Deck 10: Perceiving Depth and Size

Question 1

Deletion and accretion are

A) especially effective when viewing non-moving displays.
B) only important when both eyes are open.
C) effective for detecting depth at an edge.
D) ineffective for judging depth in natural environments.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

_______ is a term used to describe conditions in which movements between the two eyes are not coordinated.

A) Strabismus
B) Macular degeneration
C) Ciliary disjunctive disorder
D) Oculomotor instability

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Merrill watches his finger with both eyes as he brings it closer to his nose. As the finger gets closer, his eyes move inward and he feels his eye muscles working. Which depth cue is associated with the feeling he is getting from his eye muscles?

A) accommodation
B) convergence
C) both accommodation and convergence
D) atmospheric perspective

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Several years ago, Bryce, a fan of the Houston Rockets basketball team, saw the player Yao Ming (who is 7'6" tall) standing next to his coach Jeff VanGundy (who is less than 6 feet tall). Bryce correctly perceived the two men as being the same distance away from her. Which depth cue most influenced her perception?

A) Relative height
B) Relative size
C) Familiar size
D) Accretion

Question 5

Individuals suffering from "walleye" and other conditions in which the eyes are misaligned have difficulty with depth perception because

A) the cortex receives messages from both eyes, making it difficult to attend to one visual stimulus.
B) the visual system suppresses vision in one eye in order to avoid having the experience of double vision.
C) the misaligned eye movements are "jittery" making it difficult to form a stable percept.
D) they are unable to use any picture depth cues.

Question 6

A stereoscope provides the illusion of depth in 2-D images by

A) rapidly alternating between two images.
B) presenting an image to each eye at different distances from the retina.
C) presenting an image to each eye that are from slightly different perspectives.
D) presenting an image to each eye that have different polarization filters in place.

Question 7

The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is

A) the horopter.
B) the univariance plane.
C) the constancy arc.
D) Air Force One.

Question 8

As Tyler looks down a railroad track, he perceives the sides of the tracks as becoming closer as the distance increases. This is an example of

A) convergence.
B) familiar size.
C) perspective convergence.
D) motion parallax.

Question 9

What depth cue could be classified as a binocular cue and an oculomotor cue?

A) accommodation
B) accretion
C) stereopsis
D) convergence

Question 10

Vinod is standing on a rooftop in a city. The buildings closer to him look sharper, and the buildings in the distance look hazier. This is an example of the depth cue

A) atmospheric perspective.
B) occlusion.
C) relative size.
D) shadowing.

Question 11

________ is the difference in the images in the two eyes; _____ is the impression of depth that results from this information.

A) Deletion; accretion
B) Accretion; deletion
C) Binocular disparity; convergence
D) Binocular disparity; stereopsis

Question 12

Of the oculomotor depth cues, convergence is ___________ than accommodation.

A) less effective
B) more effective
C) equally effective
D) less automatic

Question 13

_______ is defined as depth perception created by input from both eyes.

A) Binocular integration
B) Convergent depth perception
C) Stereoscopic depth perception
D) Viewpoint dependent depth

Question 14

The importance of _______________ is that these stimuli rely solely on binocular disparity to provide the impression of depth.

A) lenticular projections
B) stereographic photographs
C) gradient patterns
D) random dot stereograms

Question 15

A person create binocular depth in video images by

A) filming from two slightly displaced positions using polarized light.
B) filming from two slightly displaced positions using red and green filters.
C) filming from two slightly displaced positions and alternating between "eyes".
D) all of these can be used.

Question 16

Which of the following depth cues is effective both from 0-2 meters and above 30 meters?

A) atmospheric perspective
B) occlusion
C) accommodation
D) convergence

Question 17

Motion parallax

A) is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games. ** (page 233; factual)
B) is an important depth cue for amphibians, but not mammals.
C) occurs when near objects are perceived as moving slower than distant objects.
D) is not an effective cue for robot vision.

Question 18

When your professor stands in back of a podium, you perceive your professor as being further away than the podium because the podium blocks the vision of the professor's body. This is an example of the depth cue

A) relative height.
B) convergence.
C) occlusion.
D) accommodation.

Question 19

Epstein (1965) presented observers photographs of a quarter, dime, and half-dollar that were all equal in physical size. His results showed that

A) familiar size is most effective when other information about depth is absent.
B) familiar size is most effective when the observer has both eyes open.
C) the quarter was judged to be closer than the dime, when viewed monocularly.
D) accommodation is a stronger cue than any pictorial depth cue.

Question 20

The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in ViewMasters™ and "3-D" movies is

A) motion parallax.
B) accommodation.
C) binocular disparity.
D) relative height.

Question 21

Bats are able to determine depth by using

A) echolocation.
B) stereopsis.
C) movement parallax.
D) collocation.

Question 22

Blake and Hirsch (1975) use selective rearing of kittens to show that

A) kittens are born with fully developed binocular cells.
B) binocular neurons are not necessary for stereopsis.
C) disparity-selective neurons are responsible for stereopsis.
D) severing the optic chiasm increases the number of binocular cells.

Question 23

The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm's length is ___ degrees.

A) 0.5
B) 2.0
C) 4.7
D) 11.5

Question 24

When Uka and DeAngelis microstimulated disparity-selective neurons in a monkey, the monkey made a behavioral depth response based on the

A) angle of disparity on the retina.
B) tuning curve of the stimulated neurons.
C) orientation of the stimulus.
D) location of the horopter.

Question 25

A major assumption of the apparent-distance theory of the moon illusion is that the sky overhead

A) appears to be further away than the horizon because of the lack of the depth cue of atmospheric perspective.
B) appears to be further away than the horizon because of the depth cue of stereopsis.
C) appears to be closer than the horizon because of the lack of depth cues.
D) appears to be closer than the horizon because of the depth cue of accommodation.

Question 26

According to Day's "conflicting cues theory", the perception of vertical line lengths depends on

A) the actual length of the lines.
B) the overall length of the figure.
C) the amount of texture gradient.
D) the actual length of the lines and the overall length of the figure.

Question 27

The depth cue of ________ is the most important in the Ponzo (railroad track) illusion.

A) perspective convergence
B) accommodation
C) stereopsis
D) motion parallax

Question 28

Holway and Boring found that

A) size constancy holds under all viewing conditions.
B) the law of visual angle does not work in humans.
C) size constancy is more likely to occur if you have more depth cues.
D) size constancy does not occur under binocular viewing conditions.

Question 29

The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by

A) random-dot stereograms.
B) polarized 3-D images.
C) Emmert's law.
D) disparity parallax.

Question 30

Myranda looks at a photograph of a truck. Which of the following best describes how she will perceive this photograph?

A) She will always perceive a photograph of a real truck as being a real truck.
B) She will always perceive a photograph of a toy truck as being a toy truck.
C) She will perceive the toy truck as a toy truck if depth cues are eliminated.
D) Her perception of the size of the truck will depend on the known size of the objects located next to the truck.

Question 31

According to the ________ theory of the moon illusion, the overhead moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by a large amount of sky.

A) ocular dominance
B) stimulus deprivation
C) angular size-contrast
D) apparent-distance

Question 32

The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because

A) we perceive the two people in the room to be the same size because the size of the image on the retina is the same.
B) we perceive the two people in the room to be of different sizes even though the size of the image on the retina is the same.
C) we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at different distances away.
D) we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at the same distance away and their retinal image size is different.

Question 33

The size-distance scaling equation is S = K(R x D). The "S" in the equation stands for

A) stimulus intensity.
B) an object's perceived size.
C) an object's physical size.
D) an object's physical shape.

Question 34

A ________ is able to make use of binocular disparity, because it has _______ eyes.

A) rabbit; frontal
B) rabbit; lateral
C) cat; frontal
D) monkey; lateral

Question 35

According to Gregory's misapplied size constancy scaling hypothesis, we perceive the "arrows pointing out" version of the Muller-Lyer illusion as

A) longer, because it is perceived as being further away.
B) longer, because it is perceived as being closer.
C) shorter, because it is perceived as further away.
D) shorter, because it is perceived as being closer.

Question 36

The key to the Ames Room illusion is

A) the room is constructed of trapezoids, but looks rectangular to the observer.
B) the room is constructed of rectangular walls, but looks trapezoidal to the viewer.
C) people of a wide range of physical heights are put in the room.
D) all depth cues except binocular disparity are eliminated.

Question 37

If you hold one quarter about 12 inches from your eyes, and another quarter at arm's length, the two quarters will be perceived to be about the same size when

A) both eyes are open.
B) only the left eye is open.
C) only the right eye is open.
D) viewed either binocularly or monocularly.

Question 38

The anecdote in the book of the pilot misjudging the size of an object on the ground in whiteout conditions is most closely related to which research study?

A) Holway and Boring's (1941) "hallway" study
B) Blake and Hirsch's (1975) "selective rearing of kittens" study
C) Julesz's (1971) "random-dot stereogram" study
D) DeLucia and Hochberg's (1985) "dumbbell Muller-Lyer" study

Question 39

Gregory's misapplied size constancy scaling explanation of the Muller-Lyer illusion

A) has difficulty in explaining the "dumbbell" version of the illusion.
B) can easily explain three-dimensional versions of the illusion.
C) is incompatible with the size-distance scaling equation.
D) has been unchallenged as the only viable explanation of the illusion.

Question 40

The size-distance scaling equation explains Emmert's Law because

A) retinal size is constant as perceived distance changes.
B) retinal size changes as perceived distance remains constant.
C) perceived size remains constant as retinal size changes.
D) perceived size changes as the color of the afterimage changes.

Question 41

Name, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) of six pictorial depth cues.

Question 42

Fox et al. (1980) found that the ability to use binocular disparity develops between

A) 1 to 2 months.
B) 2 to 3 months.
C) 3 ½ to 6 months.
D) 10 to 11 months.

Question 43

Describe the differences in how depth is perceived in cats, insects, and bats.

Question 44

Suppose you watch a "3-D" movie (using red/blue "3-D glasses") with your friends. After the movie, a friend asks "Why do we see such depth in this movie?" Summarize how you would answer this question.

Question 45

Discuss research that supports the hypothesis that a person's action in the environment affects depth perception.

Question 46

(a) How are random-dot stereograms created?
(b) What is the importance of random-dot stereograms?
(c) How is the correspondence problem related to the concept of random-dot stereograms?
(d) What have the results of infant studies with random-dot stereograms revealed?

Question 47

Ambrozia is a 4-month-old infant. Which depth cue is she most likely able to use?

A) familiar size
B) shadows
C) linear perspective
D) binocular disparity

Question 48

The ability to use binocular disparity as a depth cue

A) develops after using overlap as a depth cue.
B) occurs before binocular fixation develops.
C) develops after using familiar size as a depth cue.
D) can be tested using random dot stereograms.

Question 49

An insect is most likely to use ______ to perceive depth.

A) atmospheric perspective.
B) movement parallax
C) size information
D) all of these

Question 50

Discuss the method, results, and implications of the Holway and Boring (1941) "hallway" experiment.

Question 51

(a) State and identify the components of the size-distance scaling equation.
(b) Select two of the following, and specify how the size-distance scaling equation can explain the phenomenon: Emmert's Law; the Ames Room illusion; the Ponzo illusion; and the Muller-Lyer illusion.

Question 52

In their study on infant use of familiar size as depth cue, Granrud et al. used ________ as the stimuli, and ________ as the dependent measure.

A) objects of different sizes; reaching
B) photographs of fruit bowls; sucking rate
C) mobiles; eye movements
D) photographs of stuffed animals; eye movements