Deck 6: Ethics, Economics, and Sustainable Development

Question 1

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain
-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.
What measure(s)might consumers take to aid in the fossil fuel crisis?

A)use public transportation and demand fuel- efficient vehicles
B)lobby the government to stop industry permit trading
C)protest high taxes on fossil fuels
D)purchase only imported fuel
E)purchase only domestic fuel

Answer 1

A

Question 2

has/have a high Happy Planet Index score and a small per capita ecological footprint.

A)The United States
B)Costa Rica
C)No countries
D)Most Middle- Eastern countries
E)Sub- Saharan Africa

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Hetch Hetchy provides the residents of San Francisco with .

A)water for drinking
B)miles of biking and hiking paths
C)forest for recreation
D)lakes for fishing
E)wilderness habitats

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Why would the consumption of fossils fuels remain high, despite high prices?

A)nonrenewability of fossil fuels
B)political unrest in the Middle East
C)cultural preferences and resistance to change
D)excessive supplies of fossil fuels
E)bad weather

Question 5

"If domestic fuel prices rise to $5 per gallon, growth will slow significantly and our quality of life will decline." This philosophy is consistent with economics.

A)subsistence
B)ecological
C)neoclassical
D)environmental
E)social

Question 6

is best defined as the study of how we decide to use scarce resources in the face of demand.

A)Economics
B)Ethics
C)Environmental science
D)Ethnobiology
E)Ecology

Question 7

Which of the following is an assumption of neoclassical economics?

A)All citizens deserve just and equal treatment.
B)Growth is good.
C)Long- term effects and planning are important.
D)Resources are finite.
E)External costs and benefits are valuable.

Question 8

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain
-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.
Contingent valuation .

A)says all individuals deserve just and equal treatment
B)measures how much people would pay to restore a resource after it is damaged
C)says we should treat others as we wish to be treated
D)involves buying and selling "rights to pollute"
E)measures how much time, effort, and money people spend to travel for natural recreation

Question 9

refers to meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

A)Social justice
B)Sustainable subsistence
C)Sustainable development
D)Ecological development
E)Economic development

Question 10

Cassandras are .

A)followers of Plato, who believe that the true nature of the divine is revealed through nature
B)people who believe human ingenuity and technology will lead us to continued economic growth in the future
C)an invasive species
D)a tribe of Australian Aborigines
E)people who predict economic collapse and future struggles as we run out of resources

Question 11

A subsistence economy is one that .

A)purchases goods and services from others
B)meets its needs without working for wages and purchasing necessities
C)purchases resources for immediate use
D)meets its needs by overfishing lakes and rivers
E)meets is needs while causing ecosystem destruction

Question 12

involves the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

A)Socialism
B)Environmental justice
C)Conservation
D)Land ethics
E)Ecological justice

Question 13

Modern market economies generally do not address .

A)cost- benefit analysis
B)cost of production
C)GDP
D)market value of goods
E)aesthetic and cultural value

Question 14

believe that within a market economy, economic sustainability is achieved through reduction of growth and by more efficient resource use.

A)Malthusians
B)Socialists
C)Cornucopians
D)Environmental economists
E)Capitalists

Question 15

The GPI for the United States .

A)is far below that of the rest of the world
B)has remained unchanged since 1975
C)increases when resource consumption increases
D)increases when resources extraction increases
E)has increased dramatically since 1950

Question 16

is the American school of philosophy exemplified by Thoreau and Whitman which saw natural entities as symbols or messengers of deeper spiritual truth.

A)Ecofeminism
B)Environmental justice movement
C)Transcendentalism
D)Preservationism
E)Pantheism

Question 17

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain
-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.
What alternative measure might the government take to aid in the fossil fuel crisis?

A)approve legislation to provide more funding to develop renewable energy
B)abolish green taxes
C)drill for oil off the Florida coast
D)build more oil refineries
E)reopen closed coal mines

Question 18

Who is best known as the founder of the Sierra Club?

A)John Muir
B)Ralph Waldo Emerson
C)Walter Sierra
D)Aldo Leopold
E)John Ruskin

Question 19

Natural wilderness should be protected as is, regardless of the needs of humans, is an example of the point of view.

A)conservationist
B)economist
C)ecologist
D)preservationist
E)environmentalist

Question 20

Gross domestic product is .

A)the total economic value of goods and services produced by a country
B)the cost of services minus the economic value of enhancements or degradation to the environment
C)all the resources necessary to produce ecosystem services
D)a measure of conventional economic activity, with positive nonmonetary influences added and negative nonmonetary impacts subtracted
E)the willingness of consumers to pay for ecosystem services

Question 21

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain
-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.
Which of the following would contribute to a rapid increase in crude oil prices?

A)decrease in demand for oil
B)higher gas taxes
C)increase in demand for oil
D)increased availability of alternative fuels
E)increase in supply of oil

Question 22

External costs include .

A)wages
B)environmental damage
C)worker's compensation and insurance
D)utilities
E)raw materials

Question 23

advocate for steady- state economies because they believe that Earth's natural systems generally operate in self- renewing cycles that can be "tapped" sustainably.

A)Ecological economists
B)Malthusians
C)Capitalists
D)Cornucopians
E)Socialists

Question 24

is best defined as the knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people.

A)Culture
B)Worldview
C)Niche
D)Habitat
E)Economics

Question 25

Match the following.

A)Henry David Thoreau
B)Roderick Nash
C)Rachel Carson
D)Gifford Pinchot
E)Aldo Leopold
F)Immanuel Kant
G)Jeremy Bentham
H)John Ruskin
I)John Muir
Californian ecocentrist and anthropocentrist who argued that we should protect America's natural environment in its pristine, unaltered state

Question 26

encourages more sustainable business practices.

A)Increased economic growth
B)Ecolabeling
C)The government providing all goods and services to citizens
D)Abolishing permit trading
E)Abolishing green taxes

Question 27

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain
-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.
Which of the following is an example of greenwashing?

A)using biodegradable paints
B)discounting future effects
C)covering up environmental injustices
D)creating the illusion of green or sustainable practices
E)ecolabeling

Question 28

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain
-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.
would oppose fuel efficiency standards because they believe that we will either find more oil or find an alternative solution to the fossil fuel crisis.

A)Conservationists
B)Preservationists
C)Transcendentalists
D)Cornucopians
E)Cassandras

Question 29

In general, environmentalists believe that governments should .

A)promote social and environmental justice
B)lower corporate taxes
C)deregulate corporations
D)nationalize all Earth's natural resources
E)discourage ecolabeling

Question 30

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain
-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.
GPI is an acronym for .

A)Genuine Progress Indicator
B)Gas Price Index
C)Graduated Price Indicator
D)Global Pollution Index
E)Good Parent Index

Question 31

Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic" essay .

A)decries pesticide misuse
B)encourages actions that preserve biotic communities
C)describes the history of the EPA
D)describes how American Navajos suffered from the adverse effects of uranium mining
E)describes how most toxic landfills are located in poorer communities

Question 32

Match the following.

A)Henry David Thoreau
B)Roderick Nash
C)Rachel Carson
D)Gifford Pinchot
E)Aldo Leopold
F)Immanuel Kant
G)Jeremy Bentham
H)John Ruskin
I)John Muir
Forest ranger in Arizona and New Mexico in the early 1900s who advocated preservation of nature's integrity. He wrote, "to keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering."

Question 33

Which one of the following is an ecosystem service?

A)global warming
B)pollination of crop plants
C)erosion
D)genetically modifying food
E)creation of pollution

Question 34

Which of the following includes volunteer work and damage from pollution in a country's goods and services?

A)GPI
B)GDP
C)ATP
D)GNP
E)GAP

Question 35

Match the following.

A)Henry David Thoreau
B)Roderick Nash
C)Rachel Carson
D)Gifford Pinchot
E)Aldo Leopold
F)Immanuel Kant
G)Jeremy Bentham
H)John Ruskin
I)John Muir
British utilitarian who promoted the idea that actions should maximize the overall benefit to most people

Question 36

The philosophy of classical economics developed by Adam Smith .

A)advocates free- market policies that many credit for the tremendous gains in material prosperity of industrial nations
B)argues that individuals acting in their own self- interest harm society
C)assures equality between rich and poor
D)proposes maintenance of economies through government restraint and regulation
E)was adopted by the Aborigines in the Kakadu region of Australia

Question 37

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain
-producing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Americans continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates and rely upon them for most of energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for American vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.
What factor might lead to more political support for higher fuel- efficiency standards?

A)lower oil prices
B)release of oil from the national petroleum reserves
C)an end to political instability in the Middle East
D)a greater supply of oil
E)even higher oil prices

Question 38

A(n)is best defined as one who evaluates an action based on its impact on human health, economic costs and benefits, and aesthetic concerns.

A)biocentrist
B)ethnocentrist
C)anthropocentrist
D)ecocentrist
E)market economist

Question 39

Match the following.

A)Henry David Thoreau
B)Roderick Nash
C)Rachel Carson
D)Gifford Pinchot
E)Aldo Leopold
F)Immanuel Kant
G)Jeremy Bentham
H)John Ruskin
I)John Muir
Proposed the categorical imperative, which advocates treating others as you would wish to be treated

Question 40

Which American president increased protection of wilderness in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the early 1900s?

A)Thomas Jefferson
B)William McKinley
C)Theodore Roosevelt
D)Woodrow Wilson
E)John Quincy Adams

Question 41

Compare and contrast the philosophies of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot.

Question 42

Match the following.

A)Henry David Thoreau
B)Roderick Nash
C)Rachel Carson
D)Gifford Pinchot
E)Aldo Leopold
F)Immanuel Kant
G)Jeremy Bentham
H)John Ruskin
I)John Muir
American transcendentalist writer who viewed nature as a direct manifestation of the divine

Question 43

Accounting for nonmarket values of ecosystem services may help us make better environmental and economic decisions. Identify, briefly describe, and give examples of these nonmarket values.

Question 44

Explain the research and findings of Robert Costanza. Identify one criticism of this research.

Question 45

Describe the ways in which a nation's attitude toward environmental issues might be shaped by economics, culture and religion, political ideology, and laws.

Question 46

Match the following.

A)Henry David Thoreau
B)Roderick Nash
C)Rachel Carson
D)Gifford Pinchot
E)Aldo Leopold
F)Immanuel Kant
G)Jeremy Bentham
H)John Ruskin
I)John Muir
Conservationist who advocated protection of nature for its beauty and usefulness; founder of the U.S. Forest Service

Question 47

Briefly describe the Cornucopian and Cassandran economic positions relative to their environmental views.