Deck 17: Immunization and Immune Testing

Question 1

Anti- human antibodies (specific for human IgG antibodies) with fluorescent molecules covalently attached are used for

A) direct ELISAs.
B) immunodiffusion tests.
C) direct fluorescent antibody tests.
D) indirect ELISAs.
E) indirect fluorescent antibody tests.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The study and diagnosis of antigen- antibody interactions in the blood is known as

A) serology.
B) immunology.
C) cytology.
D) histology.
E) hematology.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Tuberculosis may be diagnosed using

A) immunoelectrophoresis.
B) a direct fluorescent antibody test.
C) a viral hemagglutination test.
D) complement fixation.
E) an immunoblot test.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding toxoids is FALSE?

A) They stimulate antibody- mediated immune responses.
B) They are produced against the toxin of the microorganism rather than the microorganism itself.
C) They are chemically or thermally modified.
D) They have few antigenic determinants.
E) They provide lifelong immunity.

Question 5

Titration is a serological procedure that

A) identifies the causative microbe of an infectious disease.
B) must be done before the western blot test to diagnose HIV.
C) determines the amount of an antibody in the blood.
D) has been replaced by genetic engineering in isolating the antigen of a pathogen.
E) is used for blood grouping.

Question 6

A woman uses a home pregnancy test kit that tests for hCG hormone in urine. She knows this is a type of antibody assay from the kit brochure. Antibodies reacting with the hormone produce two lines on the test strip. What specific type of antibody assay does this represent?

A) a direct immunofluoresence test
B) an immunochromatographic assay
C) an ELISA
D) a complement fixation test
E) a neutralization assay

Question 7

What type of vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine?

A) a recombinant vaccine composed of a single antigen of the hepatitis virus
B) attenuated vaccine
C) a vaccine produced by treating the virus with formaldehyde
D) toxoid vaccine
E) inactivated whole pathogen

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding ELISAs is TRUE?

A) They are not quantitative.
B) They involve the use of membrane filters.
C) They require large amounts of serum.
D) The antibody label is a fluorescent molecule.
E) They can be used to detect antibody or antigen.

Question 9

Killed vaccines work by stimulating

A) cytotoxic T cells.
B) an antibody mediated response.
C) lymphocyte proliferation.
D) phagocytic activity.
E) the cell- mediated immune response.

Question 10

Almost a century after Edward Jenner introduced successful vaccination, Louis Pasteur developed vaccine(s) against

A) human cholera.
B) rabies.
C) anthrax.
D) influenza.
E) both anthrax and rabies.

Question 11

Passive immunotherapy is used when

A) the pathogen does not produce a toxin.
B) the attenuated live vaccine is too difficult to produce.
C) a representative antigen for the microbe cannot be isolated.
D) protection against a recent infection or disease is needed immediately.
E) the microorganism can be genetically manipulated.

Question 12

In precipitation tests, maximum precipitation takes place when

A) the amount of the antigen exceeds the amount of the antibody.
B) the amount of the antibody and the amount of the antigen are at optimal proportions.
C) a toxin is present.
D) a complex solution of many antibodies is used.
E) the amount of the antibody exceeds the amount of the antigen.

Question 13

The vaccine against smallpox developed by Edward Jenner is an example of a(n) vaccine.

A) whole inactivated
B) subunit
C) attenuated
D) toxoid
E) combination

Question 14

Exposure to HIV can be verified using a(n) _ assay.

A) western blot
B) direct fluorescent antibody
C) viral hemagglutination inhibition
D) immunodiffusion precipitation
E) viral neutralization

Question 15

A person who has been exposed to rabies receives both HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin) injected near the bite site and the rabies vaccine. What does this strategy represent?

A) active immunization
B) viral hemagglutination inhibition
C) passive immunotherapy
D) passive immunotherapy combined with viral hemagglutination inhibition
E) active immunization combined with passive immunotherapy

Question 16

A(n) vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was recently developed.

A) subunit
B) recombinant
C) attenuated
D) toxoid
E) inactivated whole

Question 17

Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be detected in specimens by the test.

A) ELISA
B) direct fluorescent antibody
C) complement fixation
D) hemagglutination
E) indirect fluorescent antibody

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding variolation is FALSE?

A) It was administered to children as early as the 12th century.
B) At the time no one knew how it worked.
C) It was risk- free.
D) It involves grinding smallpox scabs.
E) It reduced the incidence of smallpox.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding an inactivated vaccine is FALSE?

A) It is safer than an attenuated vaccine.
B) It is made from pathogens that cannot replicate.
C) It can be produced from antigenic fragments of a pathogen.
D) It is made from mutated forms of the pathogen.
E) It can be produced with deactivated whole microorganisms.

Question 20

What is the most efficient and cost- effective way to control infectious diseases?

A) active immunization by vaccination
B) variolation
C) passive immunotherapy using immunoglobulins
D) autoimmunization
E) immune testing

Question 21

Viral neutralization testing is based on the fact that

A) antibodies have different molecular weights.
B) the gene for a pathogen's antigen can be isolated and introduced into a host cell by way of a plasmid.
C) viruses introduced into appropriate cell cultures have a cytopathic effect.
D) antibodies to certain microbes can be given a fluorescent label.
E) antibodies can be produced against the toxin of a pathogen.

Question 22

The complement fixation test uses red blood cells as the target for complement activation. Test serum containing antibodies is combined with a known amount of antigen in a tube, and then the RBCs and antibodies against the RBCs are added. A positive result for the complement fixation test would be

A) loss of color in the tube.
B) a cloudy solution in the tube.
C) a line of precipitate near the bottom of the tube.
D) a solution that is clear due to precipitation of RBCs.
E) a fluorescent precipitate.

Question 23

Which of the following tests is most effective in determining whether someone has been infected with the H1N1 influenza virus?

A) a viral neutralization test
B) an immunodiffusion test
C) an immunoblot
D) an antibody titer test
E) a viral hemagglutination test

Question 24

Antivenin is a(n)

A) vaccine made toward the endotoxin of a virus.
B) vaccine produced against the endotoxin of a bacterium.
C) antitoxin used to treat snakebites.
D) antigen produced from a virus.
E) antiserum produced from hybridomas.

Question 25

Which of the following diagnostic procedures depends on precipitation of antigen- antibody complexes?

A) blood typing
B) fluorescent antibody tests
C) immunodiffusion
D) viral hemagglutination inhibition tests used to diagnose viral infections
E) ELISA

Question 26

The discovery of antibodies and the understanding of their actions lead to treatments for disease.

A) passive immunotherapy
B) recombinant
C) neutralization
D) active immunotherapy
E) serologic

Question 27

Rabies virus can be directly detected in brain tissue using a(n) _ _ assay.

A) immunodiffusion precipitation
B) immunoblot
C) viral neutralization
D) viral hemagglutination inhibition
E) direct fluorescent antibody

Question 28

A(n) assay is used for rapid identification of influenza infections.

A) immunochromatographic
B) viral neutralization
C) immunodiffusion precipitation
D) immunoblot
E) direct fluorescent antibody

Question 29

An infectious disease researcher isolates the pathogen responsible for an emerging disease. The microbe is grown in the lab for many generations. A preparation of the laboratory- grown microbe is treated with ionizing radiation and then tested for its potential as a vaccine. What type of vaccine is this?

A) subunit
B) inactivated whole
C) attenuated
D) combination
E) toxoid

Question 30

Which of the following substances is commonly used to inactivate microbes?

A) aluminum
B) mineral oil
C) aluminum phosphate
D) saponin
E) formaldehyde

Question 31

Agglutination tests can be used to

A) determine the concentration of complement proteins in serum.
B) diagnose HIV.
C) estimate the amount (titer) of antibodies in a person's serum.
D) determine the effectiveness of passive immunotherapy.
E) detect a complex mix of antigens.

Question 32

OPV, the attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine, is no longer administered in the U.S.A. because it

A) can be spread to contacts.
B) is very toxic.
C) does not provide good immunity.
D) can revert to wild- type virulence.
E) can be spread to contacts and can revert to wild- type virulence.

Question 33

Serologic tests may be used to detect for diagnosis of disease.

A) the proportion of plasma in a patient's blood
B) antigen- specific antibodies
C) the ability of the patient's antibodies to activate the complement system
D) the concentration of serum proteins
E) specific epitopes

Question 34

Variolation was first used

A) to treat individuals exposed to hepatitis.
B) to protect individuals against the plague during the Middle Ages.
C) for research purposes in the 20th century.
D) to immunize the Chinese against smallpox.
E) to spread smallpox throughout the Native American populations.

Question 35

Pathogens may be attenuated for use in vaccines by

A) raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells.
B) treatment with formaldehyde.
C) genetic manipulation.
D) genetic manipulation coupled with treatment with formaldehyde.
E) genetic manipulation and/or raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells.

Question 36

A new virus is discovered that causes cells to clump together. Which of the following types of assay would be useful for diagnosing infection with this virus?

A) complement fixation test
B) hemagglutination
C) both agglutination and complement fixation tests
D) viral hemagglutination
E) agglutination

Question 37

Infection with the fungus Coccidioides immitis can be diagnosed using a(n) assay.

A) viral neutralization
B) direct fluorescent antibody
C) immunoblot
D) immunodiffusion precipitation
E) viral hemagglutination inhibition

Question 38

Which type of antibody assay is represented in this figure?

A) an immunodiffusion assay
B) a western blot
C) an indirect ELISA
D) a direct ELISA
E) an indirect immunofluorescence assay

Question 39

Which of the following assays is dependent on the ability of antibodies to bind to and crosslink two antigens?

A) neutralization tests
B) ELISAs
C) precipitation tests
D) immunoblot tests
E) direct fluorescent antibody tests

Question 40

When immunization levels in a population are high, _ provides protection from infection for at- risk persons who cannot be immunized.

A) active immunization
B) contact immunity
C) adjuvant therapy
D) herd immunity
E) variolation

Question 41

A microbe antigenically similar to human pathogen but incapable of causing disease in humans is a good candidate for use as a(n) (attenuated/inactivated/recombinant) vaccine.

Question 42

Modern vaccine technology can involve inserting the DNA encoding the pathogen's antigen(s) into a (plasmid/virus) and injecting it into an individual.

Question 43

For what is the assay shown here used?

A) detecting antibodies against a complex mix of antigens
B) detecting neutralizing antibodies
C) blood typing
D) determining the concentration of antibodies
E) verifying infection with a virus

Question 44

Hybridomas are produced by

A) combining two virus- infected cells.
B) fusing plasma cells with myeloma cells.
C) repeated culture of a pathogen until it loses its virulence.
D) combining two bacterial infected cells.
E) combining a viral infected cell with a bacterial infected cell.

Question 45

A(n) (ELISA/immunofiltration/western) assay uses antibodies bound on the surface of a membrane filter to detect antigens.

Question 46

This device is used in a(n) (immunodiffusion/immunochromatographic/precipitation) test.

Question 47

A(n)_ assay is used to detect hantavirus.

A) viral hemagglutination inhibition
B) direct fluorescent antibody
C) viral neutralization
D) immunodiffusion precipitation
E) western blot

Question 48

Antisera directed against toxins are known as (antibodies/antitoxins/anti- antibodies).

Question 49

One way to measure the antibody levels in the blood is by (turbidimitry/titration) using agglutination tests.

Question 50

Snakebites are treated with (antisera/antitoxins/antivenins).

Question 51

Materials that are added to a vaccine to increase the effective antigenicity are known as (antigens/adjuvants/antibodies).

Question 52

When vaccines do not provide lifelong immunity, (adjuvants/boosters/repeats) must be given to maintain protection.

Question 53

Chemically or thermally modified toxins that are used for vaccination are called (adjuvants/antigens/toxoids).

Question 54

Deliberate infection of young children with particles of ground smallpox scabs from children who had survived mild cases of smallpox was known as (vaccination/variolation/immunization).

Question 55

Which property of antibodies is the basis for complement fixation tests?

A) The Fc portion of IgG becomes enzymatically active upon antigen binding.
B) The Fc portion can trigger the classical complement system upon antigen binding.
C) The Fc portion of the molecule can be modified without interfering with antigen binding.
D) Antibodies can bind two antigens simultaneously.
E) Antibodies can neutralize the ability of viruses to infect cells.

Question 56

Raising viruses for numerous generations can produce an (attenuated/inactivated) form of the virus.

Question 57

Genetic manipulation of a microbe to remove one or more virulence factors is a method for producing a(n) _ vaccine.

A) toxoid
B) combination
C) attenuated
D) inactived
E) DNA

Question 58

The fusion of antibody- producing plasma cells with cancerous cells produces (hybridomas/lymphocytes/cancers) that divide continuously.

Question 59

Immunization with (attenuated/recombinant/inactivated) vaccines results in primarily an antibody- mediated immune response.

Question 60

Fluorescent antibody, ELISA, and immunoblotting tests involve the use of (labeled/unlabeled) antibodies.

Question 61

Edward Jenner was the physician who first used cowpox to vaccinate individuals against smallpox.

Question 62

The "sandwich" ELISA is used to quantify the amount of antibody in a serum sample.

Question 63

ELISAs require less reaction time than do immunofiltration assays.

Question 64

The virulence of the rabies virus is increased by prolonged culture in rabbit spinal cells.

Question 65

Agglutination tests are used to detect soluble antigens.

Question 66

Anti- antibodies are used in indirect antibody assays.

Question 67

How has modern technology helped to produce new types of vaccines?

Question 68

Discuss the similarities and differences between immunodiffusion and immunochromatographic assays.

Question 69

Passive immunotherapy does not result in immunological memory.

Question 70

Complement fixation is a more sensitive test for the presence of specific antibodies than are agglutination tests.

Question 71

For some bacterial diseases such as tetanus, it is more effective to produce an immune response against the bacterial toxin than against the bacteria.

Question 72

Discuss the concept of herd immunity and its importance in creating and maintaining a healthy population

Question 73

Because attenuated live vaccines contain viruses that are less virulent, many booster vaccines must be given to produce an effective immune response.

Question 74

Two types of vaccines for polio have been developed, an inactivated whole (Salk) and a live attenuated (Sabin) vaccine. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of the two polio vaccines.

Question 75

Compare and contrast viral neutralization and viral hemagglutination tests.