Deck 8: Recombinant Dna Technology

Question 1

Which of the following items is NOT a part of the name of a restriction enzyme?

A) the strain of the source bacterium
B) the genus of the source bacterium
C) Roman numerals to indicate its order of discovery
D) the Gram reaction of the source bacterium
E) the specific epithet of the source bacterium

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Synthetic nucleic acids are useful as

A) primers for PCR.
B) DNA probes.
C) antisense RNAs.
D) DNA probes and antisense RNAs.
E) DNA probes, primers, and antisense RNAs.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The DNA double helix can be separated into single strands using

A) NaOH.
B) reverse transcriptase.
C) heat.
D) either heat or NaOH.
E) heat, NaOH, and reverse transcriptase.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is essential in PCR?

A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA primers
C) reverse transcriptase
D) antisense RNAs
E) both DNA primers and DNA polymerase

Question 5

In gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move toward the electrode(s) because they have an overall charge.

A) negative and positive; neutral
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) negative; negative
E) positive; positive

Question 6

If you started with a single DNA molecule, how many would you have at the end of six PCR cycles?

A) 6
B) 16
C) 32
D) 64
E) 100

Question 7

Which of the following restriction enzyme sites would produce blunt -ended fragments? (The arrow represents the cutting site of the enzyme.)

Question 8

Which of the following procedures might be used to detect the presence of genetic sequences of a virus in a sample?

A) Southern blotting
B) genome mapping
C) PCR
D) creation of a gene library
E) Southern blotting or PCR

Question 9

Which of the following would be an appropriate sequence of temperatures for PCR?

Question 10

Mutagens are useful in biotechnology research for

A) producing organisms with altered phenotypes.
B) producing new organisms which have beneficial traits from two or more organisms.
C) producing DNA fragments for cloning.
D) removing undesirable traits from microbes.
E) selecting genetic mutants resistant to radioactivity.

Question 11

Small circular DNA autonomously replicating molecules with several restriction sites and a ʺmarkerʺ to trace their location are commonly called

A) phages.
B) clones.
C) arrays.
D) vehicles.
E) vectors.

Question 12

If a researcher used Escherichia coli DNA polymerase instead of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase in the PCR procedure, what would be the result?

A) Many mistakes would occur.
B) DNA replication would occur twice as fast as normal.
C) DNA replication would occur more slowly than normal.
D) DNA replication would not occur at all.
E) DNA replication would stop after one cycle.

Question 13

What are the ʺsticky endsʺ produced by some restriction enzymes?

A) Sticky ends are DNA strands with an extra hydroxyl group on the end.
B) Sticky ends are able to hydrogen bond with complementary strands.
C) Sticky ends are short single-strand ends of a DNA molecule.
D) Sticky ends are short single-strand ends of DNA able to hydrogen bond with complementary strands.
E) Sticky ends are DNA strands able to form phosphate bonds with free DNA ends.

Question 14

A library of cloned sequences representing the expressed genes of an organism is known as a

A) cDNA library.
B) FISH library.
C) gene library.
D) DNA fingerprint.
E) microarray.

Question 15

Which method of inserting DNA into cells is illustrated in this figure?

A) electroporation
B) injection
C) protoplast fusion
D) transduction
E) a gene gun

Question 16

A northern blot differs from a Southern blot in the

A) size of the genetic sequences involved.
B) presence or absence of a nitrocellulose membrane.
C) type of nucleic acid being isolated.
D) number of genetic sequences detected.
E) type of probe used.

Question 17

Which of the following is necessary to produce an ʺexpressionʺ library representing the active genes of an organism?

A) mutagens
B) reverse transcriptase
C) nucleic acid probes
D) synthetic nucleic acids
E) a gene gun

Question 18

Recombinant DNA technology can be most accurately defined as the

A) deliberate modification of the genome of an organism for practical purposes.
B) selective breeding of organisms to create new combinations of traits.
C) use of microorganisms to produce useful products.
D) study of genetic expression in microbes.
E) study of replication and recombination in microbes.

Question 19

An ancient application of biotechnology is

A) production of cheese.
B) both traditional agriculture and the selective breeding of plants.
C) the practice of medicine.
D) selective breeding of plants.
E) traditional agriculture.

Question 20

Synthetic nucleic acids are produced using

A) restriction enzyme digestion of DNA.
B) a thermal cycler.
C) computerized assembly using replication enzymes in vitro.
D) a series of chemical steps carried out on the lab bench.
E) recombinant microbes.

Question 21

Synthesis of cDNA requires the use of

A) reverse transcriptase.
B) DNA ligase.
C) fluorescent synthetic nucleotides.
D) restriction enzymes.
E) agarose.

Question 22

Replacing the defective gene responsible for sickle-cell anemia is an example of

A) gene therapy.
B) producing a transgenic organism.
C) recombinant therapy.
D) genetic screening.
E) DNA fingerprinting.

Question 23

Which of the following recombinant tools is NOT used in DNA fingerprinting?

A) gel electrophoresis
B) reverse transcription
C) restriction enzyme digestion
D) PCR
E) Neither PCR nor gel electrophoresis is used.

Question 24

Examples of recent accomplishments in the use of recombinant DNA technology include

A) a cure for HIV.
B) production of gene modified human embryos.
C) production of new emerging disease agents.
D) production of a peach-apple hybrid plant.
E) gene therapy to correct an immune system deficiency in humans.

Question 25

Which of the following procedures would be used to introduce DNA into a single mouse cell?

A) electroporation
B) Southern blotting
C) gene gun
D) protoplast fusion
E) microinjection

Question 26

Which of the following has been genetically modified to stop the spread of a human disease?

A) Pseudomonas
B) Haemophilus influenzae
C) Aedes aegypti
D) Bacillus thuringiensis
E) Thermus aquaticus

Question 27

Modified corn strains that produce an insect toxin from a bacterial gene are an example of

A) transgenic organisms.
B) transgender organisms.
C) protoplasts.
D) gene therapy.
E) vectors.

Question 28

Probes used for detecting genetic sequences are frequently composed of

A) gold beads coated with DNA.
B) silicon chips.
C) synthetic nucleic acids and labeled conjugates, such as fluorescent dyes.
D) restriction enzymes.
E) plasmids with a marker sequence.

Question 29

A researcher finds a mutant mouse with a phenotype that may have applications to human disease. What would be the most efficient means of identifying the mutated gene?

A) Use a microarray to identify transcribed genes.
B) Sequence the entire genome of the mutant.
C) Use DNA fingerprinting to identify an altered DNA fragment, sequence it and search a gene library.
D) Search a mouse gene library.
E) Use DNA fingerprinting to identify a DNA fragment of altered size.

Question 30

Which of the following could be used to reduce production of harmful proteins in diseased animals?

A) expression vectors
B) modified mRNAs
C) gene mapping
D) antisense RNAs
E) PCR

Question 31

One of two men may be the father of a child. This figure shows the results of a DNA fingerprint analysis to determine paternity. M is the mother, C is the child, A and B are the two men. What is the best interpretation of these results?

A) Neither man is this childʹs father.
B) The man identified as A is probably the father.
C) The man identified as B is probably the father.
D) Either man could be this childʹs father.
E) Paternity cannot be determined from this data.

Question 32

The procedure used to identify individuals by their unique genetic sequences is known as

A) xenotransplantation.
B) DNA sequencing.
C) microarray analysis.
D) DNA fingerprinting.
E) northern analysis.

Question 33

A researcher inserted DNA fragments from an organism into plasmids and introduced the modified plasmids into bacterial cells. Which of the following methods would be the most efficient means of identifying which clones contain a specific gene of interest?

A) Use electrophoresis to identify plasmids containing an insert of the expected size.
B) Use a labeled synthetic probe complementary to the gene sequence.
C) Sequence the DNA of the plasmids from each isolate.
D) Use a microarray to detect a transcript of the gene.
E) Assay for activity of the gene product.

Question 34

An effective tool for screening a large number of genetic sequences at once is known as

A) FISH.
B) microarray.
C) restriction analysis.
D) gel electrophoresis.
E) cDNA synthesis.

Question 35

DNA fingerprinting can be used

A) for forensics and detection of unculturable organisms.
B) in forensic investigations.
C) to generate cDNA clones and libraries.
D) to generate cDNA clones.
E) to detect unculturable organisms.

Question 36

Which of the following microbes has been genetically engineered to contain a protein that helps protect crops from freezing?

A) Escherichia coli
B) Salmonella
C) Bacillus thuringiensis
D) Pseudomonas
E) Deinococcus radiodurans

Question 37

Subunit vaccines are safer than traditional vaccines because they

A) do not pose a risk for causing the disease.
B) are acellular.
C) are administered in food.
D) are acellular and do not pose a risk for causing the disease.
E) are acellular and can be administered in food.

Question 38

Specific DNA fragments can be isolated from a mixture of fragments using

A) a DNA sequencer.
B) a thermocycler.
C) a gene gun.
D) an electrophoresis chamber.
E) a nucleic acid synthesis machine.

Question 39

A microarray is assembled using

A) single-stranded DNA and silicon chips.
B) restriction enzymes.
C) agarose and nitrocellulose.
D) gold beads and magnets.
E) reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase.

Question 40

If all the following DNA fragments were analyzed on an electrophoresis gel, which one would migrate farthest from the negative electrode?

A) 5000 base pairs
B) 250 base pairs
C) 750 base pairs
D) 1000 base pairs
E) 2500 base pairs

Question 41

A technique using fluorescent-tagged probes to detect specific DNA sequences in their natural locations is known as (FISH/PCR/cDNA).

Question 42

Short nucleic acid molecules used to locate complementary sequences in a larger population of molecules are called (probes/primers/vectors).

Question 43

A collection of bacterial clones each of which contains a portion of the gene sequences of an organism is known as a microarray of that organismʹs genome.

Question 44

The name of a restriction enzyme is based on the scientific name of the microbe from which it was isolated.

Question 45

The use of microbes to make practical products such as vaccines or hormones is called (genomics/recombination/biotechnology).

Question 46

DNA encoding a normal gene is inserted into cells from a patient with a defective form of the gene. Recombinant cells are identified and isolated, and returned to the patientʹs body. This is an example of

A) biotechnology.
B) genotyping.
C) gene therapy.
D) genetic fingerprinting.
E) genomics.

Question 47

Some of the strongest opposition to the application of recombinant DNA technology concerns

A) correcting gene defects in animals.
B) pest control measures.
C) sequencing of the human genome.
D) DNA fingerprinting.
E) modification of food crops.

Question 48

The detection of DNA by FISH makes use of

A) restriction fragments.
B) reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase.
C) synthetic DNAs and fluorescent tags.
D) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
E) compressed air and gold beads.

Question 49

Under ideal conditions, the number of DNA molecules produced during PCR increases exponentially.

Question 50

A subunit vaccine is prepared by extensive manipulation of the genome of the pathogen.

Question 51

The goals of recombinant DNA technology include production of new organisms with useful combinations of traits.

Question 52

Gene therapy for human genetic diseases has not yet been successful.

Question 53

Sticky-end fragments generated by EcoRI will hydrogen bond to any other sticky-end sequence.

Question 54

A DNA microarray may be used to study the complex, changing patterns of mRNA production in an organism.

Question 55

Injecting DNA into cells can be accomplished using

A) nitrocellulose membranes.
B) silicon chips and nucleic acids.
C) micropipettes.
D) compressed air and gold beads.
E) micropipettes, or compressed air and gold beads.

Question 56

Restriction (enzymes/proteases/fragments), first isolated from bacterial cells, cut DNA molecules at specific sites.

Question 57

Restriction enzymes are useful only on synthetic DNAs.

Question 58

In Southern blotting, DNA molecules are immobilized on

A) silicon chips.
B) gold beads.
C) paper.
D) nitrocellulose membranes.
E) agarose.

Question 59

DNA (microarrays/fingerprints/libraries) produce patterns of DNA fragments that can be compared with other DNA samples.

Question 60

Southern blotting is a technique that can be used to identify microbes that cannot be cultured.

Question 61

Beta-carotene, the biochemical precursor to vitamin A, can be added to rice by using (biotechnology/cloning/recombinant) DNA technology, thereby increasing its nutritional value.

Question 62

Explain what a transgenic organism is, and give two examples.

Question 63

What techniques covered in this chapter could a biologist use to study a biofilm community, including what microbes may be present and what activities are taking place in the community?

Question 64

Detection of a pathogen by PCR requires the use of unique sequence (probes/primers/fragments).

Question 65

Discuss some of the impacts that tools and techniques of recombinant DNA technology have had on medicine.

Question 66

Study of the genome of Deinococcus radiodurans may provide insight into preventing or correcting genetic damage resulting from (radiation/mutation/chemicals).

Question 67

Investigating the genes and proteins of a microbe is part of the field of (cloning/genomics/genetics). (Select the best answer.)

Question 68

The northern blot is a technique used to detect specific RNA molecules in a larger population of molecules that have been separated by gel (electroporation/electrophoresis).

Question 69

The insertion of foreign DNA directly into a cellʹs nucleus using a glass micropipet is called (microporation/electroporation/microinjection).

Question 70

Competent cells are used to introduce DNA into cells by means of (electroporation/pellets/vectors).

Question 71

Genetic (screening/sequencing/cloning) can be used to detect mutant genes associated with genetic diseases in individuals before any clinical symptoms are noted.

Question 72

Discuss one of the pros and cons regarding the application of recombinant DNA technology.

Question 73

Outline a procedure for producing a useful new recombinant product.

Question 74

Small RNAs that bind to an mRNA and alter its expression are known as (antisense/probes/restriction) RNAs.

Question 75

A DNA (library/microarray) may be used to study the complex, changing patterns of mRNA production in an organism.