question 10

The _____ occurs due to the novelty of being in a research situation or from the expectation of being observed.

A)halo error
B)observational bias
C)Hawthorne effect
D)spectator bias

Question 11

Organizational psychology deals with all but which of the following?

A)the employee within the social context of the workplace
B)leadership and power
C)worker motivation and satisfactions
D)the management perspective

Question 12

If you were interested in solving problems in the workplace, you might enjoy a career as a(n)_____ psychologist.

A)applied/social
B)social/environmental
C)industrial/organizational
D)clinical/counseling

Question 13

Which of the following was one of Frederick W.Taylor's principles for increasing organizational efficiency and profitability?

A)Use science to design more efficient work methods
B)Imitate strategies of successful companies
C)Build competition between managers and workers
D)Building loyalty between producers and suppliers

Question 14

Which of the following was not mandated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A)Recruiting practices and training have to be fair to all job applicants.
B)All applicants for government jobs had to take (and pass)the Army Alpha or Army Beta intelligence test.
C)Jobs that had been previously reserved for white males now must be open to ethnic minorities and women.
D)Screening tests for job applicants have to be valid predictors of job performance.

Question 15

Which of the following was NOT a suggestion of Walter Dill Scott for market improvement?

A)Imitating the strategies of successful companies
B)Encouraging competition among companies with similar goods and services
C)Building loyalty between producers and suppliers
D)Maintaining production of general rather than specialized products

Question 16

The first major figure in I/O psychology was Walter Dill Scott, who proposed that psychological principles could be applied to the field of _____.

A)industry
B)advertising
C)government
D)engineering

Question 17

Army Alpha refers to ______.

A)the first army battalion to be racially integrated.
B)the theory that leaders are born, not made.
C)the first test to measure the need for power developed during WWII.
D)the first group intelligence test developed during WWI.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the field of industrial/organizational psychology?

A)It is a field that does basic research on the skills (memory, perception, etc.)needed for most jobs.
B)It is an applied field of psychology concerned with the development and application of scientific principles to the workplace.
C)It is a field dedicated to helping underprivileged countries develop lucrative industries.
D)It is a field that is confined to performing applied research on labor-management issues.

Question 19

_____ psychology is concerned with the development and application of scientific principles to the workplace.

A)Industrial
B)Organizational
C)Industrial/Organizational
D)Business

Question 20

The Hawthorne effect was discovered in a study of the relationship between _____.

A)managers and workers
B)lighting and worker efficiency
C)Army recruits and mental ability
D)product placement and sales

Question 21

A corporate culture_____.

A)is mandated by law
B)reduces employer liability for dissatisfied workers
C)teaches new employees about important attitudes and norms
D)has to be codified in writing so that new employees have level protections

Question 22

To decrease the problem of rater bias, a 360-degree performance measure _____.

A)uses circular reasoning
B)is conducted 360 days per year
C)uses multiple sources of performance measures
D)has the employee rate him- or herself on a scale of 1 to 10 in 36 dimensions of job performance.

Question 23

A supervisor gives the salesman with the most sales a "below standards" sales evaluation just because the salesman was late to work two days in a row last week.Based on this information, this is an example of _____.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)the halo error
D)an evaluation heuristic

Question 24

In a "360-degree" performance measure, evaluations are included from all but which of the following?

A)supervisors
B)peers
C)subordinates
D)job applicants

Question 25

Which of the following is an objective performance evaluation?

A)Ivan received a moderate rating from his supervisor.
B)Keenan obtained a top rating from his peers.
C)Beatrice sold fewer widgets than any of her peers.
D)Ozelle was voted most likely to succeed in his college yearbook.

Question 26

A problem with subjective evaluations is the _____, which is the tendency to rate someone either too high or too low based on one outstanding trait.

A)subjective bias
B)halo error
C)exceptional bias
D)evaluation heuristic

Question 27

The branch of I/O psychology that focuses on the individual employee within the social context of the workplace is known as _____ psychology.

A)industrial
B)organizational
C)managerial
D)worker

Question 28

Biodata refers to _____.

A)biological rhythms used to chart employee productivity
B)biological screening for potentially costly employee health problems
C)interview records collected by I/O psychologists
D)detailed biographical information about a job applicant

Question 29

Which of the following was not a suggestion in your text for improving your interviewing skills?

A)Learn about the history and size of the company
B)Practice role-playing an interviewer
C)Try to make friends with the interviewer
D)Demonstrate eagerness and assertiveness

Question 30

A(n)_____ is a better predictor of job qualifications than a(n)_____, and it can help reduce bias on the part of the person doing the hiring.

A)structured interview; unstructured interview
B)unstructured interview; standardized psychological test
C)standardized psychological test; skills or performance test
D)job application; structured or unstructured interview

Question 31

A group's set of shared attitudes, values, and expected behaviors is called _____.

A)the organizational culture
B)the personality-job-fit theory
C)the Hawthorne effect
D)an organizational structure

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT associated with better employee performance?

A)Constructive criticism
B)Bonuses for being an employee of the company
C)Performance evaluations
D)Reinforcement that is closely related to job performance

Question 33

The most popular selection device when looking for a qualified job candidate is _____.It is found to carry the most weight

A)a job application
B)standardized psychological testing
C)an interview
D)a skills or performance test

Question 34

One way to decrease the problem of rater bias is to use a specially designed scale that assigns a numerical rating for _____.

A)performance in critical areas rather than specific traits
B)supervisor effectiveness rather than employee production
C)specific traits rather than general ones
D)departmental objectives rather than individual objectives

Question 35

Which of the following is illustrative of an organizational culture?

A)McKing's Burger Joint expects its employees to share in the promotion of its friendly dining atmosphere.
B)Sunny Manufacturers is open from 9 to 5, Monday through Friday.
C)The Department of Traffic Regulations requires its director to have a graduate degree.
D)The Blockstar Movie House conducts a formal analysis of all applicants' KSAOs before making hiring decisions.

Question 36

Which of the following is a subjective performance evaluation?

A)Ivan met his sales quota for the month.
B)Kevin made ten more cold-calls than were required during this evaluation cycle.
C)Beatrice's multisource measures showed customer, colleague, and management satisfaction with her performance.
D)Ozelle sorted the exact number of mail trays specified in her probationary employment agreement.

Question 37

If an employer used the number of cases won by a lawyer as part of his or her performance evaluation, this would be an example of _____.

A)the halo error
B)an objective measure
C)a 360-degree multisource measure
D)a subjective measure

Question 38

This is NOT one of the areas of interest in organizational psychology.

A)Leadership and power
B)Applicant evaluation
C)Job satisfaction
D)Worker motivation

Question 39

The formal procedure an organization uses to assess how well an employee is functioning at work is called a _____.

A)job analysis
B)Hawthorne appraisal
C)performance evaluation
D)KSAO evaluation

Question 40

Successful job applicants are usually _____ during an interview.

A)punctual, motivated, and extroverted
B)well-dressed, humorous, and informed
C)friendly, eager, and assertive
D)formal, informed, and verbose

Question 41

Recent findings suggest that the _____ dimensions of personality are associated with leadership.

A)OCEAN
B)BEACH
C)GPT
D)XYZ

Question 42

A leader who keeps the group focused on reaching a particular goal is _____.

A)autocratic
B)task-oriented
C)problem-focused
D)solution-oriented

Question 43

If you were a Theory X manager you might do which of the following with your employees?

A)Supervise employees closely
B)Give employees a lot of freedom to define their own roles
C)Leave employees alone, trusting that they are motivated to do their work without intervention
D)Allow employees to complete their own evaluations each year

Question 44

When groups meet to complete a task or reach a particular goal, they need someone to keep the group focused on the most immediate or relevant goal.The person that performs these functions would be considered a __________ leader.

A)task-oriented
B)relationship-oriented
C)laissez-faire
D)autocratic

Question 45

_____________ leadership helps to maintain group morale, satisfaction, and motivation.

A)Relationship-oriented
B)Task-oriented
C)Autocratic
D)Democratic

Question 46

The belief that leadership results from specific inherited personality traits is known as the _____ theory.

A)natural born leader
B)instinctive leadership
C)Great-person
D)XYZ

Question 47

_____ leaders possess a compelling vision that transforms followers' beliefs, values, or goals.

A)Formal
B)Informal
C)Charismatic
D)Self-actualized

Question 48

Douglas McGregor is associated with which of the following types of managers?

A)Theory X and Theory Y
B)Theory Y and Theory Z
C)Theory XYZ
D)Autocratic and Democratic

Question 49

Which of the following is not one of the three major perspectives attempting to explain leadership?

A)Charismatic
B)Trait
C)Situational
D)Functional

Question 50

George is the supervisor of a large software company.He believes in hiring the right people, then generally leaves them alone to do their job.His style of leadership is called _____.

A)democratic
B)autocratic
C)relationship-oriented
D)laissez-faire

Question 51

A Theory _____ manager believes that employees like to work, are industrious, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.

A)ABC
B)XYZ
C)X
D)Y

Question 52

The personality trait that has been identified as one of the strongest predictors of presidential performance is ________.

A)task effectiveness
B)participant leadership
C)democratic leadership
D)fearless dominance

Question 53

A(n)_____ leader encourages group discussion and decision-making through consensus building.

A)democratic
B)Theory X
C)authoritarian
D)laissez-faire

Question 54

___________ managers believe employees dislike work, require direction and close supervision, and have little motivation.

A)Theory Y
B)Theory C
C)Theory X
D)Theory Z

Question 55

Studies have shown that _____ leadership increases both efficiency and job satisfaction.

A)laissez-faire
B)Theory Y
C)Theory X
D)autocratic

Question 56

A(n)_____ leader emerges during times of crisis, makes all decisions, assigns tasks, and demands full obedience.

A)Theory Z
B)participative
C)Theory Y
D)autocratic

Question 57

The _____ approach to leadership suggests that a leader is task-oriented or relationship-oriented depending on the needs of the group.

A)flexible
B)functional
C)laissez-faire
D)task-oriented

Question 58

A _____ leader is minimally involved in decision-making and encourages workers to make their own decisions and manage themselves.

A)democratic
B)participative
C)laissez-faire
D)Theory X

Question 59

Which of the following has not been identified as a trait associated with charismatic leaders?

A)Self-sacrifice
B)Formal communication
C)A stirring personality style
D)Self-confidence

Question 60

The major drawback to the laissez-faire approach to leadership is that some workers ______________.

A)are not motivated
B)abuse freedom
C)need heavy supervision
D)need constant direction

Question 61

Identification with others, such as movie stars, athletes, or friends, is the basis for _____ power.

A)reward
B)referent
C)expert
D)superficial

Question 62

Marika has been doing a very good job at work, and because of this she feels that she should get an extra $1 per hour in her salary.Instead her boss buys her a membership in the "Jelly of the Month" club to thank her for her good work, and is surprised when Marika is not excited about her bonus.Which factor of inequity is occurring?

A)Wrong psychological currency
B)Hidden expectations
C)Truck bankruptcy
D)Theory X leadership

Question 63

Based on research, which of the following is not a benefit of a high level of job satisfaction?

A)Physical and psychological health
B)Retention of employees
C)Profit sharing
D)Improved productivity

Question 64

Managers who believe that setting specific and difficult but attainable goals leads to higher performance subscribe to the _____ theory.

A)expectancy
B)goal-setting This was wrong but has been fixed.
C)complex objectives
D)equity

Question 65

The practice of going to work even when one is sick is called ________.

A)absenteeism
B)illpresence
C)"sick-in-ing"
D)presenteeism

Question 66

Cheyenne works at Wonderland College.Wonderland follows a strict chain of command structure.This type of structure is an example of ________ leadership.

A)formalized
B)informal
C)trait
D)functional

Question 67

The theory that a match between a person's personality and occupation results in increased job satisfaction is known as _____.

A)expectancy theory
B)the halo effect
C)participative decision making
D)personality-job fit theory

Question 68

Edsel worked more overtime than any other autoworker, but received less pay than others doing the same job.According to equity theory, which of the following will result in a happy Edsel?

A)Edsel will tell his colleagues that he is being paid unfairly.
B)Edsel's company will have to pay Edsel the same salary that it pays the other workers who work fewer hours.
C)Edsel will have to stop working overtime.
D)Edsel will have to quit his job and look for something better.

Question 69

"Common sense" would suggest female leaders are more likely to be relationship-oriented and male leaders, task-oriented.Research suggests _____.

A)there are large, significant gender differences that support this common sense belief
B)within gender differences are substantially less than between gender differences
C)that the reverse is, in fact, more accurate.
D)between gender differences are far less significant than those that occur within gender groups

Question 70

When a parent "grounds" a teenager or a police officer gives a ticket, they are using their _____ power.

A)legitimate
B)coercive
C)referent
D)relationship

Question 71

_____ power is based on experience.

A)Legitimate
B)Referent
C)Authoritative
D)Expert

Question 72

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

A)Legitimate power: police officer
B)Expert power: president
C)Referent power: movie star
D)Reward power: bonuses

Question 73

In French and Raven's theory of leadership power, ________ is not a type of power that was included.

A)referent
B)autocratic
C)legitimate
D)reward

Question 74

Legitimate power is based on _____.

A)the ability to reward desired behavior
B)the ability to punish undesirable behavior
C)the credibility of a job title
D)experience and expertise

Question 75

According to expectancy theory, which of the following is NOT a question workers ask themselves before deciding whether or not to work hard?

A)Will I be rewarded for my work?
B)Is the reward being offered something that I want?
C)Will the effort I put into my work be recognized and appreciated by the company?
D)Will coworkers resent me if I work harder than they do?

Question 76

When a work group is unhappy and feels out of control, the best leadership style to take would be _____.

A)laissez-faire
B)participative
C)relationship-oriented
D)task-oriented

Question 77

A leader who places a high emphasis on employee morale, satisfaction, and motivation is _____.

A)functional
B)democratic
C)relationship-oriented
D)participative

Question 78

The idea that worker motivation is dependent on expected outcomes, the desirability of those outcomes, and the effort needed to achieve them is called _____ theory.

A)outcome
B)expectancy
C)desirable outcome
D)EDE

Question 79

A teacher's power to grade, a supervisor's power to promote, and a parent's power to praise are all examples of _____ power.

A)coercive
B)legitimate
C)reward
D)referent

Question 80

___________ power is the ability to use punishment, or threat of it, for failure to comply with desired behavior.

A)Reward
B)Expert
C)Coercive