Deck 15: Sexual Variations

Question 1

Transvestism is often confused with

A)fetishism.
B)transsexualism.
C)partialism.
D)voyeurism.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which factor tends to separate a paraphilia from a normal variant in sexual behaviour?

A)the frequency of the behaviour
B)the type of behaviour
C)feeling helpless to resist the behaviour
D)occasionally fantasizing about the behaviour

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Partialism is a fetish in which an individual becomes excessively aroused by particular

A)sexual acts.
B)racial characteristics.
C)non-human species.
D)body parts.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements about paraphilias is false?

A)The prevalence of paraphilias is unknown.
B)Paraphilias are more common among men than women.
C)A psychiatric diagnosis of paraphilia requires that the person is distressed by his/her sexual urges.
D)Some cases of paraphilia are harmless and victimless.

Question 5

From a statistical perspective, a behaviour is abnormal if it

A)deviates from the norm.
B)is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
C)correlates with pathological outcomes.
D)causes harm to the self or others.

Question 6

Based on the information provided, which of the following individuals is most likely to be diagnosed with a paraphilia?

A)John, who can become sexually aroused only if he is watching other people (who don't know he is watching)having sex.
B)Damon, who was arrested for distributing child pornography and sometimes watches videotapes of young children engaged in sexual acts because he thinks it's funny.
C)Traci, who frequently fantasizes about spanking her partner.
D)Julio, who sometimes likes to wear his partner's panties and bra when they have sex.

Question 7

It is argued that sexual preference for particular types of people and activities are strongly influenced by cultural values. Because of such concerns, Charles Moser has proposed that the concept of ________ should be used in place of paraphilia.

A)atypical sexual disorder (ASD)
B)sexual preference disorder (SPD)
C)sexual interest disorder (SID)
D)sexual attraction disorder (SAD)

Question 8

Lenny is sexually aroused by wearing women's underwear. What type of paraphilia does he have?

A)pedophilia
B)fetishism
C)partialism
D)transvestism

Question 9

In which disorder does an individual become sexually aroused by certain areas of the body?

A)voyeurism
B)exhibitionism
C)frotteurism
D)partialism

Question 10

The American Psychiatric Association defines a paraphilia as

A)a persistent inability to respond to normal sexual stimuli.
B)an atypical pattern of sexual arousal/behaviour that is considered problematic by the individual or society.
C)a repeated pattern of illegal sexual behaviour.
D)a repeated pattern of sexual behaviour that the person engaging in it knows is immoral.

Question 11

Atypical sexual behaviours are

A)harmful by definition.
B)harmless by definition.
C)statistically normal.
D)statistically unusual.

Question 12

People with paraphilias usually feel that their urges are

A)parsimonious.
B)normal.
C)random.
D)uncontrollable.

Question 13

A person with a paraphilia typically

A)has difficulty sleeping during periods of episodic sexual behaviours.
B)engages in aberrant sexual behaviours during periods of low anxiety.
C)replays the paraphilic act in sexual fantasies to stimulate arousal during masturbation.
D)suppresses memories of his/her paraphilic behaviour.

Question 14

Approximately what proportion of arrests for sexual offences involves exhibitionism?

A)1/20
B)1/20
C)1/5
D)1/3

Question 15

Which of the following statements about exhibitionism is false?

A)Exhibitionists are often thought to be sexually repressed.
B)Exhibitionism is more common among men than women.
C)The frequency of exhibitionism increases after age 40.
D)Among exhibitionists, the urge to "flash" usually begins in early adolescence.

Question 16

Heather becomes especially aroused when her partner wears a cowboy hat during sex. This is an example of

A)transvestism.
B)fetishism.
C)partialism
D)exhibitionism.

Question 17

Theorists have speculated that paraphilias represent a type of sexual

A)inhibition.
B)psychosis.
C)compulsion.
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 18

Enrico dresses up in a frilly gown and wears a long blonde wig at the annual motorcycle show to raise money for the local children's hospital. Enrico's behaviour

A)is typical of most transvestites.
B)does not indicate that he has a paraphilia.
C)indicates a fetish for women's clothing.
D)is typical of exhibitionists.

Question 19

Finding objects associated with the other gender sexually alluring only when wearing them is a type of paraphilia known as

A)exhibitionism.
B)transvestism.
C)necrophilia.
D)frotteurism.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about transvestism is true?

A)Transvestite men are often otherwise stereotypically masculine.
B)Transvestites generally wish to become the opposite sex.
C)Transvestism is equally common among men and women.
D)Transvestism is strongly correlated with sexual orientation.

Question 21

Bobby likes to masturbate while peeking at a woman through a window while she undresses. This type of behaviour is called

A)frotteurism.
B)exhibitionism.
C)voyeurism.
D)fetishism.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about sado-mascochism (S&M)is false?

A)Sexual sadists and masochists often form relationships.
B)S&M is a variation of B&D.
C)S&M becomes pathological when it is non-consenting and harmful.
D)Occasional S&M is common among the general population.

Question 23

In a Canadian study of university students, what percentages of females and males reported that they would watch a couple having sex if there was no chance they would be caught?

A)10%; 60%
B)40%; 70%
C)50%; 90%
D)5%; 40%

Question 24

Which of the following statements about masochism is false?

A)The eroticization of mild forms of pain falls within the normal range of sexual variation.
B)A sexual masochist is also likely to enjoy other forms of pain not associated with sex.
C)Masochism is the most common paraphilia among women.
D)Auto-erotic asphyxia is a form of masochism.

Question 25

Persistent urges to expose one's genitals to unsuspecting people for sexual arousal is typical of

A)voyeurism.
B)scatologia.
C)exhibitionism.
D)hypoxyphilia.

Question 26

Exhibitionists typically have

A)a developmental disability.
B)difficulty relating to women.
C)an extroverted personality type.
D)little difficulty establishing meaningful relationships.

Question 27

According to an Ontario study, approximately how many exhibitionists go on to committing other crimes?

A)45%
B)30%
C)15%
D)5%

Question 28

People who become sexually aroused through the experience of pain or humiliation are sexual

A)sadists.
B)toucherists.
C)masochists.
D)frotteurists.

Question 29

Which of the following statements about obscene phone callers is false?

A)The typical obscene phone caller is a heterosexual male.
B)Obscene phone callers usually target a woman they have seen but not met.
C)Obscene phone callers are often hoping that their victim will express shock.
D)Women who make obscene phone calls are more likely to be motivated by rage than by sexual arousal.

Question 30

People engaging in chat scatologia are sexually aroused by

A)sending obscene emails and instant messages.
B)talking about feces.
C)having their sex partners "talk dirty."
D)manipulating and deceiving people in order to persuade them to have sex.

Question 31

Which of the following men is most likely to be diagnosed as an exhibitionist?

A)Alfredo, who likes to wear tight fitting shirts to show off his pecs.
B)Bob, who becomes erect when his partner smiles approvingly as he takes off his clothes.
C)Steve, who likes to engage women in conversation at the beach with an erection visible under his speedo.
D)Osama who is completely comfortable working as a male stripper.

Question 32

Which is true about voyeurs?

A)They typically do not attempt to have sex with the people they watch.
B)They are typically psychologically introverted.
C)They are usually also exhibitionists.
D)They tend to be equally aroused by pornography.

Question 33

Most transvestites

A)have antisocial personality disorders.
B)keep their behaviour private.
C)enjoy enticing men into a potential sexual encounter.
D)wear articles of female clothing when having sex with their wives.

Question 34

Which of the following individuals would fit the definition of a voyeur?

A)Anita, who regularly masturbates while watching porn on the internet even though there is a high probability that her partner will walk-in and see what she is doing.
B)Ho, who asks his partner to masturbate on the bed while he peeks at her while hiding in the closet.
C)Mika, who enjoys going to strip clubs several times a month either alone or with her male friends.
D)Tom, who masturbates while scanning the condominium across the street with binoculars so he can watch people having sex.

Question 35

The only paraphilia that is found with some degree of frequency in females is

A)necrophilia.
B)masochism.
C)exhibitionism.
D)fetishism.

Question 36

Mark bought an apartment on the twelfth floor across from a busy hotel in order to catch couples undressing and having intercourse. Mark's behaviour is characteristic of

A)fetishism.
B)voyeurism.
C)exhibitionism.
D)scatologia.

Question 37

The practice of being restrained in masochistic behaviour is called?

A)flogging
B)bondage
C)crowning
D)shacking

Question 38

People who become sexually aroused by inflicting pain or humiliation on others are known as

A)frotteurists.
B)sadists.
C)masochists.
D)exhibitionists.

Question 39

The typical exhibitionist is

A)older, single, and sexually immature.
B)older, happily married, and sexually over-expressive.
C)young, shy, and sexually repressed.
D)young, single, but with social skills.

Question 40

Exhibitionistic behaviour usually begins

A)after age 40.
B)between the ages of 20 and 30.
C)between the ages of 16 and 20.
D)between age 13 and 16.

Question 41

A behaviour therapy that attempts to break the link between the sexual stimulus and sexual arousal is called

A)aversion therapy.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)covert sensitization.
D)modelling.

Question 42

Martin Weinberg suggests that the sado-masochistic lifestyle might reflect

A)an attempt to reverse the power relationships that exist within society.
B)an association learned in childhood between sexual arousal and punishment.
C)an inability of the participants to conceptualize sexual behaviour as a way of giving and receiving affection.
D)predisposing factors such as difficulty forming intimate relationships.

Question 43

Classical psychoanalytic theory suggests that many cases of paraphilia are psychological defenses against

A)pre-pubertal incest.
B)intense feelings of inferiority that transfer to psychosexuality.
C)unresolved castration anxiety.
D)the id overwhelming the super ego during sexual fantasy.

Question 44

If a boy repeatedly observes exhibitionistic behaviour, he might be led to eroticize the act of exposing himself. This would be an example of the ________ as an explanation of how a paraphilia develops.

A)psychoanalytic perspective
B)cognitive- behavioural perspective
C)sociological perspective
D)integrated perspective

Question 45

Which of the following statements about the treatment of paraphilic sex offenders is false?

A)Many sex offenders do not want treatment if they have a paraphilia.
B)Unless the offender is motivated to change, treatment is unlikely to be successful.
C)Paraphilic sex offenders typically claim that they are able, if necessary, to control their paraphilic behaviour.
D)Many sex offenders only receive treatment because they have been referred by the court system.

Question 46

Who is "sadism" named after?

A)a character in an Edgar Alan Poe novel
B)French aristocrat Francois de Sadis
C)French author Marquis de Sade
D)Caligula, the Roman emperor who was known to become sexually aroused when punishing slaves

Question 47

A recent study used electroencephalography (EEG)to investigate electrical responses in the brain among paraphilics and control subjects. It was found that paraphilic men showed a significantly greater response in the ________ part of the brain.

A)left frontal
B)right frontal
C)right mid-brain
D)left mid-brain

Question 48

Which of the following is true regarding treatment of paraphilias?

A)Most people with paraphilias are distressed by their behaviour and seek help.
B)Many people with paraphilias seek treatment only after they come into conflict with the law.
C)People with paraphilias are highly likely to be motivated to change their behaviour.
D)People with paraphilias, treated or untreated, tend to take responsibility for their behaviour.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about sado-mascochism is false?

A)It is the submissive partner who uses a safe word when his or her limit has been exceeded.
B)There is no evidence that sado-masochists have greater difficulty than other people in forming intimate relationships.
C)For some sado-masochists, arousal is derived from the ritual of control rather than the infliction of physical pain.
D)Research indicates that most sado-masochists have diverse forms of mental illness.

Question 50

John Money theorized that every individual has a mental template of an ideal lover and the types of stimuli that are sexually arousing. Formed in childhood, this template is called a

A)sexual script.
B)sexual schema.
C)lovemap.
D)lustmap.

Question 51

Which of the following paraphilias involves the urge to have sex with dead bodies?

A)homicidal sadism
B)necrophilia
C)corpsophilia
D)coprophilia

Question 52

In the Kinsey studies, how prevalent was zoophilia?

A)About 20% of both men and women reported having had sexual contact with animals.
B)About 20% of males but only 1% of females reported having had sexual contact with animals.
C)About 8% of men and 3-4% of women reported having had sexual contact with an animal.
D)Only 1-2% of men and women reported having had some sexual contact with an animal.

Question 53

William needs anal stimulation through enemas to achieve sexual arousal and gratification. William's paraphilia is called

A)coprophilia
B)klismaphilia
C)frotteurism
D)urophilia

Question 54

Which is not a technique used in cognitive-behavioural therapy for paraphilia?

A)stimulus substitution
B)covert sensitization
C)aversion therapy
D)desensitization

Question 55

Bradley uses neckties to build an elaborate contraption. While he masturbates, he leans into a harness that puts pressure on the vessels in his neck. As he approaches orgasm, he increases the pressure to cut off oxygen to the brain. Bradley's activity is typical of

A)hypoxyphilia.
B)frotteurism.
C)necrophilia.
D)coprophilia.

Question 56

As a boy, Jonathan would hide in his mother's closet and masturbate. As he continued this practice through the early years of puberty he began to eroticize his mother's shoes which were in the closet. Over time, Jonathan developed a shoe fetish. Given the information available, which theory offers the best explanation for Jonathan's fetish?

A)psychoanalytic
B)sociological
C)cognitive-behavioural
D)psycho-biological

Question 57

Toucherism is a form of

A)exhibitionism.
B)frotteurism.
C)voyeurism.
D)fetishism.

Question 58

Frotteurism involves urges to

A)have sex with prostitutes.
B)rub against or touch a non-consenting person.
C)augment sexual arousal by cutting off oxygen supplies to the brain.
D)use enemas to heighten arousal.

Question 59

In the Kinsey studies, what percentage of adolescent farm boys had achieved orgasm through sexual contact with farm animals?

A)5%
B)8%
C)11%
D)17%

Question 60

If urine becomes eroticized during childhood, a person might develop a paraphilia called

A)klismaphilia.
B)urophilia.
C)scatophilia.
D)urinary scatologia.

Question 61

In North American culture, sexual practices such as oral sex were once considered deviant or abnormal.

Question 62

It is common practice for most mutually agreed upon S&M scenarios to have few or any rules related to levels of power and domination.

Question 63

In some men, the intensity of their sex drive and the urge to act on their paraphilic impulses can be lowered through the use of

A)hydroxyalpha inhibitor.
B)protease inhibitors.
C)androgen supplementation.
D)medroxyprogesterone actate.

Question 64

Transvestism and transsexualism are conceptually distinct.

Question 65

Unlike other paraphilias, exhibitionism is more common among women than men.

Question 66

The psychiatric diagnosis of paraphilia requires that the person has acted on the urges or is distinctly distressed by them.

Question 67

Cross-dressing to achieve sexual arousal is generally a harmless and victimless paraphilia.

Question 68

Grubin reported that SSRIs may be helpful in the treatment of which paraphilias?

A)sadism, frotteurism, transvestism
B)exhibitionism, voyeurism, fetishism
C)frotteurism, telephone scatologia, exhibitionism
D)toucherism, telephone scatolgia, transnvestism

Question 69

Which of the following is not a term utilized in the textbook to describe a psychological disorder in which a person is unable to control an excessively frequent sexual behaviour?

A)sexual addiction
B)hypersexuality
C)compulsive sexual behaviour
D)hyperphillia

Question 70

Auto-erotic asphyxia is also known as autophilia.

Question 71

Paul Fedoroff, an Ottawa psychiatrist, questions the value of MPA to treat paraphilia because it

A)does not deal with the underlying causes.
B)has debilitating side effects.
C)has a high refusal and dropout rate.
D)is not conducive to evaluation through clinical trials.

Question 72

John Bradford, an Ottawa psychiatrist, has suggested a six-level schema for treatment of paraphilia based on the severity of the deviation. The best description of the treatment would be

A)a combination of cognitive-behavioural treatment and medication.
B)insight-oriented therapy followed by successively advanced social skills training.
C)step-wise behaviour therapy.
D)a combination of psychoanalysis and SSRI.

Question 73

Sexual masochism is the most common paraphilia among women.

Question 74

Pairing undesirable sexual behaviour with negative stimuli, such as mild electric shocks, is a treatment technique called

A)systematic desensitization.
B)orgasmic reconditioning.
C)stimulus substitution.
D)aversion therapy.

Question 75

Which is a variation of aversion therapy in which paraphilic fantasies are paired with an aversive stimulus in a client's imagination?

A)covert sensitization
B)desensitization
C)counter arousal technique
D)contrary modeling

Question 76

Which is not true about social skills training?

A)It focuses on helping the individual improve his or her ability to relate to others.
B)The client may role-play desired behaviours.
C)Attention is focused on encouraging the client to express deeper emotions.
D)The therapist might first model a desired behaviour.

Question 77

A therapist who prescribes antidepressants to a patient who is unable to control extremely frequent sexual behaviours is likely informed by which of the following conceptualizations of the behaviour?

A)obsessive-compulsive
B)cognitive-behavioural
C)Jungian
D)addiction

Question 78

The use of SSRIs to treat paraphilias is based on the assumption that paraphilias might be a

A)type of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)form of depression.
C)variant of post-traumatic stress disorder.
D)mood dysfunction.

Question 79

Which of the following diagnostic categories is under consideration for inclusion in the forthcoming DSM due in May 2013?

A)masturbatory pathos
B)hypersexuality
C)hyperphilia
D)sexual addiction

Question 80

Nic is being treated for his paraphilia by first imagining the paraphilic object to become sexually aroused. Next, just before orgasm, he is instructed to switch from the paraphilic imagery to culturally appropriate imagery. The technique being used is called

A)social skills training.
B)aversion therapy.
C)orgasmic reconditioning.
D)systematic desensitization.