Deck 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Question 1

A 22-year-old pregnant woman presents to her OB-GYN for a prenatal checkup. The fetal heartbeat sounds irregular, and a fetal echocardiogram reveals an atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect. What is this condition a result of?

A) Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close
B) Incomplete fusion of the endocardial cushions
C) A patent foramen ovale
D) A right-to-left shunt

Answer 1

Incomplete fusion of the endocardial cushions

Question 2

Intrauterine exposure to which factor could be responsible for a diagnosis of congenital heart disease?

A) Diabetes
B) Alcohol exposure
C) Viral infection
D) Dextroamphetamine

Answer 2

Viral infection

Question 3

A newborn is suspected of having coarctation of the aorta. Which of the following assessments would aid in diagnosis?

A) Cyanosis
B) Bounding pedal pulses
C) Cool arms
D) Weak or absent femoral pulses

Answer 3

Weak or absent femoral pulses

Question 4

An infant undergoes an echocardiogram for a suspected heart defect. Tests reveal an opening in the middle of the atrial septum. What term would the nurse use to describe this defect?

A) Ostium primum
B) Ostium secundum
C) Sinus venosus
D) Eisenmenger syndrome

Question 5

What is the most common type of congenital heart defect assessed for in infants?

A) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
B) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
C) Tetralogy of Fallot
D) Atrioventricular canal defect

Question 6

A 2-week-old infant who presents with poor feeding, fatigue, dyspnea, and a murmur is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). What does this condition result in?

A) Decreased pulmonary blood flow
B) Right-to-left shunt
C) Left-to-right shunt
D) Increased systemic blood flow

Question 7

An 8-week-old infant's well-baby check reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram shows a large ventricular septal defect. If left untreated, what condition could develop?

A) Pulmonary hypertension
B) Cyanosis
C) Dysrhythmias
D) Valve damage

Question 8

An 8-week-old infant presents to the pediatrician for a well-baby checkup. Physical examination reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect. Which genetic disorder is likely to accompany this diagnosis?

A) Huntington's disease
B) Colour blindness
C) Down syndrome
D) Hemophilia

Question 9

A 1-month-old infant visits his primary care provider for a well-baby check. Physical examination reveals decreased cardiac output, hypotension, tachycardia, and a loud murmur suggestive of aortic stenosis. Which condition would be expected with this diagnosis?

A) Atrial dilation
B) Ventricular hypertrophy
C) Atrial rigidity
D) Decreased contractility

Question 10

A 1-month-old infant was diagnosed with truncus arteriosus (TA) with a ventricular septal defect. What does this condition result in?

A) Hypertrophy of the aorta and major arteries
B) Transposition of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
C) The aorta returning blood to the right atrium
D) Blood from both ventricles mixing in a common vessel

Question 11

What term is used to describe the patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in a fetus?

A) Foramen ovale
B) Sinus venosus
C) Ductus arteriosus
D) Septal defect

Question 12

A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. A diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis (PS) is made after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the pulmonary:

A) tree.
B) artery.
C) valve.
D) vein.

Question 13

A 1-year-old female with a ventricular septal defect is experiencing left-sided heart failure. Which symptom will most likely occur?

A) Failure to thrive
B) Increased urinary output
C) Jaundice
D) Flat neck veins

Question 14

A 3-year-old male is diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. What is the most likely cause of Kawasaki disease?

A) A genetic defect causing left heart failure
B) Autoimmune injury to the lymphatic vessels
C) Infectious pericarditis
D) Inflammation of the small capillaries, arteries, and veins

Question 15

A 5-year-old female is found to have hypertension during three separate visits to her primary care provider. The nurse would expect the hypertension to be secondary to which condition?

A) Kidney disease
B) Brain tumour
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hyponatremia

Question 16

A newborn experiences frequent periods of cyanosis, usually occurring during crying or after feeding. Which cardiac diagnosis does this history support?

A) Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect
B) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
C) Tetralogy of Fallot
D) Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Question 17

A newborn child has a murmur and is cyanotic. An echocardiogram reveals that the tricuspid valve failed to develop and so no blood flows between the right atrium and ventricle. What is the term for this condition?

A) Tricuspid regurgitation
B) Tricuspid stenosis
C) Tricuspid atresia
D) Tricuspid transposition

Question 18

Coarctation of the aorta is the local narrowing of the aorta near the:

A) aortic valve.
B) ductus arteriosus.
C) diaphragm.
D) bifurcation into the common iliac arteries.

Question 19

A newborn child is diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. What symptoms would the nurse expect to observe in the child?

A) High-pitched cry and dyspnea
B) Cyanosis and hypoxia
C) Leg pain and twitching
D) Epistaxis and anemia

Question 20

A newborn is severely cyanotic. An echocardiogram reveals transposition of the great arteries. What is the characteristic defect associated with this condition?

A) The pulmonary artery leaving the right ventricle
B) The aorta leaving the right ventricle
C) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
D) Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Question 21

When the pediatrician cardiologist discusses total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, which of the following statements best describes this condition?

A) The foramen ovale closes after birth.
B) Pulmonary veins join the right atrium.
C) Pulmonary veins join the left atrium.
D) The foramen ovale does not close.

Question 22

A 40-year-old pregnant woman is concerned about the health of her unborn child. She has phenylketonuria (PKU) and recently had a viral infection. If the child is born with a congenital heart defect, which of the following is the most likely based on the mother's history? (Select all that apply.)

A) Coarctation of the aorta
B) Pulmonic stenosis
C) Ventricular septal defect
D) Patent ductus arteriosus
E) Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 23

A newborn child is diagnosed with trisomy 18. Which of the following congenital heart defects should the nurse assess for in the infant? (Select all that apply.)

A) Patent ductus
B) Coarctation of the aorta
C) Atrioventricular canal defect
D) Ventricular septal defect
E) Pulmonary stenosis