Deck 9: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Alex is playing in a room with his mother nearby.Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and rushes to his mother's side.When his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment,Alex wails and cries.However,when his mother returns,he runs to her,and instead of giving her a hug,he punches her in the arm.What type of attachment pattern is Alex demonstrating?

A)avoidant attachment pattern
B)secure attachment pattern
C)ambivalent attachment pattern
D)disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

Answer 1

ambivalent attachment pattern

Question 2

Children who show the __________ attachment pattern show inconsistent,contradictory,and confused behavior,such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her.

A)ambivalent
B)disorganized-disoriented
C)avoidant
D)secure

Answer 2

disorganized-disoriented

Question 3

Romeo seems indifferent to the presence or absence of his mother as he plays.When she leaves the room to answer the telephone,Romeo barely notices and doesn't seem particularly distressed.What attachment style has Romeo developed with his mother?

A)disorganized
B)avoidant
C)secure
D)ambivalent

Answer 3

avoidant

Question 4

What percentage of 1-year-olds fall into the ambivalent attachment classification?

A)5 to 10 percent
B)5 to 15 percent
C)10 to 15 percent
D)15 to 20 percent

Question 5

A child who does not seek proximity to the mother and,after she leaves the room,does not look distressed,is exhibiting __________.

A)avoidant attachment
B)secure attachment
C)Bowlby regression
D)anxious attachment

Question 6

What conclusion did Harry Harlow reach based on his research with infant monkeys?

A)Monkeys will seek food at any cost,illustrating an innate tendency for survival.
B)When deprived of a caregiver,monkeys will die within an average of six weeks.
C)Contact comfort was more important than food for monkeys during this developmental stage.
D)Availability of food is the basis for forming attachment with a caregiver.

Question 7

Which term refers to psychological problems that arise when the development of attachment has been severely disrupted?

A)disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern
B)ambivalent attachment pattern
C)reactive attachment disorder
D)avoidant attachment pattern

Question 8

Nine-month-old Todd and ten-month-old Roy are sitting in the play area together at their daycare center.They smile at each other and present and accept toys from each other.Their behavior is an example of __________.

A)modeling
B)infant sociability
C)interactional synchrony
D)mutual regulation

Question 9

When a caregiver responds appropriately to an infant,and the caregiver and the child's emotional states match,it is called __________.

A)secure attachment
B)ambivalent attachment
C)face-to-face interaction
D)interactional synchrony

Question 10

When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment in which the mother is used as a "home base" and the child is at ease when she is present,but the child gets upset when she leaves,it is called the __________.

A)Bowlby safety pattern
B)Ainsworth attachment pattern
C)secure attachment pattern
D)strange situation response

Question 11

Why has the role of fathers been given comparatively little attention in the research literature of attachment theory?

A)It was determined early in the process of investigating attachment that fathers play an insignificant role in childrearing.
B)Fathers have historically been unwilling to participate in research studies involving children.
C)Mothers have been shown to consistently evoke secure attachment from infants,whereas fathers have been shown to consistently evoke disorganized attachment from infants.
D)Attachment theory was developed at a time when traditional views assigned a much more important role to mothers in the caregiving process.

Question 12

Newborn goslings have an innate tendency to follow the first moving object they see after being hatched.Which researcher observed this behavior that takes place during a critical period for the gosling?

A)Mary Ainsworth
B)Harry Harlow
C)John Bowlby
D)Konrad Lorenz

Question 13

Which attachment style is characterized by high degrees of distress and agitation under a variety of circumstances?

A)ambivalent attachment pattern
B)avoidant attachment pattern
C)secure attachment pattern
D)disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

Question 14

What is considered the hallmark of secure attachment?

A)The child never cries and is stable enough to not demand face-to-face interactions with the caregiver.
B)The caregiver responds to the child constantly,to the point of being overly responsive.
C)The caregiver is sensitive to the child's needs,is aware of the child's moods,can discriminate the infant's signals,and is responsive,warm,and affectionate.
D)The child has no fear of strangers and demonstrates that she or he is equally comfortable with unfamiliar adults as with the caregiver.

Question 15

What is the term for a sequence of staged episodes that reveals the strength of attachment between a child and a caregiver?

A)Secure Attachment Assessment
B)Harlow Comfort Comparison
C)Ainsworth Strange Situation
D)Bowlby Caregiver Analysis

Question 16

How do developmentalists conceptualize attachment?

A)parental attention devoted toward a specific child,but that differs from sibling to sibling in a family
B)a loving connection that develops between any two people
C)the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
D)a feeling of "belonging" that develops among family members

Question 17

Which structures in the brain are activated when a person observes someone performing a behavior?

A)neural ganglia
B)medulla oblongata
C)cerebellar glia
D)mirror neurons

Question 18

When a child experiences pleasure with a person,or experiences comfort from that person when in distress,it is said that the child has __________.

A)made a friend
B)formed an attachment
C)found a parental figure
D)learned not to be lonely

Question 19

The propensity of 10-month-old Chester to tug at the straps on his beanie,remove his hat,and inspire the other children at the daycare center to repeat the same actions is an example of __________.

A)early manifestation of a behavior problem
B)the immaturity level of his development,which may require special intervention
C)an "expert" baby who is able to teach skills and information to other infants
D)a distressed attachment pattern

Question 20

The dysfunction of __________ may be related to the development of disorders involving theory of mind,such as autism.

A)interactional synchrony
B)mirror neurons
C)the basal ganglia
D)the cerebellum

Question 21

Which term refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior?

A)learning theory
B)social referencing
C)theory of mind
D)self-awareness

Question 22

By what age has an infant first begun to understand the emotions that lie behind the facial and vocal expressions of others?

A)2 months
B)4 months
C)6 months
D)12 months

Question 23

__________ can be used to demonstrate the limits to a 3-year-old child's theory of mind.

A)Learning theory
B)Social referencing
C)The false belief task
D)The concept of other-awareness

Question 24

Rhonda's mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time,and Rhonda's behavior changes from a calm,happy baby,to a crying,cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother.Rhonda is demonstrating __________.

A)caregiver decay
B)stranger anxiety
C)separation anxiety
D)activation synthesis

Question 25

According to a review of telephone calls to suicide hotlines,the predominant adolescent difficulty that leads to a suicide attempt is __________.

A)an eating disorder
B)pregnancy
C)psychological disorders
D)family problems

Question 26

Which term describes a child's intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events?

A)social smiling
B)nonverbal decoding
C)social referencing
D)nonverbal encoding

Question 27

The __________,located in the brain's temporal lobes,is central to the experience of emotions and provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and a later memory of that stimulus.

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)prefrontal cortex
D)lateral cortex

Question 28

The rate of adolescent suicide in the United States has __________ over the past 30 years.

A)doubled
B)tripled
C)quadrupled
D)remained the same

Question 29

Which attribute is a likely cause of major depressive disorder in adolescent females?

A)genetically linked depression is more prevalent on the X chromosome
B)hormonal imbalance in females
C)traditional gender roles for girls produce multiple and conflicting demands
D)girls' tendency to react to stress by turning it outward,toward aggression

Question 30

Which term describes the wariness displayed by infants when they encounter an unfamiliar person?

A)nonverbal decoding
B)separation anxiety
C)stranger anxiety
D)social anxiety

Question 31

Mothers of 1-month-old infants have reported that __________.

A)they observed little nonverbal expression in their children
B)only joy was observed in their children by that age
C)they felt their child had shown expressions of interest and joy
D)their children had experienced no recognizable emotions during the first month of life

Question 32

One-month-old Jerry is upset,and his facial expression shows that he is in distress.This is an example of __________.

A)nonverbal emergence
B)nonverbal expression of emotion
C)normative communication
D)cultural interpretation

Question 33

Why do adolescent boys succeed in committing suicide more often than adolescent girls?

A)Boys attempt suicide at a greater rate than girls.
B)Boys experience more serious episodes of major depressive disorder than girls.
C)Boys experience more social stigma for attempting suicide than girls.
D)Boys tend to use more violent means to attempt suicide.

Question 34

Four-month-old Jermaine is playing and smiling at his father.Jermaine is demonstrating __________.

A)social smiling
B)stranger anxiety
C)nonverbal decoding
D)random neural activity

Question 35

Which term refers to an infant's ability to interpret others' facial and vocal emotional expressions?

A)nonverbal encoding
B)nonverbal decoding
C)social smiling
D)communication detachment

Question 36

Which developmental theory focuses on how people gradually withdraw from the world on multiple levels?

A)disengagement theory
B)activity theory
C)continuity theory
D)compensational theory

Question 37

Basic facial expressions of emotion,called nonverbal __________,are fairly consistent among people of all ages.

A)emergence
B)discrimination
C)encoding
D)communication

Question 38

Which factor is an important influence on whether an adolescent suffers from major depressive disorder?

A)having more than four siblings
B)having an alcoholic or depressed parent
C)feeling popular and pressure to maintain a particular image
D)divorce or breakup of the nuclear family

Question 39

Being able to adjust one's emotions to achieve a desired state is a hallmark of which activity?

A)emotional instability
B)empathy
C)adolescent identity
D)emotional self-regulation

Question 40

At approximately what age does a baby begin to demonstrate social referencing?

A)4 to 6 months
B)8 to 9 months
C)12 to 14 months
D)18 months

Question 41

The ego-integrity-versus-despair stage of psychosocial development is characterized by which process?

A)reexamining one's accomplishments and making future goals
B)looking back over one's life,evaluating it,and coming to terms with it
C)preparing for death
D)making personality changes

Question 42

According to psychologist George Vaillant,what is the significance of "keeping the meaning?"

A)Adults seek to extract the meaning from their lives,and accept the strengths and weaknesses of others.
B)Adults seek to distinguish truths from non-truths in their lives.
C)Adults seek to maintain the history of their family as a legacy for their offspring.
D)Adults seek to make significant changes in their world before they become too old to make a difference.

Question 43

Which traits comprise the "Big Five" dimensions of personality?

A)selfishness,shyness,aggressiveness,neuroticism,and self-confidence
B)neuroticism,extroversion,openness,agreeableness,and conscientiousness
C)likeability,extroversion,aggressiveness,self-confidence,and trustworthiness
D)loyalty,self-confidence,openness,deceptiveness,and aggression

Question 44

Which of the "Big Five" personality traits pertains to the degree to which a person is moody,anxious,and self-critical?

A)extroversion
B)openness
C)conscientiousness
D)neuroticism

Question 45

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual are called __________.

A)personality
B)temperament
C)genetic predispositions
D)inherited characteristics

Question 46

What factor led to the development of activity theory as an explanation for successful aging?

A)lack of support for continuity theory
B)lack of correlational factors
C)too little data in longitudinal studies
D)lack of support for disengagement theory

Question 47

According to gerontologist Robert Butler,what triggers a life review?

A)being hospitalized
B)the obvious prospect of one's death
C)confinement to a nursing home
D)dementia

Question 48

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have negative moods,are slow to adapt to new situations,and tend to withdraw when confronted with a new situation?

A)slow-to-warm babies
B)easy babies
C)difficult babies
D)high intensity babies

Question 49

Which theory of aging proposes that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem?

A)disengagement theory
B)activity theory
C)continuity theory
D)compensational theory

Question 50

According to Daniel Levinson,people around the ages of 40 or 45 move into a period of questioning called __________,and focus on the finite nature of life.

A)fulfillment seeking
B)midlife transition
C)stagnation
D)crisis

Question 51

Which theory proposes that successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests,activities,and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age?

A)disengagement theory
B)activity theory
C)continuity theory
D)compensational theory

Question 52

According to Erik Erikson,between roughly ages 6 to 12 years,children go through a period characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents,peers,school.This challenge is called __________ .

A)inferiority-versus-superiority
B)industry-versus-inferiority
C)social comparison
D)puberty

Question 53

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition,whose bodily functions operate regularly,and who are adaptable?

A)difficult babies
B)easy babies
C)slow-to-warm babies
D)low intensity babies

Question 54

Which factor is essential in determining happiness in late adulthood,according to continuity theory?

A)autonomy,independence,and control over one's life
B)physical flexibility
C)having grandchildren
D)maintaining a relationship with a long-time committed partner

Question 55

Joyce is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for her newborn child.Joyce believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life,it is critical that she make herself available to meet her child's needs and provide needed attention.Erik Erikson would say that Joyce's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development?

A)critical attachment stage
B)trust-versus-mistrust stage
C)autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
D)temperament behavior stage

Question 56

According to Erikson,the developmental focus during young adulthood is __________.

A)career success
B)providing for self and family
C)developing close,intimate relationships with others
D)taking care of physical health

Question 57

Mollie is 68 years old and has been retired for 2 years.She is discussing with her daughter plans to pursue different activities with each of her grandchildren now that she is no longer working.According to Robert Peck,Mollie is in what developmental stage?

A)ego-integrity-versus-despair
B)ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
C)body transcendence versus body preoccupation
D)redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role

Question 58

The preschool years largely encompass what Erikson called the __________ stage of psychosocial development.

A)self-awareness
B)autonomy-versus-shame
C)individualistic orientation
D)initiative-versus-guilt

Question 59

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development considers __________.

A)how an adult can maintain memories from when she or he was an infant that affect life as an adult
B)how an infant's perception of self can best be assessed
C)how children develop independence from their parents
D)how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' and their own behavior

Question 60

Which characteristic is an example of temperament in babies?

A)how well-attached the baby is to its mother
B)the baby's appetite
C)the quality of the baby's mood
D)the presence of both parents in the household

Question 61

Describe emotions that a child can express from birth to about age 2 years.What does the developmental sequence of emotional expressions indicate about the nature of emotional experience?

Question 62

Communication that involves __________,in which the mother and child experience matching emotional states,helps to produce a beneficial attachment pattern.

A)interactional synchrony
B)intermittent reinforcement
C)secure attachment
D)mutual symmetry

Question 63

In situations where the development of attachment has been severely disrupted,children may suffer from __________,usually as the result of abuse or neglect.

A)attachment confusion disorder
B)ambivalent attachment syndrome
C)reactive attachment disorder
D)disoriented detachment syndrome

Question 64

Erikson's theory is built on the __________,which suggests that unconscious influences affect our behavior.

A)environmental hypothesis
B)personal initiative theory
C)psychodynamic perspective
D)generativity approach

Question 65

The ability to genuinely experience the emotions of others,known as __________,develops in middle childhood.

A)empathy
B)self-regulation
C)sympathy
D)social awareness

Question 66

Most research has not found support for Levinson's theory that adults in their 40s experience a __________,a stage of uncertainty and indecision as they realize that their time on earth is finite.

A)course correction
B)reality check
C)midlife crisis
D)countdown period

Question 67

Describe the four attachment styles identified by researchers,and apply each style to Margo,a 1-year-old in Ainsworth's Strange Situation.

Question 68

Being unpopular,having few close friends,and rejection are all associated with adolescent __________.

A)neurology
B)identity
C)anxiety
D)depression

Question 69

__________ theory suggests that happiness in late adulthood involves a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical,psychological,and social levels.

A)Stability
B)Independence
C)Disengagement
D)Self-fulfillment

Question 70

Explain why the "midlife crisis" is a myth.

Question 71

At __________ months of age,infants generally learn to present and accept toys.

A)4-6
B)6-9
C)9-12
D)12-15

Question 72

At 8 to 9 months,infants begin to use __________,the intentional search for information about others' feelings,to help clarify the meaning of uncertain situations.

A)social gauging
B)emotional decoding
C)self-assessment
D)social referencing

Question 73

Describe what you should do if you suspect someone is contemplating suicide.

Question 74

Which of the following are some of the Big Five personality traits?

A)calmness and anger
B)conscientiousness and extroversion
C)moodiness and stability
D)happiness and sadness

Question 75

According to Erikson,we pass through the __________ stage in the first 18 months of life,the outcome of which largely depends on how well our caretakers have met our needs.

A)approach-versus-withdrawal
B)dependency-versus-autonomy
C)intimacy-versus-isolation
D)trust-versus-mistrust

Question 76

__________ fire not only when a child enacts a particular behavior but also when the child simply observes another person carrying out the same behavior.

A)Attachment neurons
B)Sensitivity neurons
C)Twin neurons
D)Mirror neurons

Question 77

__________ describes the relationship between a child's particular temperament and the nature and demands of the child's environment.

A)Adaptability
B)Goodness of fit
C)Social stability
D)Quality of mood

Question 78

__________,the wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person,arises as an infant's capacity for memory increases.

A)Separation anxiety
B)Environmental anxiety
C)Stranger anxiety
D)Emotional anxiety

Question 79

One-year-olds show four major attachment patterns: secure,avoidant,__________ and disorganized-disoriented.

A)diverse
B)stable
C)ambivalent
D)dependent

Question 80

Describe the stages of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development during the early years of a child's life.