Deck 36: The Stormy Sixties

Question 1

As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

A) whites left the South in record numbers.
B) centuries of discrimination and oppression ended.
C) whites refused to do business with blacks.
D) white southerners began to court black votes.
E) the South became strongly Democratic.

Answer 1

white southerners began to court black votes.

Question 2

Identify and state the historical significance of Michael Harrington.

Answer 2

Author of The Other America which exposed that 20 percent of Americans and 40 percent of black Americans were living in poverty.

Question 3

Some advocates of Black Power, recollecting the black nationalist movement of the Marcus Garvey, made the movement the basis for

A) emphasizing African-American distinctiveness and separatism.
B) upholding the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
C) violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
D) encouraging the end of racially based identity and culture.
E) promoting affirmative action in education and employment.

Answer 3

emphasizing African-American distinctiveness and separatism.

Question 4

Identify and state the historical significance of Elijah Muhammad.

Question 5

Identify and state the historical significance of John F. Kennedy.

Question 6

After the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, the chief goal of the black Civil Rights movement in the South became to

A) secure the right to vote.
B) end discrimination in housing.
C) gain equality in education.
D) prohibit racial discrimination in employment.
E) integrate private social clubs and organizations.

Question 7

Identify and state the historical significance of Malcolm X

Question 8

Identify and state the historical significance of Lyndon B. Johnson.

Question 9

Identify and state the historical significance of Robert F. Kennedy.

Question 10

Identify and state the historical significance of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Question 11

By 1972, public schools in the South were

A) integrated at higher rates than schools in the North.
B) integrated at lower rates than schools in the North.
C) taught primarily by teachers trained in northern colleges.
D) continuing to close their doors rather than admit blacks to all-white schools.
E) the final hold-outs against efforts at racial equality.

Question 12

The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

A) creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
B) prohibiting discrimination based on gender.
C) banning sexual as well as racial discrimination.
D) banning racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public.
E) requiring affirmative action against discrimination.

Question 13

The militant African-American leader who most directly challenged Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goal of peaceful integration was

A) Medgar Evers.
B) Malcolm X.
C) Fannie Lou Hamer.
D) Andrew Young.
E) Ralph Abernathy.

Question 14

By the late 1960s, Black Power advocates in the North focused their attention primarily on

A) housing.
B) school integration.
C) voting rights.
D) black separation.
E) economic demands.

Question 15

The common use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the

A) Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B) Voting Rights Act of 1965.
C) Twenty-Fourth Amendment.
D) Twenty-Third Amendment.
E) Twenty-Fifth Amendment.

Question 16

As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

A) the sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.
B) the number of immigrants entering the country was reduced.
C) the racial and ethnic makeup of the country was unchanged.
D) the sources of immigration tilted to Eastern Europe.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 17

Identify and state the historical significance of Barry Goldwater.

Question 18

The Watts riot in 1965 symbolized

A) the still-troubled racial situation in the South.
B) the rise of the Black Muslim movement in Los Angeles.
C) a more militant and confrontational phase of the Civil Rights movement.
D) the power of Martin Luther King in the black community.
E) the ineffectiveness of the Voting Rights Act.

Question 19

Identify and state the historical significance of Robert S. McNamara.

Question 20

Identify and state the historical significance of Charles de Gaulle.

Question 21

The skepticism about authority that emerged in the United States during the 1960s

A) was a new phenomenon for America.
B) did not occur anywhere else in the world at that time.
C) touched all institutions except religion.
D) had deep historical roots in American culture.
E) arose from the music and drugs of the time.

Question 22

The 1968 Tet offensive resulted in

A) the Viet Cong's takeover of most of South Vietnam's major cities.
B) a request from American generals to send an additional 200,000 American troops to Vietnam.
C) a tactical defeat for the Viet Cong.
D) a political defeat for the United States.
E) a negotiated settlement of the war.

Question 23

Explain how America's involvement in Vietnam "presented a grisly demonstration" of how "the doctrine of 'flexible response' ... contained lethal logic."

Question 24

During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the CIA, in clear violation of its charter, to

A) lead an invasion of Cambodia.
B) spy on domestic antiwar protestors.
C) infiltrate FBI headquarters.
D) help destabilize the government of Thailand.
E) protect prowar presidential candidates.

Question 25

Both major-party presidential candidates in 1968 agreed that the United States should

A) negotiate an immediate end to the Vietnam War.
B) withdraw U.S. troops to safe enclaves.
C) withdraw American forces from Vietnam.
D) escalate the bombing of North Vietnam.
E) continue the war in pursuit of an honorable peace.

Question 26

Aerial bombardment in Vietnam by the Johnson administration

A) worked very well.
B) strengthened the communists' will in North Vietnam and in South Vietnam to resist American efforts to persuade them to sue for peace.
C) strengthened the will of America's South Vietnamese allies to fight.
D) had no effect on the war.
E) destroyed North Vietnamese industry.

Question 27

Former Vice President Richard Nixon essentially won the 1968 presidential election by

A) promising to escalate the Vietnam War and win a decisive victory there.
B) repudiating Goldwater conservatives and running as a liberal Republican.
C) re-asserting the Republican party's historic commitment to civil rights and civil liberties.
D) arguing that the Vietnam War had been a mistake from the beginning.
E) exploiting Democratic divisions and appealing to moderately conservative law and order sentiment.

Question 28

The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam policy

A) came with the bombing of Cambodia.
B) occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned.
C) was the Tet offensive of 1968.
D) occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee held public hearings on the war.
E) came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the United States.

Question 29

The political challenge to President Johnson's Vietnam policies gained great momentum when

A) the Senate voted to cut off funds for any further escalation of the war.
B) the favorite for the Republican nomination, Richard Nixon, began opposing the war.
C) third-party challenger George Wallace began criticizing Johnson.
D) Vice President Hubert Humphrey turned against Johnson's policies.
E) Senator Eugene McCarthy nearly defeated Johnson in the New Hampshire Democratic primary.

Question 30

The spoiler third-party candidate for president in 1968 was

A) Nelson Rockefeller.
B) Hubert H. Humphrey.
C) Eugene McCarthy.
D) George Wallace.
E) Curtis LeMay.

Question 31

The 1968 Democratic party convention witnessed

A) a long deadlock over the nomination of its presidential candidate.
B) a violent conflict between police and anti-war demonstrators outside the convention hall.
C) a walkout by hundreds of southern delegates, who then founded the Independent party.
D) the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy soon after he delivered a speech at the convention.
E) the enthusiastic nomination of Vice President Humphrey.

Question 32

The focal point of congressional opposition to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam War policy was

A) the Republican party in both the Senate and the House.
B) the Senate office of Vice President Hubert Humphrey.
C) Senator Richard Russell's Armed Services Committee.
D) the House Ways and Means Committee.
E) Senator William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee.

Question 33

Barry Goldwater, the Republican party's 1964 presidential candidate, opposed

A) the Tennessee Valley Authority.
B) the Social Security system.
C) civil rights legislation.
D) the nuclear test-ban treaty.
E) the federal income tax.

Question 34

The attempt to nominate an anti-war Democratic candidate for president in 1968 suffered a crippling blow when

A) Senator Eugene McCarthy withdrew from the race before the Democratic convention.
B) Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California primary.
C) pro-war vice president Hubert Humphrey won the Oregon and California primaries.
D) militant leftist demonstrators at the Chicago convention caused a backlash in favor of Humphrey.
E) public opinion turned back in favor of the war after the Tet offensive.

Question 35

In the worldwide youthful protests of 1968, the movement in ____ succeeded in toppling the government, while the movement in ____ ended in harsh repression and failure.

A) the United States; France
B) Poland; France
C) Germany; Britain
D) France; Czechoslovakia
E) Japan; the United States

Question 36

President Johnson's legislative program after his election in 1964 included

A) Medicare health insurance for the elderly.
B) massive federal aid for education.
C) a voting-rights act to re-enfranchise black voters.
D) immigration reform that abolished the "national origins" quota.
E) clean air and clean water laws.

Question 37

The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was

A) the Mattachine Society headquarters (Los Angeles).
B) Fire Island, New York.
C) Key West, Florida.
D) Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana).
E) the Stonewall Inn (New York City).

Question 38

The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict by bringing into constant, direct conflict

A) Americans and Israelis.
B) Israel and Saudi Arabia.
C) Israel and the United States on the one hand and the Arabs and the Soviet Union on the other.
D) the Israeli government and Jewish settlers on the West Bank.
E) Israelis and Palestinians.

Question 39

Substantial opposition to America's commitment to Vietnam between 1965 and 1968 came from

A) America's European allies.
B) Congress.
C) the American public.
D) many draft registrants.
E) Senators Robert Kennedy and Eugene McCarthy.

Question 40

The three P's that largely explain the cultural upheavals of the 1960s are

A) poverty, political radicalism, and protest against authority.
B) public schools, parietal rules, and parental restrictions.
C) population bulge, protest against Vietnam, and prosperity.
D) patriotism, prowar enthusiasm, and perfectionism.
E) the pill, pot, and popular rock music.

Question 41

Do you agree with the text authors that Martin Luther King, Jr., was "one of the most inspirational leaders in [American] history," who "left a shining legacy of racial progress"? Why or why not?

Question 42

Were the cultural protests of the 1960 inside the United States connected to the political protests inside the United States in terms of similar themes, goals and objectives, and methods? Why or why not? Give specific examples to support your point of view.

Question 43

How did the Republicans' nomination of the ultraconservative Senator Barry Goldwater in 1964 pave the way for Lyndon Johnson's sweeping Great Society legislation?

Question 44

Explain why President Johnson was more successful than President Kennedy in getting domestic reform legislation through Congress.

Question 45

What was the impact of the 1960s cultural rebellions on education, religion, and the family?

Question 46

Compare and contrast John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson as presidential leaders. In what ways were they similar, and in what ways were they different? Which do you consider the better president? Why? Should either of them be ranked among America's ten best presidents? Why or why not?

Question 47

Do you agree that the political protests in the United States and in Western Europe were partly fueled by the baby boom population bulge and the economic affluence of the times? Would there have been rebellions in the United States and in Western Europe even if the Vietnam War had not occurred?

Question 48

Why did so much of the idealistic youthful political movements and counterculture end in disillusionment and cynicism? Could those movements have taken a different turn under different circumstances, such as if President Johnson had concluded a peace treaty ending American involvement in the Vietnam War and if the political assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., Robert F. Kennedy, and Malcolm X during the 1960s had not occurred?

Question 49

Which of Lyndon Johnson's Big Four Great Society legislative achievements had the most long-term impact on American society: federal aid to education, Medicare and Medicaid, immigration reform, or the Voting Rights Act of 1965? Defend your answer.

Question 50

Why do you think President Johnson's Vietnam policy of "a fine-tuned, step-by-step increase in American force [that] would drive the enemy to defeat with a minimum loss of life on both sides" was unsuccessful? What hawkish and dovish policy alternatives did President Johnson possess in Vietnam? Which, if any, of these Vietnam policy alternatives likely would have been successful? Why would your selected Vietnam policy alternative have stood a reasonable probability of success?

Question 51

Why was Richard M. Nixon, with his "loser's image," able to win the presidential election of 1968? What issues and events worked to his advantage?

Question 52

Even though Senator Barry Goldwater was buried in Lyndon Johnson's landslide victory in 1964, he is often seen as the forerunner of the later rise of conservatism in American politics. What explains the longer-term appeal of Goldwater-style conservatism? Why was he able to make so little headway in 1964?

Question 53

Evaluate President Johnson's Great Society program. Do you think that its goals were realistic? Admirable? Why did it receive such heavy support in Congress?

Question 54

Explain why the Civil Rights movement became more radical and violent as the 1960s progressed. What changes occurred in the motives, assumptions, and leadership of the movement?

Question 55

In what ways were the American political and cultural upheavals of the 1960s simply part of a worldwide uprising by affluent young people against traditional authority? Was there anything that made American protest unique compared with similar movements in France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and other places?

Question 56

Would the outcome of the 1968 election have been substantially different if Senator Robert Kennedy had not been assassinated? Would Kennedy have been more effective than Hubert Humphrey in overcoming the deep Democratic divisions of that year?

Question 57

How did the mainstream liberal Protestant churches lose cultural authority in the 1960s? Why were more conservative evangelical Protestants able to take their place?

Question 58

How did the cultural and social upheavals of the 1960s alter American religion and values?

Question 59

Assess America's role in Vietnam in the 1960s. Consider, for example, Diem's assassination, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the policy of gradual escalation, and the bombing campaign.

Question 60

Which of the 1960s liberation movements were most significant and enduring? How did African Americans, young whites, Hispanics, workers, women, and gays each experience the 1960s differently? How were their respective experiences of the sixties reflected in their evolving attitudes about interpersonal relationships, life's priorities, moral values, and their individual attitudes and political views about America?

Question 61

In 1971, a group of Vietnam War veterans in the U.S.

A) tossed their medals in front of the Capitol building to protest against the war.
B) fought the antiwar movement with a demonstration on behalf of U.S. soldiers.
C) protested the lack of medical care and benefits for returning soldiers.
D) encouraged young men in Times Square, NY, to enlist in the U.S. military.
E) supported expanded roles for women in the military.

Question 62

President Nixon's policy of Vietnamization of the war in Vietnam called for

A) a gradual handover of the ground war to the South Vietnamese.
B) a full-scale conventional invasion of North Vietnam.
C) reorganization of the American army in Vietnam into antiguerrilla units.
D) an end to all American military and economic aid to South Vietnam.
E) a new emphasis on the aerial bombing of North Vietnam.

Question 63

Richard Nixon's legislation guaranteeing that Social Security raises would be indexed to guarantee against inflation

A) enabled the Republican party to gain ownership of the Social Security issue over the Democrats.
B) was economically supported by an increase in Social Security taxes.
C) actually contributed to increased inflation in the 1970s.
D) was an exception to Nixon's general hostility to Social Security.
E) was rejected by Congress as too expensive for the U.S. government to afford.

Question 64

Richard Nixon's policy of détente

A) was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.
B) increased diplomatic tensions with the Soviet Union, but relaxed diplomatic tensions with China.
C) was a failure.
D) found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.
E) ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

Question 65

President Nixon's 1970 invasion of Cambodia led to

A) a successful suppression of Viet Cong gains in South Vietnam.
B) congressional approval for an expanded war effort.
C) a growing threat from the Soviet Union to enter the war on the side of North Vietnam.
D) dramatic new waves of bitter domestic protest against the war.
E) an end to the secret American bombing campaign against Cambodia.

Question 66

To what extent was the gay rights movement a direct outgrowth of the 1960s? How does it compare with the other civil rights and liberation movements of the time?

Question 67

The American armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of

A) Marines.
B) African Americans.
C) volunteer soldiers in their twenties.
D) the least privileged young Americans.
E) professional career soldiers.

Question 68

Why did the seeming idealism and hope of the early 1960s turn so sour by the end of the decade? Were liberal political leaders partially responsible for raising hopes too high, or was the Vietnam War primarily responsible for crushing liberal hopes and policies?

Question 69

When it came to welfare programs, Richard Nixon

A) sought to exclude African Americans.
B) tried to repeal only food stamps and Medicaid.
C) did little to reduce the poverty rate.
D) did his best to do away with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs.
E) supported significant expansion in many areas.

Question 70

Despite his political skills and foreign policy knowledge, Richard Nixon harbored deep and bitter resentments against

A) the conservative, Goldwater wing of the Republican party.
B) women whom he blamed for undermining traditional conservative values.
C) the Communist great powers, China and the Soviet Union, which threatened America.
D) the Catholic Church that be believed looked down on his own Quaker religion.
E) the liberal establishment that had fought him throughout his career.

Question 71

The top-secret Pentagon Papers, leaked and published in 1971

A) revealed President Nixon's role in the Watergate scandal.
B) documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin.
C) exposed President Nixon's secret bombing war of Cambodia.
D) was the first the American public knew of the Nixon Doctrine.
E) exposed the blunders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations in pursuing American involvement in the Vietnam War.

Question 72

In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court upheld a married couple's right to use contraceptives based on

A) the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution.
B) the First Amendment.
C) a right to privacy.
D) Roe v. Wade.
E) the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 73

The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl Warren, outraged religious conservatives in 1962-1963 when it

A) declared a woman's right to an abortion.
B) ruled that prayer and Bible reading in public schools violated the First Amendment.
C) prohibited the display of religious symbols in government buildings.
D) ruled that parochial schools and parochial students could not receive government funding or any assistance.
E) declared that the practice of having congressional chaplains was unconstitutional.

Question 74

Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy included all of the following EXCEPT

A) Vietnamization.
B) extension of the war to Cambodia.
C) massive bombing campaigns in Vietnam.
D) increased American troop commitments.
E) creating a draft lottery and reducing draft calls.

Question 75

The ____ Amendment ____ the voting age to ____.

A) Twenty-Sixth; raised; twenty-one
B) Twenty-Fourth; lowered; eighteen
C) Twenty-Fifth; raised; nineteen
D) Twenty-Sixth; lowered; eighteen
E) Twenty-Sixth; lowered; sixteen

Question 76

The Supreme Court's Miranda and Escobedo decisions came under sharp attack from many conservatives because they

A) prohibited any official recognition of religion in public education.
B) guaranteed the rights of criminal suspects against mistreatment by the police.
C) overturned laws prohibiting unnatural sexual acts.
D) upheld laws requiring busing to achieve racial balance in public schools.
E) upheld laws prohibiting private property owners from polluting rivers and lakes.

Question 77

The Nixon administration still reflected a staunch anticommunist policy when it engaged in covert operations to overthrow the elected leftist government of

A) Cuba.
B) Mexico.
C) China.
D) Chile.
E) Brazil.

Question 78

Richard Nixon's Philadelphia Plan

A) was a direct attack on affirmative action.
B) aimed at giving direct economic assistance to business.
C) attempted to counter the Supreme Court's opposition to affirmative action.
D) required construction trade unions to establish timetables and goals for hiring black apprentices.
E) aimed to renovate inner cities like those in Philadelphia.

Question 79

The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that

A) America's Asian allies would have to fight their wars without large numbers of American troops.
B) the United States would supply only economic aid to its allies.
C) the United would make détente with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China its highest diplomatic priority.
D) all American allies must commit troops to fight communism if necessary.
E) the United States would maintain naval and air bases in East Asia but not send ground troops to fight on the Asian mainland.

Question 80

President Nixon's chief foreign policy adviser, throughout his administration, was

A) Henry Kissinger.
B) William Rogers.
C) Spiro Agnew.
D) Gerald Ford.
E) Donald Rumsfeld.