Deck 9: Leadership

Question 1

Based on information given in the text, which of the following most likely represents a situation where charismatic leadership is not needed?

A) A business is operating during a time of war.
B) A business is in the throes of a hostile takeover.
C) A business is in its infancy.
D) A business is facing the introduction of a radically new product.
E) A business is succeeding due to several years of strong market leadership.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

All contingency theories are based on the idea that effective leadership performance depends on _______.

A) making use of the best path for the goal that is identified
B) using a leadership style that is appropriate to the situational conditions
C) selecting the right leadership style based on the level of the followers' readiness
D) the proper match between the leader's style and the control the situation gives the leader
E) none of the above

Answer 2

using a leadership style that is appropriate to the situational conditions

Question 3

The type of leader who guides or motivates his or her followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements is known as a_______ leader.

A) charismatic
B) transcendent
C) actuarial
D) transformational
E) transactional

Answer 3

transactional

Question 4

You are an employee in a large organization. In this organization, there are two senior managers. The first of these mangers, Sadiq, prides himself on his ability to help his subordinates understand their roles in achieving company goals. He defines clear-cut steps for his subordinates to use in completing projects, and rewards them for using proven strategies. The second manager, Wasim, feels that his role should be to provide individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation. His approach encourages creative problem solving and the development of new ideas. Most of the workers believe that both leaders are well trained, but Wasim's employees remark that Wasim seems to have a special leadership quality that sets him apart from the other managers.

-Based on the information given in the passage, Wasim is most likely a(n) _______ leader.

A) reactional
B) transactional
C) transcendent
D) emotion-based
E) transformational

Question 5

Criticism of Vroom and Yetton's leader-participation model focus on _______.

A) the abstract nature of the model
B) the model's emphasis on time restrictions related to decision-making
C) the model's overall complexity
D) the lack of research testing of the model
E) the model's emphasis on follower commitment

Question 6

In Fiedler's model, if a respondent describes his or her least preferred co-worker in relatively positive terms, then the respondent is considered to be_______ .

A) relationship-oriented
B) consideration-focused
C) unrealistic
D) people-oriented
E) consensus-building

Question 7

You are the CEO of an engineering design firm that has several departments, each specializing in the design of different products. You have noticed a great deal of difference between the styles of the various department directors. You also see a big difference in the morale, employee satisfaction levels, and effectiveness (productivity) levels of the departments. One of your goals as CEO is to maximize productivity across all departments.
It can be inferred that the poorest performing director is most likely to receive which of the following scores on the managerial grid?

A) 5,5
B) 9,1
C) 9,9
D) 1,1
E) 1,9

Question 8

Who was the first scholar to discuss charismatic leadership?

A) Bernard Bass
B) Fred Fiedler
C) Robert House
D) Max Weber
E) none of the above

Question 9

According to the text, which of the following is not a dimension of trust?

A) competence
B) loyalty
C) integrity
D) consistency
E) determination

Question 10

Based on the contingency theory, if the leadership style does not match the situation, you should_______ .

A) change the leader to fit the situation
B) either a or b
C) change the situation to fit the leader
D) retrain the leader in a more appropriate style
E) accept this circumstance as unchangeable

Question 11

Which of the following most likely exemplifies a relationship of identification-based trust?

A) A boss rewards his employees for achieving company objectives ahead of schedule.
B) Two business partners have worked together for many years and rely on each other to make decisions on behalf of the business.
C) A stranger assists another individual in repairing a flat tire and requests no compensation.
D) A woman discovers that she has a great deal in common with an acquaintance who comes from a similar family background.
E) A family hires a nanny for their children based on positive references from several friends.

Question 12

The most fragile relationships are contained in _______-based trust.

A) reward
B) knowledge
C) deterrence
D) supposition
E) identification

Question 13

Recent studies indicate that _______ may indicate effective leadership.

A) emotional intelligence
B) a highly analytical mind
C) outstanding training
D) an endless supply of terrific ideas
E) a compelling vision

Question 14

The leadership behaviors identified by the path-goal theory are_______ .

A) supportive, employee-oriented, laissez-faire, and participative
B) directive, participative, supportive, and laissez-faire
C) participative, achievement-oriented, directive, and supportive
D) achievement-oriented, supportive, humanistic, and directive
E) affective, cognitive, and behavioral

Question 15

The _______theory of leadership has shown that people characterize leaders as having such traits as intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness.

A) organizational
B) attribution
C) contingency
D) perception
E) fundamental

Question 16

According to the Managerial Grid, managers perform best using which of the following styles?

A) development-oriented
B) consideration
C) contingency
D) 9,9
E) rigid

Question 17

Your boss has been reading several books on leadership. You notice that every few months he is spouting a different approach and philosophy. You have been trying to keep up with him and figure out which "leadership theory of the month" he is studying.

-Suddenly your boss begins sending people to training to help them develop more effective leadership styles. It is clear that he is reading an author who supports_______ .

A) Fiedler's contingency model
B) behavioral theories
C) trait theories
D) the reflection effect
E) none of the above

Question 18

Which of the following theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates?

A) leader-member exchange
B) managerial grid
C) path-goal
D) expectancy
E) contingency

Question 19

What is considered both the least passive and most effective of the leader behaviors?

A) laissez-faire
B) individualized consideration
C) inspirational motivation
D) contingent reward
E) idealized influence

Question 20

Leadership is best defined as_______ .

A) implementing the vision and strategy provided by management
B) keeping order and consistency in the midst of change
C) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems
D) the ability to influence a group in goal achievement
E) not a relevant variable in modern organizations

Question 21

Who proposed a contingency theory?

A) Surber
B) Fiedler
C) Grey
D) Deickman
E) Swartz

Question 22

Your boss has been reading several books on leadership. You notice that every few months he is spouting a different approach and philosophy. You have been trying to keep up with him and figure out which "leadership theory of the month" he is studying.
Now your boss seems to be trying to analyze each leader according to which employees they interact with most and least, and which employees they rate highest and lowest. You suspect that he is reading about which of the following models?

A) SLT
B) LPC
C) LMX
D) PGT
E) SNFU

Question 23

Organizational characteristics that can be substitutes for leadership include all of the following except .

A) rigid rules and procedures
B) explicit formalized goals
C) cohesive work groups
D) mentor relationships
E) All of the above can be substitutes for leadership.

Question 24

If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would categorize the respondent as _______.

A) laissez-faire
B) insightful
C) task-oriented
D) overly critical
E) emotionally deficient

Question 25

_______refers to honesty and truthfulness.

A) Reliability
B) Machiavellianism
C) Integrity
D) Valor
E) Humility

Question 26

The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are_______ .

A) employee-oriented and production-oriented
B) initiation and completion
C) emotional and rational
D) initiating structure and consideration
E) coercion and motivation

Question 27

You are an employee in a large organization. In this organization, there are two senior managers. The first of these mangers, Sadiq, prides himself on his ability to help his subordinates understand their roles in achieving company goals. He defines clear-cut steps for his subordinates to use in completing projects, and rewards them for using proven strategies. The second manager, Wasim, feels that his role should be to provide individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation. His approach encourages creative problem solving and the development of new ideas. Most of the workers believe that both leaders are well trained, but Wasim's employees remark that Wasim seems to have a special leadership quality that sets him apart from the other managers.

-In his role as manager, Wasim most likely exhibits all of the following characteristics except_______ .

A) instilling pride
B) treating each employee individually
C) using symbols to focus efforts
D) acting in his own best interests
E) promoting careful problem solving

Question 28

Which of the following roles focuses on bringing about order and consistency by drawing up formal plans?

A) management
B) leadership
C) task structure
D) initiating structure
E) none of the above

Question 29

_______are considered to use their charisma in a socially constructive way to serve others.

A) Ethical leaders
B) Idealized influence leaders
C) Trusted leaders
D) Contingent reward leaders
E) Transformational leaders

Question 30

A self-leader is someone who_______ .

A) has difficulty following the leadership of others
B) learned leadership skills through independent study
C) understands the motivations of his or her superiors
D) relies on others to a great extent
E) no longer depends on formal leadership for direction and motivation

Question 31

You are the manager in charge of a work team. You realize that high performance teams are characterized by high mutual trust and it is your goal to make sure that your team has this high level of trust. You wish to use the recent research that has identified the five dimensions that underlie the concept of trust as your model.
Certain members of your team are unpredictable and unreliable. Based on the information given in the chapter, your team most likely needs help with which dimension of trust?

A) loyalty
B) integrity
C) competence
D) accountability
E) consistency

Question 32

According to LMX theory, which of the following is not true of those individuals who fall into the out-group?

A) They have leader-follower relations based on formal authority interaction.
B) They receive fewer of the preferred rewards that the leader controls.
C) They receive a disproportionate amount of the leader's attention.
D) They are less trusted.
E) All of the above statements are true.

Question 33

According to the Ohio State studies, the extent to which a leader's behavior is directed toward getting the job done is called_______ .

A) consideration
B) path-goal
C) maximization
D) initiating structure
E) relationship-oriented

Question 34

According to one of the authors, a person can learn to become more charismatic by displaying all of the following characteristics except .

A) communicating information only with a select group of close advisors
B) maintaining an optimistic view
C) using a captivating and engaging tone of voice
D) creating a bond that inspires others to follow
E) bringing out the potential in followers by tapping into their emotions

Question 35

What theory was developed by Robert House?

A) decision theory
B) leader-member exchange theory
C) cognitive resource model
D) path-goal theory
E) situational leadership theory

Question 36

Vroom and Yetton's leadership theory could also be described as a_______ theory.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) contingency
C) trait
D) behavioral
E) decision

Question 37

The authors suggest that transactional and transformational leadership should be viewed as_______ .

A) opposing approaches to accomplishing goals
B) equivalent to charismatic leadership
C) complementary forms of leadership
D) the building blocks of charismatic leadership
E) subcomponents of situational leadership

Question 38

The highest level of trust is exhibited in_______ trust.

A) knowledge-based
B) reward-based
C) virtue-based
D) deterrence-based
E) identification-based

Question 39

_______make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower outcomes.

A) Deterrents
B) Higher level leaders
C) Substitutes
D) Neutralizers
E) all of the above

Question 40

Hersey and Blanchard's leadership theory differs from other leadership theories primarily because it_______ .

A) explores the role of the expectations of the leader for the follower
B) deals strictly and exclusively with contingencies
C) holds that leadership style should be dependent on the situation
D) is normative
E) focuses on the followers

Question 41

According to House, what leader is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers?

A) the directive leader
B) the participative leader
C) the achievement-oriented leader
D) the supportive leader
E) the laissez-faire leader

Question 42

You are an employee in a large organization. In this organization, there are two senior managers. The first of these mangers, Sadiq, prides himself on his ability to help his subordinates understand their roles in achieving company goals. He defines clear-cut steps for his subordinates to use in completing projects, and rewards them for using proven strategies. The second manager, Wasim, feels that his role should be to provide individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation. His approach encourages creative problem solving and the development of new ideas. Most of the workers believe that both leaders are well trained, but Wasim's employees remark that Wasim seems to have a special leadership quality that sets him apart from the other managers.
The passage implies which of the following about the effectiveness of the two managers' leadership styles?

A) Sadiq is more effective than Wasim at inspiring employees, while Wasim is more effective than Sadiq at achieving goals.
B) Wasim and Sadiq are not effective leaders, because neither helps define the vision of the organization.
C) Sadiq is a more effective leader than Wasim, because he encourages his employees to use proven methods.
D) Wasim and Sadiq are equally effective as leaders, because both employ transformational leadership styles.
E) Wasim is a more effective leader than Sadiq, because he encourages creativity in his employees.

Question 43

Most modern organizational relationships are rooted in _______ trust.

A) knowledge-based
B) reliance-based
C) virtue-based
D) dependence-based
E) identity-based

Question 44

One of the authors suggests that very charismatic leaders are likely to _______.

A) motivate followers to become more extroverted
B) encourage women protégés to seek leadership positions
C) invoke high performance among followers
D) avoid media attention regarding their achievements
E) focus organizational visions around present accomplishments

Question 45

Based on the information given in the passage, Sadiq is most likely a(n) _______ leader.

A) transactional
B) reactional
C) emotion-based
D) transformational
E) transcendent

Question 46

Your boss has been reading several books on leadership. You notice that every few months he is spouting a different approach and philosophy. You have been trying to keep up with him and figure out which "leadership theory of the month" he is studying.

-You have noticed that your boss is often asking you what types of peers you least like to work with. You suspect that he is trying to covertly determine your leadership style according to _______ .

A) Fiedler
B) Hersey and Blanchard
C) Sondak
D) Vroom and Yetton
E) none of the above

Question 47

_______ is a way to use language to manage meaning.

A) Influencing
B) Highlighting
C) Paralinguistics
D) Framing
E) Trust

Question 48

Three situational criteria identified in the Fiedler model are _______.

A) emotional intelligence, group orientation, and employee status
B) leader-member relations, task structure, and position power
C) charisma, influence, and leader-member relations
D) job requirements, position power, and leadership ability
E) task structure, leadership ability, and group conflict

Question 49

According to the text, which of the following skills should be included in leadership training?

A) trust building
B) situational analysis
C) vision creation
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 50

You are an employee in a large organization. In this organization, there are two senior managers. The first of these mangers, Sadiq, prides himself on his ability to help his subordinates understand their roles in achieving company goals. He defines clear-cut steps for his subordinates to use in completing projects, and rewards them for using proven strategies. The second manager, Wasim, feels that his role should be to provide individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation. His approach encourages creative problem solving and the development of new ideas. Most of the workers believe that both leaders are well trained, but Wasim's employees remark that Wasim seems to have a special leadership quality that sets him apart from the other managers.

-That special leadership quality that people notice when they work with Wasim may be termed_______ .

A) trust
B) transaction
C) charisma
D) transformation
E) framing

Question 51

Which theory differentiates leaders from nonleaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics?

A) trait theory
B) Fiedler's perspective
C) contingency theory
D) characteristic theory
E) LPC

Question 52

You are the CEO of an engineering design firm that has several departments, each specializing in the design of different products. You have noticed a great deal of difference between the styles of the various department directors. You also see a big difference in the morale, employee satisfaction levels, and effectiveness (productivity) levels of the departments. One of your goals as CEO is to maximize productivity across all departments.

-As you look at the difference between the department directors, you notice that some are more charismatic and enthusiastic than others. In identifying this difference, you are looking at the directors'_______ .

A) traits
B) behaviors
C) personalities
D) attitudes
E) all of the above

Question 53

If behavioral leadership theories are correct, then _______.

A) leaders are born with leadership behaviors
B) leadership behaviors are consistent
C) leaders' behavior should be altered
D) women generally make better leaders than men
E) leadership can be taught

Question 54

When followers trust a leader, they_______ .

A) have subconsciously evaluated each of the five factors of trust
B) are making a gamble
C) are concurring with all the values that the leader holds
D) are willing to be vulnerable to the leader's actions
E) all of the above

Question 55

_______is the dimension of trust that encompasses an individual's technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills.

A) Idealism
B) Will
C) Competence
D) Adaptation
E) Motivation

Question 56

Which of the following statements regarding leadership is true?

A) All leaders are managers.
B) All managers are leaders.
C) All leaders are hierarchically superior to followers.
D) Formal rights enable managers to lead effectively.
E) Nonsanctioned leadership is as important as or more important than formal influence.

Question 57

According to Hersey and Blanchard, readiness encompasses the _______.

A) ability and willingness of the followers to accomplish a task
B) degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader
C) amount of influence a leader has over variables such as hiring, firing, and salaries
D) level of morale and satisfaction of the employees
E) all of the above

Question 58

The two dimensions of leadership behavior explained in the Ohio State studies are _______.

A) concern for people and concern for production
B) employee-oriented and production-oriented
C) coercion and motivation
D) initiating structure and consideration
E) operant conditioning and classical conditioning

Question 59

Fiedler's contingency model assumes that an individual's leadership style is _______.

A) contingent
B) situational
C) fixed
D) intangible
E) changeable

Question 60

You are the manager in charge of a work team. You realize that high performance teams are characterized by high mutual trust and it is your goal to make sure that your team has this high level of trust. You wish to use the recent research that has identified the five dimensions that underlie the concept of trust as your model.
All of the following are ways you can build trust within the work team except .

A) speaking your feelings
B) practicing openness
C) showing loyalty to your team members
D) keeping negative thoughts to yourself
E) demonstrating your competence

Question 61

Since upper management sets an organization's moral tone, what else must they also do?

A) punish a lack of integrity
B) negatively reinforce loyalty
C) set lower standards
D) live up to higher ethical standards
E) address the ends of achieving goals

Question 62

You are the CEO of an engineering design firm that has several departments, each specializing in the design of different products. You have noticed a great deal of difference between the styles of the various department directors. You also see a big difference in the morale, employee satisfaction levels, and effectiveness (productivity) levels of the departments. One of your goals as CEO is to maximize productivity across all departments.
Based on the results of the University of Michigan studies, which directors most likely have departments with higher productivity and job satisfaction?

A) the production-oriented leaders
B) the consideration-oriented leaders
C) the development-oriented leaders
D) the task-oriented leaders
E) the employee-oriented leaders

Question 63

The basic principles of trust include all the following except .

A) growth often masks mistrust
B) trust encourages unconventional behavior
C) mistrust drives out trust
D) decline tests the highest levels of trust
E) All of the above are basic principles of trust.

Question 64

Hersey and Blanchard developed which of the following?

A) cognitive orientation model
B) managerial grid model
C) cognitive resource theory
D) situational leadership theory
E) path-goal theory

Question 65

What is a characteristic of a vision?

A) It imprints on followers an overarching goal.
B) It is a formal articulation of a mission.
C) It links the present with a better future.
D) It is short- or long-term.
E) It is a strategy for how to run a business.

Question 66

You are the CEO of an engineering design firm that has several departments, each specializing in the design of different products. You have noticed a great deal of difference between the styles of the various department directors. You also see a big difference in the morale, employee satisfaction levels, and effectiveness (productivity) levels of the departments. One of your goals as CEO is to maximize productivity across all departments.
Of all the departments, Salim's department has the greatest production output. His employees seem most satisfied with his leadership as well. You categorize the behavioral styles of each department director using the managerial grid. According to the work of Blake and Mouton, who developed the grid, which of the following is most likely to reflect Salim's score on the grid?

A) 8,8
B) 7,1
C) 1,1
D) 1,7
E) 5,5

Question 67

The text implies that the type of leader likely to have the most profound effect on his or her followers is the_______ leader.

A) transactional
B) educational
C) actuarial
D) transcendent
E) transformational

Question 68

Trait research suggests that we focus on_______, whereas behavioral studies imply that we can effectively _______.

A) changing jobs to suit people; change people to suit jobs
B) selecting the right person for a job; train leaders
C) identifying certain traits in leaders; ignore leaders' traits
D) teaching people certain traits; teach people certain behaviors
E) training new employees; dispense with training

Question 69

According to University of Michigan researchers, which type of leaders is associated with higher group productivity and higher job satisfaction?

A) employee-oriented
B) initiating structure-oriented
C) production-oriented
D) heliocentric
E) situational

Question 70

What is the essence of the path-goal theory?

A) Stress is a form of situational unfavorableness and a leader's reaction to it depends on his or her intelligence and experience.
B) Effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader.
C) The leader is responsible for providing followers with the information, support, or other resources necessary for them to do their jobs.
D) Leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers because of time pressures.
E) Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style.

Question 71

All of the following are findings of the cognitive resource theory except .

A) high stress situations show a negative relationship between intellectual abilities and performance
B) low stress situations show a positive relationship between intellectual abilities and performance
C) high stress situations show a positive relationship between job experience and performance
D) low stress situations show a positive relationship between job experience and performance
E) None of the above are findings of the theory.

Question 72

A leader high in initiating structure would do which of the following?

A) exhibit laissez-faire type of leadership
B) seek consensus
C) assign group members to particular tasks
D) maximize leader-member relations
E) empower employees to make their own decisions

Question 73

_______is the willingness to protect and save face for another person.

A) Reliability
B) Aptitude
C) Integrity
D) Consistency
E) Loyalty

Question 74

Which of the following is not a characteristic of charismatic leaders?

A) They exhibit behaviors that are consistent with their followers' behaviors.
B) They have a vision and the ability to articulate the vision.
C) They have behavior that is unconventional.
D) They are willing to take high personal risk.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 75

A_______ is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less experienced employee.

A) manager
B) facilitator
C) protégé
D) mentor
E) leader

Question 76

In the 'new world' of online leadership, leaders need to understand that:

A) interpersonal skills are less important
B) it is almost impossible to lead effectively
C) developing and maintaining trust is much easier than before
D) leaders must avoid online communications whenever possible.
E) writing skills are likely to become an extension of interpersonal skills

Question 77

Your boss has been reading several books on leadership. You notice that every few months he is spouting a different approach and philosophy. You have been trying to keep up with him and figure out which "leadership theory of the month" he is studying.

-This month your boss seems less concerned about his leaders than he is about the people who work for them and whether these employees are willing and able to perform particular tasks. Your boss is most likely reading _______ .

A) Christos
B) Fiedler
C) Vroom and Yetton
D) Fiedler and Garcia
E) Hersey and Blanchard

Question 78

There is fairly strong evidence that traits can predict _______more accurately than leadership effectiveness.

A) the conscientiousness of leaders
B) extraversion in leaders
C) leadership awareness
D) leadership competence
E) leadership emergence

Question 79

According to the attribution theory of leadership, the key to being characterized as an "effective leader" is projecting the_______ of being a leader rather than focusing on .

A) look; events
B) facade; reality
C) image; overcoming challenges
D) appearance; actual accomplishments
E) attributes; substance

Question 80

According to the text, which of the following types of trust involves the most minimal controls?

A) attribute-based trust
B) identification-based trust
C) reward-based trust
D) deterrence-based trust
E) knowledge-based trust