Deck 9: Sex and Gender

Question 1

Margaret Mead, in her studies of three South Seas cultures, noted that the three cultures were quite different from each other regarding the concept of what it meant to be a man or a woman. These observations lend support to the idea that

A) Gender behavior is almost completely determined by nature
B) Gender differences are deeply biological
C) Gender differences are strongly influenced by nurture
D) Gender differences are random

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In the Navaho culture, nadle individuals ________.

A) Perform only female-related tasks
B) Perform only male-related tasks
C) Can marry either men or women
D) Cannot choose this gender label

Answer 2

Can marry either men or women

Question 3

Gender inequality characterizes

A) Women more than men
B) Men more than women
C) All known societies
D) Primarily modern societies

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When girls and boys on a playground join the opposite sex's activities, girls are seen as __________ in the hierarchy, while boys are seen as __________in the hierarchy.

A) Girls: staying in the same place; boys: moving down
B) Girls: moving up; boys: staying in the same place
C) Girls: moving up; boys: moving down
D) Girls: moving down; boys: moving up

Question 5

Margaret Mead, in her studies of three South Seas cultures, noted that

A) Men's and women's roles were quite similar to each other within each of the three cultures.
B) Men's and women's roles varied considerably within each culture.
C) In all three cultures, women tended to be more involved with the family and children, while men were more involved with hunting, defense, and politics.
D) The three cultures were different from each other regarding the concept of what it meant to be a man or a woman.

Question 6

Our gender identities are

A) voluntary
B) involuntary
C) neither voluntary nor involuntary
D) both voluntary and involuntary

Question 7

Cross cultural research shows us that some gender differences and inequalities are universal, while at the same time there is a remarkable variety in cultural prescriptions of masculinity and femininity, lending support to the __________ perspective.

A) Sociological
B) Structural functional
C) Both/and
D) Structural symbolism

Question 8

The social order in which men hold power over women is known as

A) Patriarchy
B) Macho society
C) Male power
D) Patrilineality

Question 9

Our gender identity

A) Is fixed at birth by our sex
B) Intersects with other identities such as class or race
C) Is more a characteristic of women than of men
D) Is more a characteristic of women than of men

Question 10

Social scientists have demonstrated that gender behavior cannot all be biologically determined because

A) Men and women are too different from each other
B) There are remarkable similarities in men and women from different cultures
C) There are remarkable differences between men and women from different cultures
D) Men and women are too similar to each other

Question 11

Concerning differences among men and among women, as compared to differences between men and women,

A) The differences among men and among women are often greater than those between men and women.
B) The differences among men and among women are typically less than those between men and women.
C) The differences among men and among women are similar to those between men and women.
D) The differences among men are small, but among women are great, greater than those between men and women.

Question 12

Which of these exemplifies a gendered institution?

A) Sally prefers playing football instead of playing with dolls.
B) Joe and Jennifer are hoping their baby will be a girl, since they already have a boy.
C) Both boys and girls participate in health classes.
D) Nursing, as a caring profession, expects behavior traditionally associated with women.

Question 13

The process by which males and females are taught the appropriate behaviors, attitudes, and traits for their biological sex is known as

A) gender socialization
B) sex training
C) gender identification
D) sex education

Question 14

Some amount of gender inequality in which men dominate women is characteristic of

A) About half of the known societies
B) Around two-thirds of known societies
C) Almost all known societies, though there are notable exceptions
D) All known societies

Question 15

Sociologists note that masculinity and femininity are not independent, because we know what one means by reference to the other. For this and other reason, sociologists speak of

A) Gender roles
B) Sex roles
C) Gender relations
D) Gender definitions

Question 16

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the concept of gender?

A) Gender is solely related to people's biological makeup.
B) Gender refers to the cultural meanings of masculinity and femininity.
C) Gender is determined by evolutionary imperatives.
D) Gender creates a system where equality between men and women is easily attainable.

Question 17

The terms sex roles or gender roles are used by psychologists to describe

A) the bundle of traits, attitudes, and behaviors associated with biological males and females.
B) The choices people make about whether to be heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, etc
C) The biological phenomena of being male, female, or a hermaphrodite
D) The socially unequal treatment of people, based on their gender or sex.

Question 18

Biological arguments concerning gender identity and inequality include

A) Evolution, brain differences, and hormonal differences
B) Environment, nurture, and hormonal differences
C) Somatotype, environment, and evolution
D) Brain differences, somatotype, and environment

Question 19

Which of the following illustrates how gender can vary?

A) Gender tends to remain constant over time, with variation mostly related to types of clothing men and women wear.
B) Gender definitions within a society are unlikely to have much variation, unlike two different societies when compared to each other.
C) Gender varies over the life course; what it means to be a man or woman may be different at age 20 than at age 40 or age 70.
D) Gender variation is limited to industrial societies, which have seen many changes in male and female roles.

Question 20

In sociology, ________ means we build our gender identities all through our lives, using the cultural materials we find around us.

A) gender development
B) social construction of gender
C) social construction of sex
D) development of sexuality

Question 21

For little Katie, a typical 8-year-old, gender socialization is ________.

A) Pervasive
B) Primarily at her school
C) Primarily at home
D) Primarily when she watches television

Question 22

Karen works as a preschool instructor while her husband Dan works as a construction manager. What concept does this illustrate?

A) The feminization of poverty
B) The gender gap
C) The feminization of professions
D) Sex segregation

Question 23

The M-F Test, developed in 1936 and used till the 1960s,

A) Allowed high school students and young adults to find occupations appropriate to their sex and abilities.
B) Placed children along a continuum from Male to Female to determine if they had "successfully" acquired their gender identity.
C) Was used to determine traits and abilities on which males and females differed
D) Was used by pediatricians to examine and chart physical growth of infants and young children according to their sex.

Question 24

Gender inequality is generally more damaging to women in __________ nations.

A) Wealthier
B) English-speaking
C) Poorer
D) Highly literate

Question 25

About what percent of the world's hungry are women and girls?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 26

The disproportionate concentration of poverty among women is especially a problem in

A) Western countries
B) Scandinavian countries
C) Married couple households
D) Female-headed households

Question 27

Just about every country in the world treats men better than women; the differences appear most pervasive in

A) Developing countries
B) Industrialized nations
C) Democracies
D) the U.S.

Question 28

The phenomenon in which wages in certain occupations drop as women's participation in them increases is known as

A) The feminization of poverty
B) The gender gap
C) The feminization of professions
D) Sex segregation

Question 29

Jobs such as construction and engineering managers, carpenters, and electricians, are male-dominated, while jobs such as preschool or kindergarten teachers, secretaries and typists, and registered nurses are female dominated. This is because

A) Fewer women are in the workforce.
B) Different sexes are naturally predisposed toward certain fields
C) Ideas about appropriate jobs for each sex persist in our society.
D) Female dominated jobs require less education.

Question 30

In the U.S. women earn an average of 77-78% of what men earn. This phenomenon is referred to as

A) The wage gap
B) The feminization of poverty
C) The feminization of professions
D) The dual labor market

Question 31

______ describes the phenomenon of women being over-represented among the world's poor.

A) The global gender gap
B) The feminization of poverty
C) The poverty gap
D) The second shift

Question 32

Which of the following illustrates the concept that the work we do is "gendered"?

A) There have been dramatic changes in the workforce
B) Our society considers some types of occupations appropriate for men, and others for women
C) The percent of women in the workforce has increased by 200% from about 20% in 1900 to about 60% today
D) Gender discrimination in the workplace was prohibited by the Equal Rights Amendment

Question 33

Globally, the poverty line is

A) $1 a day B $10 a day
C $10 a week
D $100 a week

Question 34

In the U.S., the proportion of women who are in the workforce is about

A) A third
B) Almost half
C) Two thirds
D) Almost all

Question 35

Girls are rewarded more than boys for

A) Physical activity
B) loudness
C) Physical attractiveness
D) Aggression

Question 36

The "gender wage gap" refers to

A) The gap between the median wages for women and for men
B) The gap between the highest wages for men and women
C) The gap between the lowest wages for men and women
D) The gap between the total wages for men and women

Question 37

The first congressional act that President Obama signed into law, based on Lilly Ledbetter's case,

A) Finalized the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
B) Expanded the time limitation for filing an Equal Pay lawsuit
C) Prohibited sex discrimination in the workplace
D) Made the gender wage gap illegal

Question 38

An especially bad problem for some girls and women worldwide is a new expanding global

A) Sex trade
B) Industrial revolution
C) Agrarian market
D) Gender-dominated economy

Question 39

The dual labor market based on gender refers to

A) The idea that work and workers are divided into different sectors based on our society's concept of "gendered" work
B) The phenomenon that gender inequality varies around the world.
C) The pattern of wages for particular occupations dropping as those occupations are increasingly performed by women
D) The disproportionate concentration of poverty among women

Question 40

The countries with the least amount of gender inequality are in which area of the world?

A) Africa
B) North America
C) Scandinavia
D) South America

Question 41

The first wave of the women's movement began

A) In the nineteenth century
B) In the middle of the twentieth century
C) Toward the end of the twentieth century
D) With the turn of the millennium

Question 42

__________ argues that women's experience as people of color cannot be extracted from the experience as women and treated separately.

A) Multicultural feminism
B) Liberal feminism
C) Radical feminism
D) Libertarian feminism

Question 43

When girls and boys on a playground join the opposite sex's activities, girls are seen as moving up in the hierarchy, while boys are seen as moving down. In this way, children learn both __________ and __________.

Question 44

Men who enter female-dominated fields tend to be promoted to administrative positions more quickly than their female colleagues, illustrating

A) The wage gap
B) The glass escalator
C) The glass ceiling
D) The dual labor market

Question 45

Feminism

A) Insists on women being advanced beyond men, to make up for past injustices.
B) Believes that women and men should be equal in all spheres
C) Advocates women's equality in some spheres, but not others
D) Recognizes that inequality will always exist but tries to elevate women's status within that constraint.

Question 46

According to __________, women are discriminated against not only in the economic and political spheres, they are also subordinated and oppressed by men directly, personally, and through sexual relations.

A) Liberal feminism
B) Patriarchal feminism
C) Radical feminism
D) Sexual feminism

Question 47

The "chilly classroom climate" refers to

A) Teacher expectations that hold girls back from achieving as much as they are capable of.
B) Low school funding in poor areas, leading to classrooms that are not properly lit or heated.
C) The greater formality or "chilliness" of preparatory and other exclusive schools that are typically boys-only schools.
D) The phenomenon of teachers calling on girls more often and encouraging them more.

Question 48

The term __________ is used by psychologists to describe the bundle of traits, attitudes, and behaviors associated with biological males and females.

Question 49

The process by which males and females are taught the appropriate behaviors, attitudes, and traits for their biological sex is known as __________ __________.

Question 50

The "first wave" of the women's movement was concerned with

A) the denigration of women in the media
B) voting rights
C) personal relationships
D) racial inequalities

Question 51

The Equal Rights Amendment, which states simply that: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex," was passed

A) in the early 1900s during the Women's Suffrage Movement
B) in the 1950s, after World War II
C) In the late 1960s, during the Women's Movement
D) Never

Question 52

Over the last few decades, the pay gap has

A) Narrowed
B) Stayed about the same
C) Increased somewhat
D) Increased dramatically

Question 53

Cross cultural research shows us that some gender differences and inequalities are universal, while at the same time there is a remarkable variety in cultural prescriptions of masculinity and femininity, lending support to the __________ perspective.

Question 54

__________ refers to the meaning that societies give to the fact of biological difference.

Question 55

__________ creates an unequal work environment by singling out women (and sometimes men) for different treatment.

A) The glass ceiling
B) The dual labor market
C) Feminized professionalism
D) Sexual harassment

Question 56

The social order in which men hold power over women is known as __________ .

Question 57

In the U.S., the lifetime impact of the pay gap is greatest for

A) White women
B) Latino men
C) Black men
D) Latina women

Question 58

According to sociological research,

A) Marriage is more difficult for both men and women than being single
B) Marriage benefits women more than it benefits men
C) Marriage benefits men more than it benefits women
D) Marriage benefits both men and women similarly

Question 59

Women's second shift refers to

A) Women working nights while their husbands work days, so that someone is always at home
B) Women coming home after work to do housework and child care
C) Women holding two jobs to make ends meet
D) The mid-life crisis faced by many women when their children grow up

Question 60

Which type of job sees the largest wage gaps between men and women?

A) Union jobs
B) Manufacturing jobs
C) Management jobs
D) Child care jobs

Question 61

__________ is the belief that women should have equal political, social, sexual, economic, and intellectual rights to men.

Question 62

In occupations such as journalism, medicine, teaching, and law, sociologists have noted a phenomenon dubbed feminization of the professions, in which __________ as female participation increases.

Question 63

Globally, the dollar amount of the poverty line is approximately __________ per day.

Question 64

The most difficult form of sexual harassment to prove is __________.

Question 65

The disproportionate concentration of poverty among women is referred to as the gender wage gap.

Question 66

In the 1970s, liberal feminists attempted unsuccessfully to get the U.S. to pass the __________, which states "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex".

Question 67

Jane works in a factory on the floor and has been repeatedly teased by her male coworkers and made to feel threatened; she is experiencing the __________ form of sexual harassment.

Question 68

According to __________ __________, women are discriminated against not only in the economic and political spheres, they are also subordinated and oppressed by men directly, personally, and through sexual relations.

Question 69

All the world's societies accept the dichotomy of two gender identities, masculinity and femininity, treating any variations (such as homosexuality or sexual ambiguity) as deviant.

Question 70

Boys who play with girls receive more negative social consequences than girls who play with boys.

Question 71

The "__________" refers to the disproportionate concentration of poverty among women, especially among female-headed households.

Question 72

In a new expanding global trade, women and children are kidnapped or forced by traffickers to work as __________.

Question 73

With the exception of women who have children under 6 years old, about 60% of women in the U.S. are in the workforce.

Question 74

The expression "__________" refers to how we build our gender identities throughout our lives, using cultural materials in our environments.

Question 75

Cross-cultural research shows that gender inequality is universal.

Question 76

Women trying to move up in their field often hit a "__________," a barrier beyond which they cannot go, despite the fact that they can see others above them.

Question 77

Gender Identification refers to the process by which males and females are taught the behaviors, attitudes, and traits considered appropriate for their biological sex.

Question 78

The "__________" refers to the difference between the median wages for full-time-employed men and women.

Question 79

In the United States, women earn on average approximately __________ cents for every dollar men earn on average.

Question 80

__________ are rewarded more for physical attractiveness; __________ are rewarded more for physical activity.