Deck 25: Fluid, Electrolyte Acid-Base Homeostasis

Question 1

In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?

A) Water is pulled of the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid and then plasma.
B) Water is pushed out of the cytosol into the interstitial fluid and then plasma.
C) There is no net movement of water when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma.
D) Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following accounts for the majority of our total body water?

A) interstitial fluid
B) extracellular fluid
C) plasma
D) cytosol

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The following represents the main locations fluids are found in the human body. Rank these body fluids in order from the fluid that accounts for ^most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least.

A) cytosol (intracellular fluid), plasma, interstitial fluid
B) plasma, cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid
C) interstitial fluid, cytosol (intracellular fluid), plasma
D) cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Predict the effect of hypertonic fluid on a cell.

A) Hypertonic fluids cause water to be pulled into the cytosol and the cell swells.
B) Hypertonic fluids cause water to simultaneously be pulled into, and then pushed out of a cell.
C) Hypertonic fluids cause no water movement into or out of the cell.
D) Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.

Question 5

What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution?

A) Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert.
B) Hydrostatic pressure is the force that proteins exert.
C) Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of solute particles present in solution.
D) Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of proteins present in solution.

Question 6

What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?

A) increased blood pressure
B) increased plasma volume
C) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) osmolarity of the plasma

Question 7

Classify sodium balance in the human body.

A) acid ^-base balance
B) fluid balance
C) electrolyte balance
D) pH balance

Question 8

Determine the pH value that represents a basic, or alkaline, solution.

A) pH of 1
B) pH of 7
C) pH of 4
D) pH of 10

Question 9

Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water?

A) starch
B) glucose
C) electrolyte
D) nonelectrolyte

Question 10

What is the measurement of the osmotic pressure gradient between two fluid compartments?

A) tonicity
B) osmolarity
C) alkalinity
D) pH scale

Question 11

Select the statement that best describes an acid.

A) An acid is a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H⁺).
B) An acid is a chemical that accepts a hydrogen ion (H⁺) in a solution.
C) An acid is a substance that generally has covalent bonds that do not dissociate into charged particles in water.
D) An acid is a chemical that dissociates to release equal amounts of hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH ^-).

Question 12

Which of the following fluids has the greatest concentration of potassium ions?

A) cytosol
B) extracellular fluid (ECF)
C) interstitial fluid
D) plasma

Question 13

Water loss from the body that we do not notice is known as:

A) insensible water loss.
B) sensible water loss.
C) obligatory water loss.
D) nonsense water loss.

Question 14

Which of the following factors increases an individual's total body water?

A) increasing body fat
B) male
C) increasing age
D) female

Question 15

How much water does the average person lose per day?

A) 5 liters
B) 2.5 liters
C) 1.5 liters
D) 1 liter

Question 16

Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to:

A) water balance.
B) acid ^-base balance.
C) pH balance.
D) nonelectrolyte balance.

Question 17

What is the main component of all body fluids?

A) blood
B) oil
C) collagen
D) water

Question 18

What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?

A) urinary system
B) respiratory system
C) integumentary system
D) digestive system

Question 19

What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?

A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) medulla oblongata
D) hypothalamus

Question 20

How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?

A) 2500 ml
B) 1500 ml
C) 5000 ml
D) 500 ml

Question 21

Which hormone has NO role in potassium ion regulation?

A) epinephrine
B) insulin
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) aldosterone

Question 22

What is most abundant intracellular cation?

A) bicarbonate ion
B) sodium ion
C) potassium ion
D) chlorine ion

Question 23

A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. Select the patient for whom this solution an appropriate choice.

A) The patient is dehydrated.
B) The patient is experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration.
C) The patient is experiencing hypovolemia.
D) The patient produces too little antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 24

What is a major function of potassium ions in the body?

A) maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells
B) forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue
C) maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
D) activating enzymes

Question 25

What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?

A) dehydration
B) water toxicity
C) edema
D) hypotonic hydration

Question 26

What condition accompanies overhydration, or hypotonic hydration?

A) hypercalcemia
B) hyperglycemia
C) hypoglycemia
D) hyponatremia

Question 27

Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is defined as:

A) edema.
B) hypotonic hydration.
C) overhydration.
D) dehydration.

Question 28

Determine the effect of hypokalemia on resting membrane potential.

A) Hypokalemia promotes a more positive resting membrane potential.
B) Hypokalemia causes the membrane potential to become hyperpolarized.
C) Hypokalemia has no effect on resting membrane potential.
D) Hypokalemia causes the membrane potential to become depolarized.

Question 29

Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.

A) angiotensin ^-II and aldosterone
B) vitamin D3 (calcitriol) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) angiotensin ^-II and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 30

Together, which ions form hydroxyapatite crystals of osseous tissue?

A) calcium and phosphate ions
B) sodium and potassium ions
C) potassium and magnesium ions
D) sodium and chlorine ions

Question 31

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

A) sodium ion
B) magnesium ion
C) chlorine ion
D) potassium ion

Question 32

An elevated sodium ion concentration is known as:

A) hypernatremia.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) hypokalemia.
D) hypercalcemia.

Question 33

Digoxin is a drug that leads to increases in potassium ion concentration in the interstitial fluid. Determine the condition that results from digoxin toxicity.

A) hyperglycemia
B) hypernatremia
C) hyperkalemia
D) hypercalcemia

Question 34

What maintains the potassium ion concentration in the cytosol of cells?

A) endocytosis
B) diffusion
C) osmosis
D) Na⁺/K⁺ pump

Question 35

What type of neuron detects changes in the number of solute particles in plasma?

A) osmoreceptor
B) nociceptor
C) baroreceptor
D) chemoreceptor

Question 36

What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has no effect on ECF.
B) ECF decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
C) ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
D) ECF increases initially, then decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.

Question 37

Determine which of the following conditions will benefit from the administration of moderate amounts of hypotonic fluids.

A) hypotonic hydration
B) dehydration
C) overhydration
D) water toxicity

Question 38

Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?

A) extracellular fluid
B) osseous tissue
C) loose connective tissue
D) intracellular fluid

Question 39

Which hormone does NOT regulate fluid balance in the body?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B) vitamin D3 (calcitriol)
C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) angiotensin ^-II

Question 40

Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?

A) dehydration
B) edema
C) hypocalcemia
D) hypovolemia

Question 41

Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys?

A) aldosterone
B) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
C) vitamin D3 (calcitonin)
D) parathyroid hormone

Question 42

When fewer hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate, how is blood pH affected?

A) Blood pH is not affected by hydrogen ions.
B) Blood pH increases.
C) Blood pH alternately increases and decreases.
D) Blood pH decreases.

Question 43

Mrs. Frykholm is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. She has experienced damage to her kidneys from diabetes mellitus. Predict how her body compensates to return her blood pH to normal.

A) hyperventilation
B) decreasing bicarbonate ion reabsorption by the kidneys
C) decreasing hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate
D) hypoventilation

Question 44

The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:

A) magnesium ions.
B) hydrogen ions.
C) sodium ions.
D) calcium ions.

Question 45

What statement does NOT describe the methods by which chemical buffer systems operate to maintain pH?

A) When a strong acid is added to a solution, the weak base of the buffer system binds the released hydrogen ions and removes them from solution.
B) Buffer systems consist of a weak acid and its conjugate weak base which function to resist large swings in pH.
C) When a strong base is added to a solution, the buffer system's weak acid releases its hydrogen ions to bind the base ions.
D) All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine.

Question 46

When carbon dioxide enters the distal tubule of a nephron in the kidney and reacts with water, what is the destination of the resulting hydrogen ion?

A) The hydrogen ions are reabsorbed.
B) The hydrogen ions are transported into the interstitial fluid.
C) The hydrogen ions are transported into the filtrate.
D) The hydrogen ions are moved back into the blood.

Question 47

Which condition is usually due to hyperparathyroidism?

A) hypercalcemia
B) hypernatremia
C) hyperglycemia
D) hyperkalemia

Question 48

Hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid ^-base imbalance known as:

A) respiratory alkalosis.
B) metabolic alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) respiratory acidosis.

Question 49

Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?

A) potassium ions
B) magnesium ions
C) fluorine ions
D) chlorine ions

Question 50

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A) increasing potassium ion concentration of the blood
B) decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
C) decreasing sodium ion concentration of the blood
D) increasing calcium ion concentration of the blood

Question 51

Sarah was so upset and nervous that a snake was in her house that she began hyperventilating. Predict the acid ^-base imbalance created by her psychological state.

A) metabolic acidosis
B) respiratory alkalosis
C) respiratory acidosis
D) metabolic alkalosis

Question 52

Through what two systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?

A) integumentary and skeletal systems
B) respiratory and urinary systems
C) cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
D) digestive and urinary systems

Question 53

Select the blood pH that represents acidosis.

A) 7.42
B) 7.58
C) 7.37
D) 7.24

Question 54

What leads to respiratory acidosis?

A) hypoventilation
B) hyperventilation
C) increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate
D) increasing secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate

Question 55

What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)?

A) phosphate ions
B) sodium ions
C) fluorine ions
D) potassium ions

Question 56

Determine the compensation for respiratory acidosis.

A) hypoventilation
B) decreasing secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
C) hyperventilation
D) increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate

Question 57

Why are chlorine ions important?

A) Chlorine ions are critical for hematopoiesis.
B) Chlorine ions are a major component of collagen fibers.
C) Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids.
D) Chlorine ions are a major component of bone tissues.

Question 58

Determine the product formed when hydrogen ions from a strong acid are accepted by the bicarbonate ion.

A) sodium hydroxide
B) hydrochloric acid
C) sodium bicarbonate
D) carbonic acid

Question 59

Determine the effect of hypocalcemia on the heart.

A) As a result of hypocalcemia, heart contractions are shorter.
B) The heart is not affected by hypocalcemia.
C) As a result of hypocalcemia, heart contractions are weaker.
D) As a result of hypocalcemia, the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is lengthened.

Question 60

Identify the role of the urinary system in acid ^-base balance. 1. The kidneys can secrete bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood rises.
2) The kidneys contribute to acid ^-base balance by excreting fixed acids that the lungs cannot excrete.
3) The kidneys can manufacture new bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood falls.
4) The kidneys contribute to acid ^-base balance by controlling the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 3, 4, but not 1
C) 1, 3, 4, but not 2
D) 1, 2, 3, but not 4

Question 61

Calcium ions have important functions in the body such as forming an integral part of the ATP molecule.

Question 62

Plasma has a much higher protein content than interstitial fluid.

Question 63

When the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level rises, less water is reabsorbed via the kidneys, the ECF volume decreases, and urine production increases.

Question 64

Water obeys the principle of mass balance-in other words, what is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body.

Question 65

What leads to metabolic alkalosis?

A) prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents
B) diabetic ketoacidosis in which excess acids are produced
C) prolonged diarrhea in which bicarbonate ions are lost in the feces
D) visiting a high altitude location

Question 66

The following has been determined from an arterial blood gas (ABG) sample: an elevated blood pH and an elevated bicarbonate ion level. Determine the acid ^-base imbalance.

A) metabolic acidosis
B) respiratory acidosis
C) respiratory alkalosis
D) metabolic alkalosis

Question 67

The normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids is equal to a pH range of about 7.35
-7.45.

Question 68

The following has been determined from an arterial blood gas (ABG) sample: elevated arterial P_CO2 level and a low blood pH. Determine the acid ^-base imbalance.

A) respiratory acidosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) respiratory alkalosis
D) metabolic alkalosis

Question 69

Metabolic water (or water of oxidation) amounts to a total gain of about 250 ml of water per day.

Question 70

For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?

A) metabolic alkalosis
B) acid ^-base imbalance
C) pH imbalance
D) fluid and electrolyte imbalance

Question 71

Sensible water loss includes water lost through feces and urine while insensible water loss includes water lost through sweating and evaporation.

Question 72

Aldosterone triggers the secretion of potassium ions (and hydrogen ions) and reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney.

Question 73

Suppressed ventilation from brainstem dysfunction leads to a pH imbalance known as metabolic acidosis.

Question 74

A patient has been experiencing prolonged vomiting. Since she has lost many hydrogen ions, you predict her acid ^-base imbalance to be:

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) metabolic acidosis.
C) respiratory alkalosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 75

The most important chemical buffer system in the blood is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system, which consists of the weak acid carbonic acid and its weak conjugate base, the bicarbonate ion.

Question 76

Hyperventilation is the cause of an acid ^-base imbalance known as:

A) metabolic acidosis.
B) metabolic alkalosis.
C) respiratory alkalosis.
D) respiratory acidosis.

Question 77

Angiotensin ^-II restores fluid ^-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin ^-II?

A) vasodilation
B) increase sodium ion reabsorption
C) stimulation of aldosterone secretion
D) stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion

Question 78

The osmotic pressure gradient, or the force of solutes in a solution, tends to push water away from the solution with the higher osmotic pressure, or the more concentrated solution, by osmosis.

Question 79

Match the following with the appropriate acid -base imbalance or compensation.

A)metabolic acidosis
B) respiratory acidosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) respiratory alkalosis
To compensate for this acid ^-base
imbalance, the kidneys secrete more bicarbonate ions and reabsorb more hydrogen ions.

Question 80

The human body has more fluid in the extracellular compartment than in the intracellular compartment.