Deck 6: Clinical Research and Psychology at the End of the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th

Question 1

From the medical standpoint, psychopathology is the branch of medicine dealing with brain injuries .

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The term to describe exhaustion of the nervous system as a cause of abnormal psychological symptoms is called:

A) nervous fatigue
B) madness
C) psychopathology
D) lunacy
E) hysteria

Answer 2

nervous fatigue

Question 3

The process of identification and categorization of a condition or behavior as a medical disorder requiring medical treatment or intervention is called:

A) psychiatry
B) intervention
C) licensing
D) medicalization
E) moral therapy

Answer 3

medicalization

Question 4

Hysteria is a term to describe a wide range of psychological and physical complaints without an identifiable anatomical defect of physiological malady.

Question 5

Moral therapy is a therapeutic principle based on an assumption that to return to a normal mental state, the patient should be punished for some old wrongdoings. Only then, he or she could restore the lost qualities of good behavior.

Question 6

One hundred and fifty years ago, society maintained predominantly tolerant attitudes about opiates and cocaine.

Question 7

First described in 1874 (William Gull), symptoms of deliberate weight loss through self-starvation received the label:

A) hunger strike
B) the Gull disorder
C) anorexia
D) neurosis
E) food madness

Question 8

A disorder characterized in the 19th century by persistent feelings of weakness and general lowering of bodily and mental tone was labeled as:

A) madness
B) hypnosis
C) nervous sleep
D) neurasthenia
E) psychopathology

Question 9

The procedure based on comparing clinical observations of a patient's abnormal symptoms with the reliable data about brain pathology, most likely obtained during the autopsy on this patient's brain received the label:

A) experimental pathology
B) neurophysiology
C) the Broca's method
D) clinical-pathological method
E) clinical observations

Question 10

The study of causes and effects of nervous sleep was called:

A) neuropsychology
B) psychiatry
C) moral therapy
D) hypnology
E) studies of mental fatigue

Question 11

An individual's persistent, overwhelming anxiety and avoidant behavior was generally called:

A) shyness
B) madness
C) neurosis
D) hypnosis
E) hysteria

Question 12

From a psychological standpoint, psychopathology is the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior; this is a study of the origin, development, and manifestations of psychological dysfunctions.

Question 13

Degeneration is a term referring to a generational regress in physical and psychological traits.

Question 14

Historians in the United States and Europe documented a significant decrease of incidences of mental illness at the end of 19th century.

Question 15

Although the early 19th-century textbooks on medicine already had chapters on psychiatry, mental illness appeared as a special category of illness only in the mid-1800s.

Question 16

Emmanuel Church Healing Movement was a social movement and therapeutic practice based on psychological assessment and:

A) mandatory work
B) group therapy
C) physical exercise
D) mandatory drug rehabilitation
E) spiritual advice

Question 17

Charcot believed that the symptoms of hysteria related to alcohol.

Question 18

The term referring to symptoms of gross excessiveness or overwhelming deficiency of certain features in an individual's behavior and experiences is called:

A) neurosis
B) madness
C) nervous fatigue
D) hysteria
E) neurasthenia

Question 19

Social hygiene movement was an eclectic conglomerate of intellectuals and health care professionals whose beliefs were driven by a mix of Darwinism, progressivism, and social engineering.

Question 20

"Feebleminded children" was the term used in early 20th century to describe serious developmental problems identified today as:

A) madness
B) mental retardation
C) speech delay
D) poor language skills
E) poor social skills

Question 21

Karl Kahlbaum also introduced the term catatonia to describe rigid and peculiar postures and:

A) the profound lack of speech
B) bipolar symptoms
C) exceptional memory skills
D) angry reactions
E) obsessive-compulsive reactions

Question 22

Witmer described the case of Charles Gilman, which is also known as the "case of chronic bad spelling." It was one of the earliest published cases of:

A) depression
B) phobia
C) social disorder
D) neurosis
E) dyslexia

Question 23

Jean-Philippe Esquirol introduced statistical methods to clinical studies and proposed that the most frequent cause of mental illness was:

A) financial
B) biological
C) lack of sleep
D) emotional
E) unemployment

Question 24

The case of Monsieur Tan showed that the loss of speech, or aphasia, without the paralysis of the organs of speech is tied to childhood abuse.

Question 25

Witmer (1867-1956) was among an early group of psychologists who took their doctorates under the supervision of Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 26

Some doctors combined cold baths, laxatives, and bloodletting to treat their mental patients. What was the perceived goal of such treatments?

A) to shock the body and mind
B) to induce a placebo effect
C) to clean the body of harmful elements
D) to help patient lose weight
E) to punish patients for misbehavior

Question 27

The early use of the term psychotherapy was frequently associated with:

A) theology
B) hypnology
C) spiritualism
D) magic
E) fortune telling

Question 28

Danish psychiatrist Fritz Lange reported that in the late 1800s he and his colleagues routinely used lithium in the treatment of affective disorders. Lithium later was recognized as an effective drug to treat symptoms of:

A) schizophrenia
B) depression
C) bipolar disorder
D) social anxiety
E) phobia

Question 29

In an 1896 article, Lightner Witmer described the case of a 7-year-old boy who was born to well-educated parents but never learned to articulate fluently and clearly. He had other symptoms that today are labeled as:

A) learning trauma
B) autistic disorder
C) attention deficit disorder
D) epileptic disorder
E) Tourette's disorder

Question 30

Kraepelin was trained in experimental psychology at the Wundt laboratory in Leipzig.

Question 31

A rector of the Emmanuel Church in Boston, he and his assistant Samuel McComb, with the help of other colleagues, developed an approach involving two steps:

A) discussion and search for answers
B) resisting temptation and moving forward
C) analyzing childhood and discussing adulthood
D) clinical assessment and spiritual advice
E) measurement of intelligence and measurement of emotions

Question 32

Prominent French physician, Benedict-Augustin Morel (1809-1873) coined the term degeneration, referring to:

A) criminal activities in a social group
B) a rapid deterioration of health
C) schizophrenia
D) a generational regress in physical and psychological traits
E) learning disabilities

Question 33

Richard von Krafft-Ebbing in 1886 wrote the book Psychopathia Sexualis, in which he provided a detailed analysis of human sexuality.

Question 34

The labels insanity and lunacy were common names for:

A) neurosis
B) phobia
C) persistent stress
D) moral atmosphere in medical school
E) madness

Question 35

Kraepelin offered a classification of mental illness, which included categories or groups.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 15
E) 17

Question 36

G. M. Beard in American Nervousness (1881), wrote that the nervous system has a varying tonus, which is either sthenic or asthenic. What do these terms mean?

Question 37

In the end of the 19th century, the term "alienists" referred to:

A) teachers
B) border patrol officers
C) therapists, psychiatrists
D) illegal residents
E) mental patients

Question 38

William Battie, an English physician, wrote in A Treatise on Madness that symptoms of mental illness could be caused by:

A) poor nutrition
B) muscular spasms of the blood vessels in the brain
C) extreme stress and fatigue of the body
D) social injustice
E) electrical malfunctioning of the spinal cord

Question 39

At least three factors contributed to the rising numbers of registered cases of mental illness in the United States and Europe: spread of neurosyphilis, alienation, and:

A) unemployment
B) war
C) high taxes
D) drug abuse
E) housing problems

Question 40

Edward B. Foote published in 1896 Plain Home Talk, a book related to:

A) college education
B) marriage, love, and healthy sexuality
C) psychological treatment of alcoholism
D) psychological treatment of phobias
E) healthy nutrition and dieting

Question 41

It is claimed that hedonism was a factor affecting the way mental illness was defined one hundred years ago. What is hedonism?

Question 42

What was moral therapy? Describe its main principles.

Question 43

Psychopathia Sexualis serves today as an example of how a scholar could easily misuse science to pass on:

Question 44

Explain the phenomenon of medicalization of deviant behavior.

Question 45

At the end of the 19th century, there existed at least two general schools of thought about mental illness. According to the first one, mental illness is best explained if we turn our attention to the brain and nervous system, their structure and functioning. The second school of thought emphasized:

Question 46

In the 19th century, mineral spa resorts became fashionable. Why?

Question 47

Research by J. H. Jackson (1884) suggested that higher centers regulated behavior, while lower centers were responsible for actions.

Question 48

The case of Phineas Cage provided evidence that:

Question 49

Pierre Janet coined the term psychasthenia, which later received a common label neurosis of obsessional states, which is close to contemporary definitions of:

Question 50

Name the most important differences between madness and neurosis.

Question 51

Dorothea L. Dix was known for her:

Question 52

In the United States, Benjamin Rush (1745-1813), used the term tristimania to describe his patient's symptoms of:

Question 53

What was dementia praecox in the Kraepelin classification?

Question 54

Early professional medical associations attempted to achieve two goals: to impose comparable standards on medical education and training of physicians and:

Question 55

What strategy did Kraepelin pursue in his classification?

Question 56

Many academic psychologists did not want to see clinical psychology as an independent field within the psychology discipline. First, they were seen as intruders into the medical field, the area beyond a psychologist's competence. What was the second reason?

Question 57

What were so-called turf battles in the field of mental illness about?

Question 58

Describe the four major functions of mental asylums in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question 59

It was widely recognized in the early 20th century that medical doctors should play a major role in diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Psychologists gradually accepted a different role. Which one?

Question 60

How did Morel understand degeneration?

Question 61

Compare the Krapaelin's classification of mental illness with contemporary classifications such as DSM 5 or ICD 10 (Mental and Behavioral Disorders). Discuss the original categories established by Kraepelin that resemble in your view the contemporary categories.

Question 62

What functions did psychological clinics play in the early 20th century?