Deck 17: Seedless Vascular Plants

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct sequence-from earliest to most recent-of the time period in which they were dominant on Earth?

A)I, II, III, IV
B)I, III, IV, II
C)III, I, IV, II
D)III, IV, II, I
E)IV, III, I, II

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary trend in the vascular plants?

A)Nutritional dependency of the gametophyte on the sporophyte
B)Reduction in size of the gametophyte
C)Reduction in complexity of the gametophyte
D)Increased prominence of antheridia and archegonia
E)Decreased reliance on water for transferring sperm to egg

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Cooksonia, a member of the phylum ______, is the oldest known ______.

A)Psilotophyta; fern
B)Rhyniophyta; vascular plant
C)Rhyniophyta; protracheophyte
D)Zosterophyllophyta; vascular plant
E)Zosterophyllophyta; protracheophyte

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the phylum Rhyniophyta is FALSE?

A)They are the earliest well-known vascular plants.
B)They lived during the mid-Silurian.
C)They were differentiated into stems, roots, and leaves.
D)They had dichotomously branching stems.
E)They were homosporous.

Question 5

The main tissue systems of the vascular plant are the ______ systems.

A)root and shoot
B)root, shoot, and reproductive
C)root, stem, and leaf
D)dermal, vascular, and ground
E)xylem, phloem, and ground

Question 6

Which sequence of events most likely describes the evolution of megaphylls?

A)Overtopping, dichotomous branching, planation, webbing
B)Dichotomous branching, overtopping, planation, webbing
C)Planation, dichotomous branching, overtopping, webbing
D)Webbing, dichotomous branching, overtopping, planation
E)Overtopping, planation, webbing, dichotomous branching

Question 7

Which of the following statements about reproduction in vascular plants is FALSE?

A)The eggs are nonmotile.
B)The gametophyte is structurally more complex than the sporophyte.
C)All vascular plants are oogamous.
D)There is an alternation of heteromorphic generations.
E)The sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about primary growth is FALSE?

A)It occurs close to the tips of stems and roots.
B)It is initiated by the apical meristems.
C)It primarily leads to thickening of the plant body.
D)It gives rise to primary tissues.
E)It gives rise to the primary plant body.

Question 9

In ferns, antheridiogens induce antheridia in _______ gametophytes.

A)all
B)larger, less mature
C)smaller, less mature
D)larger, more mature
E)smaller, more mature

Question 10

In the evolution of vascular plants, there is a trend toward the:

A)above-ground parts becoming structurally similar to the below-ground parts.
B)progressive reduction of the sporophyte.
C)sporophyte becoming nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.
D)increased protection of the gametophyte by the sporophyte.
E)production of seeds in all lineages.

Question 11

The conducting cells of the phloem are called:

A)tracheids.
B)vessel elements.
C)leaf traces.
D)sieve elements.
E)hydroids.

Question 12

What do ALL steles have in common?

A)primary xylem and primary phloem
B)a pith
C)leaf gaps
D)dermal tissue
E)vascular and cork cambia

Question 13

Heterospory differs from homospory in that heterospory involves:

A)gametophytes with endosporic development.
B)larger gametophytes.
C)bisexual gametophytes.
D)spores differentiated on the basis of size not function.
E)different types of spores produced in the same sporangium.

Question 14

Members of the phylum ______ probably evolved directly from the rhyniophytes and most likely are the ancestors of the ferns and progymnosperms.

A)Pteridophyta
B)Lycopodiophyta
C)Trimerophytophyta
D)Zosterophyllophyta
E)Sphenophyta

Question 15

The Zosterophyllophyta differ from the Rhyniophyta in that the Zosterophyllophyta:

A)were homosporous.
B)were not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.
C)had a protostele.
D)became extinct.
E)produced lateral sporangia.

Question 16

The cork cambium is a(n) ______ meristem that produces________.

A)apical; ground tissue
B)apical; cork
C)lateral; phloem
D)lateral; xylem
E)lateral; periderm

Question 17

The siphonostele of ferns:

A)is the most primitive type of stele.
B)consists of a solid core of vascular tissues.
C)occurs only in the roots.
D)has a series of discrete strands around a central pith.
E)has leaf gaps.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by bryophytes and vascular plants?

A)multicellular embryos
B)a charophycean-alga-like ancestor
C)a monophyletic lineage
D)dominant gametophytes
E)an alternation of heteromorphic generations

Question 19

Microphylls differ from megaphylls in that microphylls:

A)occur in most vascular plants.
B)are associated with leaf gaps.
C)are associated with protosteles.
D)have branched veins.
E)evolved from branch systems.

Question 20

Tracheids differ from vessel elements in that tracheids:

A)have lignified thickenings.
B)are less-specialized cells.
C)are a type of tracheary element.
D)conduct water and minerals.
E)provide support.

Question 21

In a typical member of Polypodiopsida, the:

A)antheridia and archegonia form on the prothallus.
B)gametophyte persists long after the sporophyte has become independent.
C)roots develop by circinate vernation.
D)sporangia are produced on the upper surface of the leaves.
E)rhizomes are the most conspicuous part of the sporophyte.

Question 22

A eusporangiate fern with a leaf having two parts-a vegetative portion and a fertile portion-belongs to the:

A)genus Marsilea.
B)order Filicales.
C)genus Azolla.
D)genus Ophioglossum.
E)order Marattiales.

Question 23

Trichomanes speciosum is an example of a fern:

A)lacking a sporophyte stage.
B)lacking a gametophyte stage.
C)lacking gemmae.
D)producing thalloid sporophytes.
E)producing filamentous sporophytes.

Question 24

Lycopodium differs from Selaginella and Isoetes in that Lycopodium:

A)is differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.
B)has sporophylls.
C)is heterosporous.
D)lacks ligules.
E)has a protostele.

Question 25

The common name "fern" refers to which of the following groups.

A)Psilotopsida, Polypodiopsida, and Equisetopsida only
B)Marattiopsida, Polypodiopsida, and Equisetopsida only
C)Psilotopsida, Marattiopsida, and Equisetopsida only
D)Psilotopsida, Marattiopsida, and Polypodiopsida only
E)Psilotopsida, Marattiopsida, Polypodiopsida, and Equisetopsida

Question 26

Roots.

A)Ophioglossum
B)Botryichium
C)Tmesipteris
D)Zostera
E)Lycopodium

Question 27

The prothallus of Polypodiopsida is a(n):

A)cluster of sporangia.
B)heart-shaped gametophyte.
C)outgrowth of a leaf.
D)type of pinna.
E)portion of the rachis.

Question 28

The Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae differ from the other families of ferns in that the Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae:

A)are leptosporangiate.
B)are eusporangiate.
C)are homosporous.
D)are heterosporous.
E)produce leaves in whorls of three.

Question 29

In contrast to a eusporangium, a leptosporangium:

A)arises from a single initial cell.
B)produces more spores.
C)has a tapetum that is one cell layer thick.
D)is larger.
E)arises from one or more surface cells.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the major lineages of the Monilophyta?

A)Equisetopsida
B)Marattiopsida
C)Zosterophyllopsida
D)Polypodiopsida
E)Psilotopsida

Question 31

The innermost wall layer of a eusporangium is called the:

A)rachis.
B)tapetum.
C)annulus.
D)lip cell.
E)sporocarp.

Question 32

In the club moss life cycle:

A)the gametophytes are unisexual.
B)a gametophyte may produce a series of sporophytes.
C)water is not required for fertilization.
D)microphylls, but not strobili, are formed.
E)the sporophyte does not usually become independent of the gametophyte.

Question 33

Psilotum is a _______ fern belonging to the order _______.

A)eusporangiate; Psilotales.
B)eusporangiate; Psilotopsida.
C)leptosporangiate; Psilotales.
D)leptosporangiate; Psilotopsida
E)leptosporangiate; Ophioglossales

Question 34

The annulus is most directly involved in:

A)providing mineral ions to the capsule.
B)discharging spores.
C)protecting against dessication.
D)water uptake.
E)photosynthesis.

Question 35

______ is a genus of phylum Monilophyta, order Ophioglossales.

A)Azolla
B)Psaronius
C)Botrychium
D)Salvinia
E)Trichomanes

Question 36

In the Selaginella life cycle, the archegonia:

A)protrude through the megasporophyll.
B)protrude through a rupture in the megaspore wall.
C)develop on the microsporophyll.
D)develop from the suspensor.
E)cause the microsporangial wall to rupture.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about quillworts is FALSE?

A)They have a short, fleshy above-ground stem.
B)They have a specialized cambium.
C)Some obtain carbon for photosynthesis from sediments.
D)Some have CAM photosynthesis.
E)Each leaf is a potential sporophyll.

Question 38

The indusium of Polypodiopsida is a:

A)cluster of sporangia.
B)leaf outgrowth covering a sorus.
C)leaf outgrowth covering a prothallus.
D)megaphyll.
E)"fiddlehead."

Question 39

A rachis is a(n):

A)type of pinna.
B)type of rhizome.
C)extension of the petiole.
D)folded portion of a frond.
E)sporangium.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about sporophylls in the club mosses is FALSE?

A)They are modified leaves.
B)They are borne on the gametophyte.
C)They bear sporangia.
D)They may be interspersed among sterile microphylls.
E)They may be grouped into strobili.

Question 41

Each leaf of Isoetes is a potential sporophyll, capable of bearing either megasporangia or microsporangia.

Question 42

Three of the phyla of seedless vascular plants-Rhyniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta, and Trimerophytophyta-had become extinct by the end of the Devonian period.

Question 43

Antheridiogens are water-soluble substances that affect sex expression.

Question 44

In angiosperms and most gymnosperms, the entire megagametophyte is the pollen grain.

Question 45

Tracheids most likely evolved from vessel elements.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the Equisetum life cycle is FALSE?

A)Sporangia are borne along the margins of sporangiophores.
B)Spore dispersal is facilitated by elaters similar to those of Marchantia.
C)Gametophytes may be bisexual.
D)Sperm are multiflagellated.
E)Gametophytes are green and free-living.
True-False Questions

Question 47

The blade of a megaphyll contains only a single vein.

Question 48

______ is a water fern that bears sporangia on submerged, rootlike leaves.

A)Azolla
B)Salvinia
C)Marsilea
D)Botrychium
E)Ophioglossum

Question 49

Selaginella is homosporous, with bisexual gametophytes.

Question 50

Microphylls are associated with stems possessing protosteles.

Question 51

The great height reached by some vascular plants was made possible by the evolution of the ability to synthesize lignin.

Question 52

The zosterophyllophytes were most likely the ancestors of the lycophytes.

Question 53

A eustele has a pith, but a siphonostele does not.

Question 54

Carinal canals and conspicuously jointed stems are characteristic of the:

A)club mosses.
B)quillworts.
C)whisk ferns.
D)horsetails.
E)resurrection plants.

Question 55

An example of a water fern that produces bean-shaped sporocarps is:

A)Azolla.
B)Salvinia.
C)Marsilea.
D)Botrychium.
E)Ophioglossum.

Question 56

Tracheary elements are the conducting cells of the xylem.

Question 57

The vertical growth of the plant is an example of primary growth.

Question 58

The vascular tissue system is embedded in the ground tissue system.

Question 59

In Lycopodium, the sporangia are borne on microsporophylls and megasporophylls.

Question 60

The thick trunk of tree ferns is due to the functioning of a vascular cambium.

Question 61

In a eusporangium, the initials divide by the formation of walls parallel to the surface.

Question 62

Horsetails are homosporous plants having jointed stems.

Question 63

The tapetum of a leptosporangium consists of two layers.

Question 64

Sporocarps are produced by members of the genus Marsilea.

Question 65

All ferns other than Psilotopsida and Marattiopsida are leptosporangiate.

Question 66

Circinate vernation is a type of branching pattern in a megaphyll.

Question 67

Psilotum has tiny leaves but lacks roots.