Deck 15: Nutrition From Infancy Through Adolescence

Question 1

In the short-term, gains in ________ are a good indicator of nutritional status. The best indicator of long-term nutritional status in a child is gains in ________.

A) weight; height
B) height; weight
C) weight; head circumference
D) height; head circumference

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to current growth charts, an infant can be expected to increase his or her birth length by ________ in 1 year.

A) 50%
B) 25%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Answer 2

A

Question 3

To assess weight status in children 3 years of age and older, the most useful growth chart is

A) BMI-for-age.
B) height-for-age.
C) weight-for-age.
D) head circumference-for-age.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Bennett is a 12-year-old boy whose BMI-for-age falls at the 90th percentile on the BMI-for-age growth chart. Bennett is

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) underweight.
D) healthy weight.

Question 5

Approximately one-third of children in developing nations are short and underweight for their age. The most frequent cause is

A) weaning to high-carbohydrate, low-protein diets.
B) diets low in essential fatty acids.
C) weaning to low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets.
D) diets low in vitamin A.

Question 6

Today, most females reach their full height

A) before the onset of menstrual periods.
B) within 7 months of the onset of menstrual periods.
C) within 5 years after the onset of menstrual periods.
D) by the age of 13.

Question 7

The most sensitive indicator of long-term nutritional status in a child is

A) weight.
B) height.
C) head circumference.
D) fusion of growth plates.

Question 8

Typically, preterm infants will catch up in growth by ________ of age

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 2 to 3 years
D) 4 to 5 years

Question 9

The World Health Organization growth standards stress that ________ is the biological norm for infant nutrition.

A) feeding infant formula
B) breastfeeding
C) feeding cows' milk
D) feeding infant formula and cereal

Question 10

Mild deficiencies of zinc in children in the United States have been linked to

A) short stature.
B) enlarged head circumference.
C) childhood obesity.
D) eating disorders.

Question 11

Infants receive a dose of vitamin K at birth to

A) reduce risk of hemorrhage.
B) reduce risk of blood clots.
C) support immune function.
D) promote bone health.

Question 12

Mildred is worried about her infant becoming obese in adulthood. Which of the following would be accurate information if you were attempting to counsel her?

A) Fat cells can increase in number during infancy and adulthood.
B) If she limits calories during infancy, the growth of other organ systems may be restricted.
C) Most obese infants become normal weight preschoolers.
D) All of the above would be accurate information to share with the mother.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true?

A) There is strong evidence that overweight infants will become obese adults.
B) Overweight infants usually become obese preschool children.
C) Most overweight infants become normal weight preschoolers.
D) Calories should be restricted for obese infants to levels less than those for normal weight infants.

Question 14

Which of the following is a reliable indicator of generally good nutrition status in young children?

A) The presence of subcutaneous fat
B) Consumption of foods from several groups
C) Regular gains in height and weight
D) The child's interest in a variety of foods

Question 15

Susie is 3 years old. At her most recent checkup she was at the 20th percentile for height. This means that she is

A) taller than 19 out of 100 girls her age.
B) shorter than 19 out of 100 girls her age.
C) taller than 20 out of 100 girls her age.
D) taller than 79 out of 100 girls her age.

Question 16

For a girl, undernutrition could be expected to have its greatest effect on height if it occurs

A) just before the onset of menstrual periods.
B) 2 years after the onset of menstrual periods.
C) 1 year after the onset of menstrual periods.
D) 3 years after the onset of menstrual periods.

Question 17

Eliza is a 6-year-old girl whose BMI-for-age falls at the 75th percentile on the BMI-for-age growth chart. Eliza is

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) underweight.
D) healthy weight.

Question 18

Brain growth is most rapid during

A) the toddler years.
B) the first year of life.
C) adolescence.
D) adulthood.

Question 19

According to current growth charts, an infant can be expected to ________ his or her birth weight by 1 year of age.

A) triple
B) double
C) quadruple

Question 20

According to current growth charts, an infant will double his or her birth weight at about ________ months of age.

A) 5
B) 3
C) 2
D) 9

Question 21

Vitamin ______is routinely given by injection to all infants at birth.

A) A
B) E
C) K
D) D

Question 22

It is not advised to introduce solid foods to an infant before 4 months of age because

A) the young infant's GI tract is not mature enough to digest complex carbohydrates and proteins.
B) the young infant's kidney function is limited.
C) the young infant is not able to sufficiently control his head and neck.
D) All of these are reasons to delay the introduction of solid foods until 4 to 6 months of age.

Question 23

Most formula products for infants contain

A) lactose, heat-treated cows' milk protein, and vegetable oils.
B) soy protein, glucose, and vegetable oils.
C) fructose and heat-treated cow's milk protein.
D) galactose and vegetable oils.

Question 24

Infants require approximately ________ of fluid per day.

A) 3 cups
B) 1 pint
C) 1 quart
D) 8 cups

Question 25

Freddie is 8 months old and weighs 9 kilograms. He needs about ________ grams of protein per day.

A) 11
B) 9
C) 15
D) 21

Question 26

Signs of an infant's readiness for solid food include the abilities to sit with support, control the head and neck, and move foods from the front to the back of the mouth. These typically occur at ________ of age.

A) 1 year
B) 8 to 12 months
C) 1 to 3 months
D) 4 to 6 months

Question 27

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants should receive dietary supplements of ______ until they take in this much from food sources.

A) 400 IU of vitamin D
B) 11 milligrams of iron
C) 3 milligrams of zinc
D) 500 milligrams of calcium

Question 28

Full term infants are born with some stores of iron. However, the infant's stores of iron generally are depleted by ________ months of age.

A) 1 to 2
B) 4 to 6
C) 6 to 8
D) 8 to 10

Question 29

As solid food is introduced, which of the following should be included in an infant's diet?

A) Iron-fortified cereal
B) Low-fat milk
C) Hot dogs
D) Honey

Question 30

Indicators of an infant's readiness to add solid foods include

A) head and neck control.
B) consuming more than 32 ounces of formula or breastfeeding more than 8 to 10 times per day.
C) ability to sit with support.
D) All of these are indicators of an infant's readiness for solid food.

Question 31

Most of the calories from human milk come from

A) fat.
B) carbohydrates.
C) protein.

Question 32

Breast milk contains approximately how many kilocalories per liter?

A) 120
B) 360
C) 480
D) 670

Question 33

Per kilogram of body weight, at 6 months of age, a child's energy needs are approximately ______ times higher than adult needs.

A) 2 to 4
B) 5 to 7
C) 8 to 10

Question 34

Daily protein needs during infancy vary from ________ grams per day.

A) 5 to 10
B) 9 to 11
C) 15 to 25
D) 0.8 to 0.95

Question 35

Infants need fat because it aids in absorption of several vitamins and also helps the ________ to develop.

A) kidneys
B) nervous system
C) reproductive system
D) skin

Question 36

The greatest energy requirement per unit of body weight occurs during

A) pregnancy.
B) infancy.
C) lactation.
D) childhood.

Question 37

The first solid foods usually introduced into an infant's diet are

A) egg whites.
B) pureed meats.
C) pureed fruits.
D) iron-fortified cereals.

Question 38

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the best age to introduce solid foods into the infant's diet is

A) less than 1 month.
B) 1 to 4 months.
C) 4 to 6 months.
D) over 8 months.

Question 39

Arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are two long-chain fatty acids necessary for the development of

A) the muscles and bones.
B) the circulatory and respiratory systems.
C) the nervous system, brain, and eyes.
D) the endocrine and integumentary systems.

Question 40

Human milk provides ________ of calories from protein.

A) less than 10%
B) 10% to 15%
C) 15% to 25%
D) more than 25%

Question 41

High-fiber diets are

A) recommended for infants after 4 months of age.
B) recommended for infants after 6 months of age.
C) not recommended for infants.
D) recommended for breastfed infants only.

Question 42

Children on the autism spectrum are at risk for nutritional deficiencies because

A) they are prone to selective eating behaviors.
B) they commonly experience GI problems, such as diarrhea.
C) they may follow overly-restrictive diets in an attempt to treat their disorder.
D) All of these are reasons children with ASD are at nutritional risk.

Question 43

Which of the following is an appropriate feeding philosophy for children?

A) Parents should be responsible for choosing how much and when the child should eat.
B) Parents should present a variety of nutritious food choices and avoid making the dinner table into a battleground.
C) Children should be forced to eat what is good for them.
D) Parents should present nutritious food choices and not worry about their own eating habits.

Question 44

Federally funded programs, such as Team Nutrition, promote

A) good dental hygiene.
B) a vegetarian lifestyle.
C) total avoidance of fats and sweets.
D) early development of healthy eating and exercise habits.

Question 45

The nutrient needs of preschool children are relatively great, so it may be important to

A) serve bigger portions at meals.
B) provide vitamin supplements.
C) withhold liquids until after meals.
D) serve snacks daily in addition to meals.

Question 46

For infants (up to 12 months of age), the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends

A) limiting fruit juice consumption to 6 fluid ounces per day.
B) limiting fruit juice consumption to 8 fluid ounces per day.
C) limiting fruit juice consumption to 4 fluid ounces per day.
D) no fruit juice.

Question 47

Crystal wants to help her preschool daughter, Violet, to eat more vegetables. Which of the following strategies could she try?

A) Crystal should show Violet that she likes vegetables.
B) Crystal should offer Violet new vegetables along with familiar foods.
C) Crystal should avoid overcooking vegetables.
D) All of these are strategies to encourage preschoolers to eat vegetables.

Question 48

Which of the following are strategies to prevent early childhood caries?

A) Do not put an infant to sleep with a bottle filled with breast milk or infant formula.
B) Begin weaning an infant from bottle to cup around 12 months of age.
C) Discuss the need for fluoride supplementation with a pediatrician or dentist.
D) All of these are ways to prevent early childhood caries.

Question 49

Iron-deficiency anemia in the latter part of infancy is associated with

A) a diet containing few solid foods.
B) a diet dominated by commercial infant cereals.
C) medicinal iron supplements.
D) a diet dominated by carbohydrates.

Question 50

Feeding problems may develop during the preschool years partially because of

A) decreased appetite associated with decreased growth rate.
B) increased appetite associated with increased growth rate.
C) increased metabolic rate.
D) increased need for finger foods.

Question 51

Which foods would you suggest adding to the diet of a preschool child at risk for iron deficiency?

A) Lean meats
B) Milk
C) Orange juice
D) Egg whites

Question 52

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is true?

A) Autism spectrum disorder can both affect and be affected by nutritional status.
B) Nutritional interventions are useless in the treatment of ASD.
C) Food allergens may contribute to ASD by altering cardiovascular system function.
D) Research shows a causal link between childhood vaccinations and ASD.

Question 53

Preschool children should be encouraged to try new foods. If a child is reluctant to do so, it is best to

A) ask that he or she at least taste it.
B) withhold dessert until what is on the plate is eaten.
C) quietly remove it and never try again.
D) encourage other family members to coax him or her to eat.

Question 54

A gluten-free, casein-free diet, omega-3 fatty acid supplements, and probiotics are nutritional interventions under study for their potential to help children with

A) childhood obesity.
B) autism spectrum disorder.
C) preventing chronic diseases in adulthood.
D) increasing longevity.

Question 55

Weight gain between the ages of 2 and 5 is about ________ pounds per year.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 56

Which of the following is true about snacks?

A) Healthy snack choices help children to meet their high caloric requirements.
B) Snacks should be viewed as small, nutrient-dense meals.
C) Distractions should be limited while snacking to prevent mindless eating.
D) All of these are true statements about snacks.

Question 57

For toddlers (ages 1 to 3 years), the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends

A) limiting fruit juice consumption to 6 fluid ounces per day.
B) limiting fruit juice consumption to 8 fluid ounces per day.
C) limiting fruit juice consumption to 4 fluid ounces per day.
D) no fruit juice.

Question 58

Which of the following practices may help to reduce lead exposure?

A) Allowing cold water to run from the tap for 2 to 3 minutes after a long period of inactivity
B) Consuming a variety of whole grains, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products
C) Ensuring adequate iron, zinc, calcium, thiamin, and vitamin E intakes
D) All of these strategies may help to reduce lead exposure.

Question 59

Having an adequate iron and calcium status helps to reduce ________ absorption.

A) saturated fat
B) sugar
C) bacteria
D) lead

Question 60

Which of the following are true statements about snacks for preschool children?

A) Nutrient-dense snacks make an important contribution to overall nutrient intake.
B) Snacks are appropriate if timed so that appetite is not impaired at meals.
C) Snacks can assist in introducing children to new foods.
D) All of these are true statements about snacks.

Question 61

What foods are most frequently linked to food allergies?

A) Corn, sugar, and honey
B) Milk, eggs, and wheat
C) Oranges, beef, and corn
D) Strawberries, mangoes, and avocados

Question 62

Children will more effectively develop the breakfast-eating habit if

A) they are driven to school so that they have time to eat.
B) parents eat breakfast with them.
C) breakfast is prepared for them to eat while their parents are dressing for work.
D) they are given money to buy breakfast on the way to school.

Question 63

The adolescent growth spurt

A) begins earlier in boys than girls.
B) begins earlier in girls than boys.
C) begins at the same age for boys and girls.

Question 64

Approximately what percentage of obese children become obese adults?

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 65

For young children (ages 4 to 6), the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends

A) limiting fruit juice consumption to 6 fluid ounces per day.
B) limiting fruit juice consumption to 8 fluid ounces per day.
C) limiting fruit juice consumption to 16 fluid ounces per day.
D) consuming at least 8 fluid ounces per day of fruit juice.

Question 66

Dietary intakes of ________ are often low in the diets of adolescent girls.

A) calcium and phosphorus
B) iron and calcium
C) magnesium and zinc
D) iron and phosphorus

Question 67

Foreign proteins that cause adverse reactions in the body are called

A) antigens.
B) antibodies.
C) albumins.
D) anaphylaxins.

Question 68

Approximately what percentage of obese adolescents become obese adults?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 69

Among children under 3 years of age, the most common food allergy is to

A) eggs.
B) milk.
C) peanuts.
D) shellfish.

Question 70

Compared to children who skip breakfast, children who regularly eat breakfast have higher intakes of calcium and iron.

Question 71

An adverse reaction to a food that does not involve the immune system is

A) a food allergy.
B) a food intolerance.
C) anaphylaxis.
D) a food deterrence.

Question 72

Among adults, the most common food allergy is to

A) eggs.
B) milk.
C) peanuts.
D) shellfish.

Question 73

Which of the following is true about teens and vegetable consumption?

A) Most teens meet the recommendation to consume 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day.
B) Most of a teen's vegetable intake is from pizza sauce.
C) Potato chips and French fries make up more than one-third of the vegetable intake of teens.
D) Most teens meet the AI for fiber despite low vegetable intake.

Question 74

For a child who follows a totally vegetarian diet, which nutrients need to be monitored carefully to prevent a deficiency?

A) Iron, vitamin B-12, and vitamin D
B) Vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate
C) Vitamin K, thiamin, and vitamin C
D) Fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C

Question 75

For obese children, experts generally recommend

A) severe caloric restriction.
B) limiting physical activity to avoid stressing the joints.
C) early diabetes and cholesterol screening.
D) bariatric surgery.

Question 76

In the United States, approximately ________ percent of school-age children are overweight or obese.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 50

Question 77

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, caffeine intake should be limited to ________ for children.

A) 100 milligrams per day
B) 300 milligrams per day
C) 500 milligrams per day
D) No amount of caffeine is safe for children.

Question 78

The treatment of childhood obesity involves

A) increasing physical activity.
B) moderation of energy intake.
C) reducing intake of dietary sugar and fat.
D) All the choices are correct.

Question 79

According to the hygiene hypothesis, frequent use of antimicrobial cleansers and antibiotics can

A) impair development of the immune system, predisposing a person to allergies and autoimmune diseases.
B) improve the function of the immune system, reducing the risk for communicable diseases.
C) cause dry and cracked skin, which makes the person more susceptible to skin infections.
D) promote tumor growth in people with a genetic predisposition for cancer.

Question 80

For older children (ages 7 to 18), the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends

A) limiting fruit juice consumption to 6 fluid ounces per day.
B) limiting fruit juice consumption to 8 fluid ounces per day.
C) limiting fruit juice consumption to 16 fluid ounces per day.
D) consuming at least 8 fluid ounces per day of fruit juice.