Deck 17: Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Question 1

Once a person reaches the age of 70 years,about how many more years of survival would be expected?

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the life expectancy of white males and females in the United States?

A)62 (males),68 years (females)
B)76 (males),81 years (females)
C)82 (males),86 years (females)
D)87 (males),90 years (females)

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity?

A)Improvements in longevity with energy restriction depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat
B)Restriction of energy intake in genetically obese animals does not seem to improve longevity
C)Biochemical markers for longevity in humans are improved only when energy intake is reduced by at least one-third
D)The activities of the genes of older mice on energy-restricted diets are similar to those of mice on standard diets

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Studies of adults show that longevity is related,in part,to all of the following EXCEPT

A)weight control.
B)nutritional balance of meals.
C)short periods of sleep.
D)no or moderate alcohol intake.

Question 5

What is the life expectancy of black males and females in the United States?

A)71 (males),77 years (females)
B)78 (males),85 years (females)
C)85 (males),89 years (females)
D)90 (males),93 years (females)

Question 6

Which of the following is a finding from studies of diet restriction in rats?

A)Restriction of specific nutrients exerted antiaging effects
B)Energy-restricted diets led to life extension in 90% of the rats
C)Energy-restricted diets led to lowering of the metabolic rate and body temperature
D)Restriction of food intake only after rats reached maturity,but not before,resulted in extension of the life span

Question 7

In people who practice energy restriction to prolong life,hunger becomes persistent when kcal intake first drops by what percentage?

A)30
B)40
C)50
D)60

Question 8

What was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900?

A)47 years
B)55 years
C)61 years
D)68 years

Question 9

Approximately what fraction of the U.S.population is at least 65 years old?

A)1/100
B)1/30
C)1/8
D)1/3

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic of the response to stress?

A)Men often follow a pattern of "tend-and-befriend"
B)Women usually engage in the "fight-or-flight" response
C)Older men and women tend to lose their ability to adapt to stress
D)Common psychological stressors in older people include alcohol abuse and smoking

Question 11

What is the most important predictor of a person's mobility in the later years?

A)BMI
B)Alcohol use
C)Chronological age
D)Regular physical activity

Question 12

Approximately what percentage of a person's life expectancy is under control of her genes?

A)0
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 13

What would be the physiological age of a 75-year-old woman whose physical health is equivalent to that of her 50-year-old daughter?

A)25 years
B)50 years
C)70 years
D)125 years

Question 14

Longevity is defined as

A)long duration of life.
B)a person's age in years from date of birth.
C)maximum number of years of life attainable by a species.
D)average number of years lived by people in a given society.

Question 15

Approximately what percentage of a person's life expectancy is dependent upon his personal behavior?

A)0
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 16

Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for energy restriction and improved longevity in animals?

A)Reduced oxidative stress
B)Increased metabolic rate
C)Enhanced lipid oxidation
D)Accelerated growth and development

Question 17

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?

A)21-30 years
B)35-50 years
C)Over 65 years
D)Over 85 years

Question 18

People who persistently restrict energy intake by 30% for 30 years can expect to increase longevity by up to how many years?

A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12

Question 19

What minimum reduction from the usual intake of energy in people brings about measurable improvements in body fat,blood pressure,insulin response,and blood lipids?

A)10%
B)25%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 20

Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span?

A)75
B)100
C)115
D)130

Question 21

What fraction of eligible seniors participate in the SNAP?

A)1/3
B)1/2
C)3/4
D)9/10

Question 22

Which of the following terms describes an immune system that is inefficient and overactive in the aged?

A)Inflammaging
B)Dysphagic cell mass
C)Sarcopenic undermining
D)Endentulous-induced wasting

Question 23

Approximately what percentage decline in total energy expenditure is seen in a 70 year old versus a 30 year old?

A)2
B)10
C)20
D)30

Question 24

A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to her

A)skin.
B)colon.
C)mouth.
D)stomach.

Question 25

A person with dysphagia has

A)no teeth.
B)low immunity.
C)difficulty swallowing.
D)diminished muscle mass.

Question 26

The association between overweight and health risks disappears by age

A)45.
B)55.
C)65.
D)75.

Question 27

Which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system?

A)Immunity in older people does not seem to be affected by regular exercise
B)In the United States,infectious diseases are a minor cause of deaths in the elderly
C)Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition
D)Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems

Question 28

What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults?

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)10

Question 29

Which of the following is a feature of the stress response in men and women?

A)Women's general reactions to stress are different than those of men
B)The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men
C)The secretion of epinephrine is suppressed in elderly women compared with elderly men
D)Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled much less well by elderly men compared with elderly women

Question 30

Which of the following describes the nutrient needs of older people?

A)They vary according to individual histories
B)They remain the same as in young adult life
C)They increase; therefore,supplementation is required
D)They decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition

Question 31

What is the highest age group recognized in the Dietary Reference Intakes?

A)40 years and over
B)50 years and over
C)65 years and over
D)71 years and older

Question 32

Mary is 75 years old and has been getting sick recently and losing weight.After assessing all symptoms,her doctor diagnoses atrophic gastritis and prescribes an antibiotic.All of the following are symptoms associated with this condition EXCEPT

A)bacterial overgrowth.
B)acid reflux.
C)impaired digestion.
D)stomach pain.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of tooth loss in the elderly?

A)People without teeth have low intakes of fiber and vitamins
B)Properly-fitted dentures are less effective than natural teeth
C)People without teeth commonly consume fewer fruits and vegetables
D)The consumption of applesauce instead of apples and creamed corn instead of corn on the cob reduces nutrient bioavailability and impairs nutritional health

Question 34

Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism?

A)They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth
B)They have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults
C)They show increased frequency of urination,which results in higher requirements
D)They frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and disorientation

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of body weight and older people?

A)A higher body weight reduces the risk of sarcopenia
B)Being overweight at age 75 does not reduce longevity
C)Being moderately overweight may not carry health risks
D)A low body weight may be more detrimental than a high one

Question 36

The evidence from studies to date shows that nutritional interventions designed to relieve depression

A)may or may not be effective.
B)are mildly effective.
C)are moderately effective.
D)are greatly effective.

Question 37

What is sarcopenia?

A)Loss of central visual activity
B)Loss of muscle mass and strength
C)Aging-induced chronic inflammation of the stomach
D)Intestinal dysmotility from excessive use of laxatives

Question 38

A person who is edentulous has

A)no teeth.
B)low immunity.
C)difficulty swallowing.
D)diminished muscle mass.

Question 39

Approximately what percentage decline in basal metabolism is seen in an 80-year-old person compared with a 40-year-old?

A)1-2
B)2-4
C)4-8
D)8-16

Question 40

Atrophic gastritis is typically characterized by all of the following signs EXCEPT

A)inflamed stomach mucosa.
B)lack of hydrochloric acid.
C)abundant bacteria in the stomach.
D)insufficient secretion of pepsinogen and gastrin.

Question 41

What are the thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye,thereby affecting vision,especially in the elderly?

A)Retinitis
B)Keratoids
C)Cataracts
D)Rhodolipids

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT among the features of arthritis?

A)The immune system is directly involved in rheumatoid arthritis
B)Weight loss improves the pain in the hands from osteoarthritis
C)Weight-bearing exercises often aggravate the pain from osteoarthritis
D)Supplements of glucosamine and chondroitin may reduce the pain of arthritis

Question 43

To prevent and treat the high incidence of constipation in the elderly,all of the following practices are known to be effective EXCEPT

A)eating more legumes.
B)drinking more water.
C)increasing physical activity.
D)taking vitamin B₁₂ injections.

Question 44

Which of the following is a characteristic of nutrition and cataract formation?

A)Obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts
B)Adequate intakes of biotin and inositol seem to delay the onset of cataract formation
C)Nutrition is known to play little,if any,role in the onset or progression of cataracts
D)Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1,000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts

Question 45

Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?

A)Zinc intake is adequate for about 95% of this group
B)Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity
C)Calcium intakes of females are near the RDA for this group
D)Calcium allowances for this group have recently been increased by the Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of age-related macular degeneration?

A)It is the leading cause of vision loss in older people
B)Risk factors include sunlight-induced oxidative stress
C)Dietary omega-3 fatty acids from fish may be protective
D)Therapy includes elimination of purine-containing foods

Question 47

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

A)Most elderly receive near-RDA amounts of the vitamin
B)Aging reduces the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D to its active form
C)The RDA for vitamin D in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys
D)Most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of the vitamin due to their greater time spent outdoors

Question 48

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from

A)intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
B)insufficient intake of vitamin B₁₂.
C)reduced output of intrinsic factor.
D)reduced output of hydrochloric acid.

Question 49

What organ is affected by macular degeneration?

A)Bone
B)Eyes
C)Liver
D)Kidneys

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of vitamin B₁₂ nutrition in older people?

A)The RDA is the same as for younger adults
B)Older adults are advised to obtain most of their vitamin B₁₂ from fortified foods and supplements
C)Up to 30% of those over 50 years of age are at risk of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency due to atrophic gastritis
D)The DRI Committee recommends that older people increase their meat intake to provide adequate vitamin B₁₂

Question 51

Which of the following foods seems to relieve rheumatoid arthritis in some people?

A)Milk
B)Olive oil
C)Iodized salt
D)Refined cereals

Question 52

Which of the following is a feature of zinc nutrition in the elderly?

A)Zinc intake is insufficient in older people
B)Excess zinc from supplements blunts the taste buds
C)Zinc deficiency stimulates the appetite for high-fat foods
D)Most medications affect zinc excretion but not absorption

Question 53

John is 60 years old and has been experiencing numbness in his hands for the past 3 months.His doctor suspects that John is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and encourages him to eat more foods containing vitamin B₁₂.What is wrong with this suggestion?

A)People missing intrinsic factor cannot digest foods containing vitamin B₁₂ and will develop diarrhea
B)Intrinsic factor is not associated with vitamin B₁₂ and eating more foods containing it would have no effect on John's health
C)It is improbable that a lack of hydrochloric acid production and intrinsic factor are associated with the numbness that John is experiencing
D)Because John has no intrinsic factor,he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin B₁₂ from natural sources and would need a vitamin B₁₂-fortified food or supplement

Question 54

Which of the following is a research finding on vitamin D nutrition in the elderly?

A)Self-synthesis capacity is high
B)The skin's capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced
C)The presence of atrophic gastritis reduces bioavailability of the vitamin
D)Symptoms of deficiency include dermatitis and diminished taste acuity

Question 55

Jimmy is 33 years old and his obese parents each have cataracts in both eyes.They rarely eat fruits or vegetables and prefer a meat and potatoes existence.To reduce his risk of developing cataracts like his parents,Jimmy should incorporate all of the following into his diet EXCEPT

A)maintaining a healthy body weight.
B)eating a variety of foods that contain carotenoids.
C)eating a variety of foods that contain vitamins C and E.
D)getting enough sleep at night to preserve the integrity of his eyes.

Question 56

Marie is an 80-year-old woman with a BMI of 27 who has been admitted to the hospital for dehydration.She lives alone,her diet is very high in desserts and sweets,and she only drinks diet colas.On morning hospital rounds,the attending physician asks the group of interns what they recommend for the patient.With which intern should you disagree?

A)Intern A: Try to lose enough weight to achieve a desirable BMI
B)Intern B: Try to incorporate soft fruits and cooked vegetables into the diet
C)Intern C: Try to avoid sodas that contain caffeine as they may contribute to dehydration
D)Intern D: Try to drink at least 6 glasses of water a day (or the equivalent in fruit juices)

Question 57

What nutrients appear to help prevent cataract formation?

A)Iron and calcium
B)Chromium and zinc
C)Vitamin B₁₂ and folate
D)Vitamin C and vitamin E

Question 58

Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly?

A)The DRI is 800-1000 mg
B)Calcium intakes are well below recommendations
C)Calcium supplements are not effective sources of calcium due to poor digestibility
D)Calcium from food is not well absorbed due to the intake of calcium-binding laxatives

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT among the features of osteoarthritis?

A)High BMI is a risk factor
B)Nicotine intake reduces inflammation and increases flexibility
C)It is the most common type of arthritis that disables older people
D)Weight loss improves the symptoms in the hands as well as the weight-bearing joints

Question 60

A condition that increases the likelihood of iron deficiency in older people is

A)lack of intrinsic factor.
B)loss of iron due to menopause.
C)blood loss from yearly physical testing procedures.
D)poor iron absorption due to reduced stomach acid secretion and/or use of antacids.

Question 61

Rose is a 73-year-old spunky,energetic woman who is wheel-chair bound.She cannot go to the grocery store and has no family members nearby.Which of the following would be the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that Rose is obtaining adequate nutrition?

A)Suggest she attend congregate meals
B)Sign her up for the Meals on Wheels program
C)Suggest that Rose enter a nursing home that will cater to her every need
D)Have a volunteer buy in bulk from a grocery warehouse once a month and deliver the food to Rose

Question 62

Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol use in the elderly?

A)Binge drinking is about 5 times more common in men than women
B)The prevalence of regular intake of alcohol is twice as great in women than men
C)Treatment for alcohol abuse in the elderly of both sexes is less effective than for young adults
D)Excessive use impairs memory and cognition in ways much different than for standard age-related dementia

Question 63

What disorder is associated with the body's breakdown of purines?

A)Gout
B)Dysphagia
C)Sarcopenia
D)Senile dementia

Question 64

What is the main reason for dieting in the elderly?

A)To economize when food prices increase
B)To improve appearance among their peers
C)To pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose
D)To reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia

Question 65

Which of the following is descriptive of most older people?

A)Mentally lucid
B)Unhappy and unhealthy
C)Dependent on caregivers
D)Strong desire to remain isolated

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT among the features of the Meals on Wheels program?

A)It is administered by volunteers
B)It operates at least 5 days a week
C)It provides the same social benefits as congregate meals
D)The only qualification to receive benefits is achieving the age of 60 years

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT among the factors known to be related to the appearance of Alzheimer's disease?

A)An increase in free radicals
B)An increase in beta-amyloid
C)A decrease in acetylcholine synthesis
D)A decrease in homocysteine synthesis

Question 68

Which of the following is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers' markets and roadside stands?

A)Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
B)Food Security for the Disadvantaged Elderly
C)Old Age and Survivors Health Benefits Program
D)Elderly Nutrition and Maintenance Food Co-Op

Question 69

Goals of the Older Americans Act Nutrition Program include the provision of all of the following EXCEPT

A)transportation services.
B)high-cost nutritious meals.
C)opportunity for social interactions.
D)counseling and referral to other social services.

Question 70

What is a congregate meal?

A)A meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center
B)A meal prepared for the elderly that meets one-third of the Dietary Recommended Intakes
C)A meal prepared for disadvantaged people of all ages to encourage communal gathering of diverse population groups
D)A meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for the elderly and served primarily to church congregations

Question 71

Which of the following is thought to promote the development of brain senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles?

A)Oxidative stress
B)Excess acetylcholine
C)Dietary deficiency of choline
D)Low blood levels of homocysteine

Question 72

Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation?

A)High in simple sugars,low in canned fruit
B)High in animal protein,low in canned fruit
C)Low in polyunsaturated fat,high in oleic acid
D)Low in saturated fat,high in omega-3 fatty acids

Question 73

A principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels is that

A)the cost of administering congregate meals is lower.
B)there are more social benefits to congregate meals.
C)nutritional benefits are greater with congregate meals.
D)more meals per week are served with congregate meals.

Question 74

What is the chief risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

A)Age
B)Gender
C)Low antioxidant intake
D)Body weight after age 70

Question 75

Approximately what percentage of U.S.adults are affected by Alzheimer's disease after age 65?

A)0.5
B)5
C)12
D)33

Question 76

Which of the following is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

A)It affects 95% of those over 80 years of age
B)It is responsive to dietary choline supplementation
C)It is associated with stability of brain nerve cell number
D)It is associated with clumps of beta-amyloid protein in the brain

Question 77

What is thought to be the most important nutrition concern for people with Alzheimer's disease?

A)Maintenance of appropriate body weight
B)Ensuring adequate intakes of antioxidant nutrients and DHA
C)Monitoring intake of medications that may interfere with nutrient bioavailability
D)Treatment for iron overload to prevent formation of new neurofibrillary tangles

Question 78

Which of the following would be the most effective substitute for fresh milk for the elderly person living alone?

A)UHT milk
B)Low-cost expired milk
C)Calcium carbonate tablets
D)Greens with highly bioavailable calcium

Question 79

Which of the following is a feature of food choices and eating habits of older people?

A)The quality of life among older people has not improved since 1995
B)Older people spend less money on foods to eat at home than younger people
C)People over 65 are less likely to diet to lose weight than are younger people
D)Most older people think of themselves as generally unhappy and in poor health

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of gout?

A)It affects mostly men
B)It is a form of arthritis
C)It results from uric acid crystals in the joints
D)It is treated by reducing intake of milk products