Deck 6: Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe

Question 1

The building system using heavy square piers alternating with columns is known as the _____ system.

A) ​revived modularity
B) ​modular alternation
C) ​alternate support
D) ​squared support

Answer 1

​alternate support

Question 2

How is the initial R from the Moralia in Job typically Romanesque?

A) By the absence of a salutation​
B) ​By exceeding the boundaries of the frame
C) ​By following Hiberno-Saxon carpet page patterns
D) ​By the banding of the torso and the partitioning of the drapery folds

Answer 2

​By the banding of the torso and the partitioning of the drapery folds

Question 3

In the tenth century a new Saxon line of emperors, called the _____, formed in the former eastern part of Charlemagne's empire.

A) ​Franks
B) ​Ottonians
C) ​Normans
D) ​Lombards

Answer 3

​Ottonians

Question 4

The _____ depicts the Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings.

A) ​Moralia in Job
B) ​Bayeux Tapestry
C) ​purse cover from the Sutton Hoo ship burial
D) ​Coronation Gospels

Question 5

Influential for the development of church architecture, the layout or type of church adopted by the Carolingians was _____.

A) cloister
B) ​domed hall
C) ​Early Christian basilica
D) ​Greek cross

Question 6

_____ is the name for the art produced in Early Medieval monasteries in Ireland and Britain.

A) ​Ottonian
B) ​Frankish
C) ​Merovingian
D) ​Hiberno-Saxon

Question 7

Functioning as status symbols, _____ are the only types of objects that survive from the Early Medieval period.

A) ​embroidered gowns
B) ​mosaic programs
C) ​weapons and items of personal adornment
D) ​ceramic vessels

Question 8

The _____ burial epitomizes the early medieval tradition of burying great lords with rich furnishings.

A) ​Sutton Hoo
B) ​Lindisfarne
C) ​Centula
D) ​Suffolk

Question 9

Which image blends classical art with the linear tradition of northern Europe?

A) ​Purse Cover, Sutton Hoo
B) ​Saint Matthew, Ebbo Gospels
C) ​Chi-rho-iota, Book of Kells
D) ​Gero crucifix

Question 10

_____ are pages in Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts that contain decorative panels of abstract and animal forms.

A) ​Carpet pages
B) ​Evangelist portraits
C) ​Chi-rho-iota
D) ​Colophons

Question 11

A hallmark of the Romanesque is the revival of _____.

A) ​manuscript illumination
B) ​large-scale sculpture
C) ​tile doors
D) ​mosaics

Question 12

The Sutton Hoo ship burial has been related to the Anglo-Saxon king _____, who converted to Christianity.

A) Raedwald​
B) ​Bernard of Clairvaux
C) ​Merovech
D) ​Abbot Haito

Question 13

The _____ of a monastery evoked an earthly paradise and represented a retreat for the monks.

A) ​cloister
B) ​refectory
C) ​scriptorium
D) ​charter house

Question 14

Deviating from its model, San Vitale, the facade of Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel was flanked by _____.

A) ​minarets
B) ​his mausoleum
C) ​a catacomb
D) ​two towers

Question 15

Ottonian artists narrated religious stories using _____.

A) ​expressive gestures
B) ​Latin inscriptions
C) ​linear perspective
D) ​naturalistic proportions

Question 16

Which monastic order rejected figural sculpture in monastic settings?

A) ​Carthusians
B) ​Franciscans
C) ​Dominicans
D) ​Cistercians

Question 17

What church plan was used as the model for the Palatine Chapel at Aachen?

A) ​Old Saint Peter's
B) ​Santa Constanza
C) ​Hagia Sophia
D) ​San Vitale

Question 18

The motif of the centrally placed Christ on the Moissac tympanum references Christ as the _____.

A) door to salvation​
B) ​humble Good Shepherd
C) ​Pantokrator
D) ​leader of the apostles

Question 19

How does the subject of the Bayeux Tapestry stand apart from other artworks of the period?

A) ​It features the Virgin instead of Christ.
B) ​It focuses on mythological subjects.
C) ​It depicts an event shortly after it occurred.
D) ​It records the life of Hildegard of Bingen.

Question 20

Who did Eadwine the Scribe emulate in his self-portrait?

A) ​Bernard of Clairvaux
B) ​The Gospel writers
C) ​Christ
D) ​God

Question 21

The movement of a saint from one location to the next upon his or her request is called _____.

A) ​a Scivias
B) ​a furta sacra
C) ​sedes sapientiae
D) ​a chevron

Question 22

Christians made long journeys to see _____ because they believed that the relics had the power to heal.

A) ​ancient statues
B) ​Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts
C) ​relics
D) ​baptismal fonts

Question 23

The subjects of artworks were chosen by the _____.

A) ​bishop
B) ​rulers of a region
C) ​patron
D) ​Pope

Question 24

Which different artistic traditions does Early Medieval art fuse?

Question 25

The Carolingian period takes its name from the ruler _____.

A) ​William the Conqueror
B) ​Bernard of Clairvaux
C) ​Charlemagne
D) Guillaume le Conquérant

Question 26

What factors encouraged the investment in expensive stone vaulting for churches?

Question 27

_____ was the first vaulted structure of the Middle Ages north of the Alps.

A) The oratory at Saint Gall​
B) ​Saint Michael's at Hildesheim
C) ​The facade of Corvey
D) ​Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel

Question 28

What parallels exist between burials described in Beowulf and those discovered in the Early Medieval period?

Question 29

The Romanesque style that was most influential for the development of Gothic architecture was the ______.

A) ​Anglo-Saxon
B) ​Viking
C) ​Norman
D) ​Lombardian

Question 30

Money donated by _____ was an important financial resource for monasteries.

A) pilgrims​
B) ​abbots
C) ​peasants
D) ​merchants

Question 31

What was the fundamental purpose for the plan of the monastery of Saint Gall?

A) ​To allow the monks to integrate completely with the town
B) ​To give the abbot the largest area of land
C) ​To separate the world of the monks from that of the laity
D) ​To protect the monks from Germanic invaders

Question 32

Describe how the Ottonians preserved and enriched the culture and traditions of the Carolingian period.

Question 33

Most Italian churches, such as Pisa, retained the _____ of Early Christian basilicas.

A) two-towered facades​
B) ​timber roofing
C) ​radiating chapels
D) ​stone vaulting

Question 34

How did the popularity of pilgrimage in the Romanesque period affect church design?

Question 35

Which decorative scheme characterizes Hiberno-Saxon manuscript illumination?

Question 36

Why was the term Romanesque applied to the architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries?

Question 37

Sant'Ambrogio in Milan features one of the first examples of _____.

A) ​rib vaulting
B) ​a dome
C) pendentive construction​
D) ​stained-glass windows

Question 38

Why has the opinion of art historians changed regarding the artistic significance of Early Medieval art?

Question 39

Which new features did Carolingian architects add to the Early Christian basilica plan?

Question 40

Describe the modular organization of the plan for the monastery at Saint Gall.

Question 41

One of the innovations of Romanesque architecture is the use of vaulting. Which types of vaults were employed and what advantages did using this costly method bring?

Question 42

Describe the role of artists and patrons during this period. Which works bear the name of the artist who created them? How are we to understand their desire to make their name known?

Question 43

How does this blend Christian imagery with the art of the warlords?

Question 44

Romanesque sculpture was frequently placed on the portals of churches. What subjects were commonly portrayed on church portals, and why? Citing specific examples, explain what messages were communicated to viewers.

Question 45

Which artistic elements are representative of the art made for warlords?

Question 46

How are several different artistic influences brought together in this image?

Question 47

What are the distinctive characteristics of this master's style?

Question 48

What motivated artists to identify themselves in inscriptions, and why is it significant?

Question 49

Norman architecture was innovative. What does the term Norman designate? Using examples, identify the characteristic features of Norman architecture. What elements prefigure the Gothic?

Question 50

How does this deviate from its model, San Vitale in Ravenna?

Question 51

How does this reflect the classical style?

Question 52

Which Gothic features are brought together for the first time in this church?

Question 53

Describe the debate that arose over the use of sculptural decoration at monasteries. Who was for it, and who was against it? How did this debate manifest itself in architecture and decoration (or lack thereof) of particular monastic orders?

Question 54

Which features contribute to the geometrical quality of this church? Describe the effect of its spatial organization.

Question 55

How does the representation of Christ deviate from the Lindau Crucifixion?

Question 56

The most distinctive production of Hiberno-Saxon art is its manuscripts. What influences and motifs characterize the decoration of these manuscripts? What was their purpose?

Question 57

The art of the Early Medieval period departs greatly from the classical world. What types of objects, styles, techniques, and motifs became popular in this period? How has scholarship on these objects changed in recent times, and what meaning did they bring to their original owners?

Question 58

The Carolingian emperor Charlemagne had a sincere admiration for classical culture and viewed himself as reviving the Roman Empire. How is this reflected in the style of certain Carolingian works and the models for Carolingian architecture?

Question 59

What does this artwork's inscription state as its purpose, and how does the imagery reflect its purpose?

Question 60

Although dependent on Early Christian and Byzantine sources, Carolingian and Ottonian architects added new features. Citing specific examples, consider the innovations of the layout, interior, and facade design of Carolingian and Ottonian buildings.

Question 61

Attribute the images on the screen to a culture and give an approximate date. Give the reasons for your attributions, using complete sentences and referring to specific works discussed in class.
Suggested images, not in the text: