Deck 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War

Question 1

In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson's day when he

A) stopped having formal cabinet meetings.
B) appointed a black man to the Supreme Court.
C) endorsed woman suffrage.
D) personally delivered his presidential State of the Union address to Congress.
E) failed to write a presidential State of the Union address to be read by a clerk to Congress.

Answer 1

personally delivered his presidential State of the Union address to Congress.

Question 2

Identify and state the historical significance of Louis D. Brandeis.

Answer 2

Progressive-minded Massachusetts attorney who became the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court.

Question 3

Identify and state the historical significance of Victoriano Huerta.

Answer 3

Mexican General installed at the head of a new Mexican government following a Taft-backed coup.

Question 4

Identify and state the historical significance of Alice Paul.

Question 5

Identify and state the historical significance of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Question 6

Identify and state the historical significance of John J. Pershing.

Question 7

To secure passage of the Underwood Tariff Bill, President Woodrow Wilson broke new ground by

A) enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage.
B) personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion.
C) writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy.
D) stirring up Western and Southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 8

Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable when surrounded by

A) African Americans.
B) Catholics.
C) political professionals.
D) journalists.
E) academic scholars.

Question 9

Identify and state the historical significance of Venustiano Carranza.

Question 10

Identify and state the historical significance of Carrie Chapman Catt.

Question 11

Identify and state the historical significance of Herbert Hoover.

Question 12

Identify and state the historical significance of Eugene V. Debs.

Question 13

Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy included all of the following EXCEPT

A) faith in the masses.
B) a belief that compromise was necessary to be an effective leader.
C) a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress.
D) a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people.
E) a belief in the central importance of morality of politics.

Question 14

Identify and state the historical significance of George Creel.

Question 15

Identify and state the historical significance of Woodrow Wilson.

Question 16

Identify and state the historical significance of Bernard Baruch.

Question 17

Identify and state the historical significance of the Lusitania.

Question 18

Identify and state the historical significance of William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood.

Question 19

Identify and state the historical significance of Francisco (Pancho) Villa.

Question 20

When Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912, he became the first president since the Civil War who was

A) born in the South.
B) a Democrat.
C) a lawyer.
D) a non-Civil War veteran.
E) a Methodist.

Question 21

When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial structure was that

A) federal paper money was not backed by sound gold or silver.
B) heavy state and federal regulation of big business and trusts that handicapped the development of business in America.
C) the banking system was too heavily regulated by the federal government.
D) the U.S. dollar was rigidly tied to gold.
E) money for lending was inelastic and heavily concentrated in New York City.

Question 22

As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the ____, while Russia and France were among the ____.

A) Central Powers; Holy Alliance
B) Central Powers; Triple Alliance
C) Allies; Central Powers
D) Triple Alliance; Central Powers
E) Central Powers; Allies

Question 23

The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to

A) issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates.
B) close weak banks.
C) take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard.
D) permit the free coinage of silver.
E) guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures.

Question 24

Woodrow Wilson's early efforts to conduct a strongly anti-imperialist U. S. foreign policy were first undermined when he

A) dispatched U.S. military forces to protect American interests in China.
B) told the Filipinos that they could not obtain their independence for at least forty years.
C) sent American marines to Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
D) sent the U.S. Navy to seize the Virgin Islands from Denmark.
E) began constructing a massive U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Question 25

Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the ____ "labor's Magna Charta."

A) Federal Reserve Act
B) Underwood Tariff Act
C) Clayton Anti-Trust Act
D) Wagner National Labor Relations Act
E) Workmen's Compensation Act

Question 26

All of the following are true statements about Mexicans who settled in the area known as the borderlands EXCEPT

A) they relocated mostly in Texas, New Mexico, California and Arizona.
B) they helped build highways and railroads.
C) most were wealthy farmers with significant landholdings.
D) many followed the harvest as fruit pickers.
E) they helped create a unique culture that blended Mexican and American folkways.

Question 27

President Wilson's first direct use of American military forces in revolutionary Mexico occurred when he

A) sent armed forces to protect against Mexico's nationalization of American businesses.
B) sent the army to prevent Venustiano Carranza from becoming president of Mexico.
C) seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta.
D) sent General Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa staged raids into New Mexico.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 28

Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's fundamental approach to American foreign policy?

A) imperialistic
B) moralistic
C) realistic
D) balance-of-power
E) isolationist

Question 29

Difficulties in Mexico in the early 20^th century affected the U.S. by

A) interfering with trade relations.
B) encouraging massive migration of Mexicans across the border.
C) providing an investment opportunity for U.S. corporations.
D) provoking a full-fledged shooting war between Mexico and the United States.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 30

Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries EXCEPT

A) Haiti.
B) the Dominican Republic.
C) the Virgin Islands.
D) Cuba.
E) Mexico.

Question 31

The Underwood Tariff Act and the Sixteenth Amendment reflected Wilson's progressive goals by

A) establishing the first graduated federal income tax.
B) creating an optional retirement system for workers.
C) guaranteeing equal treatment for men and women in employment.
D) using tariffs only for revenue and not to protect American industry from competition.
E) providing protection for American farmers against subsidized foreign crop imports.

Question 32

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans

A) earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.
B) favored entering the war in support of the Allies.
C) supported the Central Powers.
D) wanted to form a military alliance of neutral nations.
E) favored U.S. mediation of the conflict.

Question 33

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American banking and currency system through the great authority given to

A) the secretary of the treasury.
B) the House and the Senate.
C) banking shareholders.
D) regional Federal Reserve banks.
E) the presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board.

Question 34

The first Jewish member of the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was

A) Felix Frankfurter.
B) Benjamin Cardozo.
C) Abraham Cahan.
D) Louis D. Brandeis.
E) Bernard Baruch.

Question 35

Woodrow Wilson's administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to the government in Mexico headed by

A) Porfirio Diaz.
B) Venustiano Carranza.
C) Pancho Villa.
D) Victoriano Huerta.
E) Santa Anna.

Question 36

Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by

A) opposing workingmen's compensation.
B) opposing the entry of women into politics.
C) endorsing immigration limitations on Japanese and Chinese immigrants.
D) refusing to appoint the Jewish Louis D. Brandeis to the Federal Trade Commission.
E) accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

Question 37

The central provisions of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act

A) included trade unions under the antimonopoly provisions of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
B) declared that no single corporation could control more than 75 percent of a given industry.
C) established minimum wage rates for goods produced in interstate commerce.
D) outlawed corporate interlocking directorates and price discrimination against different purchasers.
E) weakened regulations against interlocking directorates and private discrimination against different purchasers.

Question 38

The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address all of these practices EXCEPT

A) eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices.
B) outlawing unfair business competition and bribery.
C) sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits.
D) prohibiting false and misleading advertising.
E) outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products.

Question 39

Wilson's progressive programs provided relief to

A) sailors.
B) farmers and agricultural colleges.
C) civil service workers.
D) train employees involved in interstate commerce.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 40

Besides prohibiting anticompetitive business practices, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act broke new ground by

A) exempting labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.
B) exempting organized major-league baseball from antitrust prosecution.
C) prohibiting colleges and universities from cooperating to establish tuition and fees.
D) permitting American businesses to form monopolies when operating overseas.
E) creating a federal incorporation law for large businesses.

Question 41

Prosecutions under the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) can be characterized in the following ways EXCEPT

A) antiwar socialists and labor leaders were visibly targeted.
B) 1,900 Americans were prosecuted under these laws.
C) the laws meant that any criticism of the government could be censored and punished.
D) the Supreme Court ultimately ruled that they were unconstitutional violations of freedom of speech and association.
E) after the war, President Harding issued pardons to many of those prosecuted, including labor leader Eugene Debs.

Question 42

In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised

A) not to sink passenger ships.
B) to maintain the territorial integrity of France.
C) to halt its naval blockade of Britain.
D) to halt all submarine warfare.
E) not to sink passenger ships without warning.

Question 43

The major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public Information was that

A) he oversold Wilson's ideals and led Americans and the world to expect too much.
B) relied too much on formal laws and police power to gain compliance with the war effort.
C) the entertainment industry was not willing to go along with the propaganda campaign.
D) the courts curbed many of Creel's and the committee's war propaganda efforts on constitutional grounds.
E) the public was skeptical of government propaganda.

Question 44

Congress's passage of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act demonstrated that the federal government

A) was beginning to address the issue of equal treatment of mothers in the workplace.
B) was prepared to take substantial steps toward federally funded child care.
C) was indifferent to mothers working outside the home and providing maternal and infant health care.
D) supported pregnancy and maternity leave benefits for women
E) was willing to benefit and support women primarily in their role as mothers.

Question 45

When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from

A) Socialists.
B) the working class and former Progressive Bull Moose party members.
C) the big business community.
D) prowar members of both parties.
E) new women voters.

Question 46

From 1914 to 1916, America's growing trade with Britain and loss of trade with Germany essentially occurred because

A) the British needed American goods and weapons and the Germans did not.
B) more Americans sympathized with Britain than with Germany.
C) Germany raised tariffs and other protectionist barriers on America's exports to Germany.
D) American bankers like J.P. Morgan were willing to loan money to Britain but not to Germany.
E) the British navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes.

Question 47

One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it

A) opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary.
B) reduced opportunities for trade with the Allies.
C) conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.
D) turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia.
E) virtually ended American international trade.

Question 48

President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by

A) appealing to the American intervention in Europe.
B) convincing the public for the need to make the world safe from the German submarine.
C) declaring it a crusade "to make the world safe for democracy."
D) asserting that Germany was committing immoral war crimes in Europe against the British and the French.
E) insisting that the war would be fought primarily by the navy.

Question 49

Which of these is NOT a true statement about the sinking of the Lusitania?

A) 128 Americans onboard lost their lives.
B) Germany expressed profound regret.
C) Afterwards, Germany issued a warning to travelers about the perils of traveling in war zone waters.
D) Germany immediately pledged not to sink unarmed passenger ships anymore.
E) The incident helped feed a growing anti-Germany sentiment in the U.S.

Question 50

The dangerous proviso that Germany attached to its Sussex pledge not to attack unarmed neutral shipping was the requirement that

A) Americans would have to refrain from sailing on British-owned passenger ships.
B) U-Boats could capture merchant vessels if the submarines surfaced.
C) the Americans would have to guarantee that passenger vessels were not secretly carrying military supplies.
D) the United States would have to persuade the Allies to end their blockade of Germany or submarine warfare would be resumed.
E) Woodrow Wilson would have to seek a fair, negotiated settlement of the war.

Question 51

After the conclusion of World War I, most women who worked

A) soon gave up their war jobs.
B) kept their war jobs after the war.
C) pursued advancement jobs in their jobs in wartime industries.
D) gave up their traditional role as mothers.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 52

Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines?

A) Lusitania
B) Arabic
C) Sussex
D) All of these American ships were sunk.
E) None of these were American ships.

Question 53

The United States declared war on Germany

A) in response to demands by American munitions makers
B) because it appeared that France was about to surrender.
C) after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels.
D) after Mexico signed an alliance with Germany.
E) after final negotiations between Germany and the United States over unrestricted submarine warfare failed to come to an agreement.

Question 54

Which one of the following was NOT among Wilson's Fourteen Points, upon which he based America's idealistic foreign policy in World War I?

A) reduction of armaments
B) an international guarantee of freedom of religion
C) abolition of secret treaties
D) an international organization to guarantee collective security
E) The principle of national self-determination for subject peoples

Question 55

President Wilson insisted that he would hold ____ to "strict accountability" for ____.

A) Britain; repaying the loans made to it by American bankers
B) Britain; the disruption of American trade with the European continent
C) Germany; ship damage and destruction to neutral countries other than the United States
D) Germany; fair treatment of civilians in Belgium
E) Germany; the loss of American ships and American lives to submarine warfare

Question 56

Although Germans were generally loyal citizens, during the war they were subjected to all of the following EXCEPT

A) rumors that they were spying and sabotaging in the U.S.
B) violent attacks such as tarring, feathering, beatings, and lynchings.
C) summary revocation of American citizenship and deportation back to Germany.
D) German books were removed from libraries and German academic courses canceled.
E) severely damaged by the pressures for loyalty and conformity.

Question 57

Most wartime mobilization agencies prepared the economy for the war by relying on

A) congressional legislation.
B) voluntary compliance.
C) presidential edict.
D) court decisions.
E) business trade organizations.

Question 58

The European Allies were able to finance their costly war effort during the period of American neutrality mainly because of

A) confiscation of German property.
B) income taxes.
C) tariffs.
D) sale of armaments to the United States and Russia.
E) American bankers, most notably the Wall Street firm of J.P. Morgan and Company.

Question 59

The Progressive Bull Moose party died when

A) Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1916.
B) Teddy Roosevelt lost the presidential race in 1916.
C) the United States entered World War I.
D) the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, advocated the same programs as Roosevelt.
E) Woodrow Wilson won over most Bull Moose voters.

Question 60

German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting American and British merchant and passenger ships without warning

A) because they were violating international law by operating in a war theater.
B) in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.
C) in an effort to keep the United States out of the war.
D) because international law now allowed this new style of warfare.
E) in a last-ditch effort to win the war.

Question 61

Senate opponents of the League of Nations, as proposed in the Treaty of Versailles, argued that it

A) failed to provide enough German financial reparations to the United States.
B) violated Wilson's own Fourteen Points.
C) robbed Congress of its constitutional war-declaring powers by entangling America in an international organization capable of authorizing collective force against an aggressor nation.
D) isolated the United States from postwar world affairs.
E) made collective international security and alliances of peaceful democratic states more difficult to construct and sustain.

Question 62

The two major battles of World War I in which United States forces engaged the Central Powers in 1918 were

A) Ypres and the Ardennes Forest.
B) Verdun and the Somme.
C) Gallipoli and Locarno.
D) Jutland and Trafalgar.
E) St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Question 63

Unlike Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson tended to

A) favor progressive reform.
B) lack the common touch.
C) find it difficult to compromise.
D) believe that the president should defer to congressional leadership.
E) be uninterested in ideas.

Question 64

Despite reluctance by both the President and Congress, the United States resorted to forced conscription in 1917 because

A) there was no other way to raise the huge numbers of American army servicemen efficiently that would need
To be sent to Europe.
B) it was the most effective way to destroy opposition to the war.
C) all the Allied and Central powers had already instituted the draft.
D) the early American volunteers for the war proved to lack discipline, bravery, and competence.
E) the U.S. government was unwilling to accept women into the armed forces.

Question 65

The flood of progressive legislation during Wilson's first term included laws to

A) provide disability assistance to civil-service workers.
B) establish the eight-hour day for interstate railroad workers.
C) end discrimination against black employees of the federal government.
D) provide credit and low-interest loans to farmers.
E) establish decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships.

Question 66

The World War I military draft

A) generally worked fairly and effectively to provide military manpower.
B) caused widespread resistance and riots.
C) permitted men to purchase substitutes to go in their place.
D) included women as well as men.
E) was not as fair as the Civil War draft.

Question 67

The chief political difference between President Woodrow Wilson and the European parliamentary statesmen represented at the Paris peace table was that Wilson

A) lacked a comparable personal popularity among Europeans.
B) did not appreciate or attempt to galvanize domestic political support among Americans for a postwar Paris peace settlement.
C) respected the opinions of his domestic political adversaries and made a good-faith effort to include them in the Paris peace conference.
D) refused to appreciate fully the need to break a reasonable political compromise between democratic idealism and great power of imperialism or colonialism for quickly coming to a peace agreement that all the Allies could support enthusiastically.
E) was generally not popular with Americans at home; while, the European Allied leaders enjoyed overwhelming popularity with their own peoples.

Question 68

Opposition to the League of Nations by many United States senators during the Paris Peace Conference

A) gave Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position.
B) stemmed from only a small minority of hard-core isolationists who rejected on principle tying American national security to Wilson's internationalist Fourteen Points or a collective League of Nations.
C) led to an abandonment of the Monroe Doctrine.
D) reinforced Germany's unwillingness to sign the treaty.
E) forced Wilson to drop his goal of establishing collective security internationally through the League of Nations.

Question 69

The Germans gained an immense military advantage in the first months of 1918 because

A) they had discovered how to use the tank and poison gas effectively.
B) the Austrian army was able to switch from the Italian front to the western front.
C) the Bolsheviks took Russia out of the war allowing German troops to move to the western front.
D) they had seized the two key strategic points of Verdun and Ypres.
E) their brilliant generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff has taken effective control of the German government.

Question 70

When the United States entered the war in April 1917, most Americans did NOT believe that

A) the navy was obligated to defend freedom of the seas.
B) it would be necessary to continue making loans to the Allies.
C) the United States would have to ship war material to the Allies.
D) mobilization for war would be largely voluntary and forced conscription would soon be required.
E) it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe for more than a year.

Question 71

Upon becoming president, Woodrow Wilson launched an attack on the "triple wall of privilege," which he said consisted of

A) high tariffs.
B) racial discrimination.
C) powerful monopolistic trusts.
D) conservative banking practices.
E) exclusive private social clubs.

Question 72

President Wilson's legal attack on anticompetitive and unfair business practices was implemented by passage of the

A) Jones Act.
B) Federal Trade Commission Act.
C) Clayton Act.
D) Adamson Act.
E) Federal Reserve Act.

Question 73

The twelve regional banks created by the Federal Reserve Act were

A) unable to meet the monetary demands of business expansion.
B) regulated by the Federal Reserve Board.
C) owned by private banks.
D) subject to state banking regulation.
E) authorized to issue their own paper money.

Question 74

After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed, Woodrow Wilson

A) was assailed by ardent isolationists in America who despised the notion of international collective security and mocked the League of Nations.
B) was condemned by disillusioned American liberals who thought the treaty was too punitive on Germany and sacrificed self-determination of Asians and Africans still under the yoke of European colonialism.
C) failed to plan a shrewd strategy for gaining Senate ratification of the treaty
D) was the subject of the rhetorical ire of German political leaders who felt the terms of the treaty were excessively punitive.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 75

The Second Battle of the Marne was significant because it

A) was the first time American troops saw action in France.
B) marked a temporary reversal of the Allies progress in Europe that extended the war by at least six months.
C) was the first time American troops fought by themselves.
D) saw the first use of combat aircraft.
E) marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never reversed.

Question 76

The Senate likely would have accepted American participation in the League of Nations and America would have been welcomed by other nations into the League of Nations if President Wilson had

A) stuck to the principles of his own Fourteen Points.
B) guaranteed that American troops would never be used in League for collective security military operations to maintain peace among nations.
C) actively campaigned for support from the American public.
D) been willing to compromise with moderate League opponents in Congress on some constitutional and American sovereignty issues surrounding American participation in League matters.
E) run for re-election.

Question 77

The United States' primary contributions to the Allied victory in Europe included all of the following EXCEPT

A) munitions.
B) manpower.
C) credits and loans.
D) foodstuffs.
E) multiple battlefield victories.

Question 78

For German military strategists, the entry of the United States into the war in April 1917 meant that

A) they would no longer be able to use their submarine weapon effectively.
B) they would have to defeat France and Britain before a large American force arrived in Europe.
C) they would have to seek an immediate cessation of hostilities and peace treaty with Russia.
D) the war would become one of swift movements rather than stalemated trench warfare.
E) they would have to switch from an offensive to a defensive strategy.

Question 79

Woodrow Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference was to

A) stop the spread of communism.
B) blame no one for starting the war.
C) force Germany to pay reparations for the war.
D) establish the League of Nations.
E) destroy the Austrian and Russian empires.

Question 80

Which of these is NOT a true statement about black soldiers during World War I?

A) Most black troops were denied combat duty.
B) Black soldiers were more likely to serve in combat than white soldiers.
C) Black soldiers typically served as laborers and stevedores.
D) Blacks served in segregated units in the military.
E) Mothers of slain black soldiers in 1930 were invited to visit their sons' graves in segregated travel arrangements.