Deck 14: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Question 1

An infant born at 38 weeks of gestation and weighing 5 pounds is

A) LBW and SGA.
B) preterm and LBW.
C) preterm and SGA.
D) LBW.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Low levels of body fat decrease ________ fertility.

A) both male or female
B) female
C) male
D) neither male nor female

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is true about lifestyle habits and pregnancy?

A) Repeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting is harmful to the fetus.
B) It is vital that mothers abstain from NutraSweet because phenylalanine causes problems with fetal brain development.
C) Cigarette smoking should be limited to one pack per day.
D) The only risk to the baby when a mother uses cocaine is cocaine addiction.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Lower risk for gestational diabetes, reduced bone loss during pregnancy, better sleep, decreased back pain, and improved satisfaction with body image are all outcomes of

A) following a low-fat diet during pregnancy.
B) weight gain throughout pregnancy.
C) inactivity during pregnancy.
D) exercise during pregnancy.

Question 5

Obesity during pregnancy is associated with

A) high blood pressure.
B) diabetes.
C) surgical complications.
D) All the above.

Question 6

To reduce oxidative damage to her eggs, a woman should consume

A) brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
B) beta-carotene supplements.
C) zinc supplements.
D) 3 servings per day of dairy foods.

Question 7

Which of the following is a federal program for reducing infant mortality by providing nutritional support and counseling?

A) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
B) Nutrition Supplement Program (NSP)
C) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
D) Regional Nutrition Counseling Program (RNCP)

Question 8

The duration of pregnancy normally is ________ weeks.

A) 30 to 34
B) 32 to 36
C) 35 to 39
D) 38 to 42

Question 9

Concerning the infant, two major indicators of a successful pregnancy are: (1) gestation period longer than ________ weeks and (2) birth weight greater than ________ pounds.

A) 37; 5.5
B) 34; 5.5
C) 40; 7.5
D) 37; 2.5

Question 10

Fertility can be impaired by

A) either too little or too much body fat.
B) too much body fat.
C) too little body fat.

Question 11

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, an average of ________ extra kilocalories per day are needed.

A) 150 to 250
B) 250 to 350
C) 350 to 450
D) 450 to 550

Question 12

By definition, a low-birth-weight infant weighs less than ________ pounds at birth.

A) 6.5
B) 7.5
C) 5.5
D) 3.5

Question 13

The first trimester of pregnancy

A) involves a rapid increase in cell size rather than cell number.
B) is the least critical time during fetal development.
C) is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and environmental exposures that could harm the fetus.
D) is a time when nutritional deficiencies have little effect on the developing fetus.

Question 14

The organ that nourishes the fetus in the mother's womb is called the

A) ovum.
B) umbilicus.
C) placenta.
D) embryo.

Question 15

Choose the activity to avoid during pregnancy.

A) SCUBA diving
B) Water aerobics
C) Riding a stationary bike
D) Brisk walking

Question 16

Extra kilocalories for pregnancy are needed mostly during which trimester(s)?

A) First
B) Second and third
C) Second
D) First and third

Question 17

Preterm infants

A) have minimal nutritional problems.
B) may have problems sucking and swallowing.
C) will almost always die.
D) are born with adequate mineral and fat stores.

Question 18

Women who experience infertility related to high levels of testosterone and insulin may have a condition known as

A) polycystic ovary syndrome.
B) gestational hypertension.
C) preeclampsia.
D) gestational diabetes mellitus.

Question 19

A mineral that is especially important for male fertility is

A) zinc.
B) iron.
C) potassium.
D) sodium.

Question 20

Which trimester is an especially critical period when poor nutrition or drug use can result in birth defects?

A) First
B) Second
C) Third

Question 21

Nutrient-dense and bioavailable sources of calcium for a pregnant woman include

A) fruits.
B) vegetables.
C) legumes.
D) low-fat milk and cheese.

Question 22

Choose the minerals that are needed in higher quantities during pregnancy.

A) Iron, iodine, and zinc
B) Calcium, chloride, and potassium
C) Sodium, phosphorus, and fluoride
D) There are no minerals that need to be increased during pregnancy, only some vitamins.

Question 23

The RDA for protein increases by an additional ________ grams per day during pregnancy.

A) 5
B) 15
C) 25
D) 35

Question 24

Most of the extra calcium for pregnancy is needed during which trimester(s)?

A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Calcium needs do not increase during pregnancy.

Question 25

During the second and third trimesters, pregnant women should gain approximately ________ pound(s) per week.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 26

Low maternal levels of ________ during gestation may increase the risk for type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allergies, asthma, and mental disorders in the offspring.

A) vitamin D
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin A
D) vitamin K

Question 27

During the first trimester, a woman should gain ________ pounds.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 4
C) 5 to 9
D) 10 to 14

Question 28

During pregnancy, it is particularly important to make sure to consume adequate

A) saturated fatty acids.
B) trans fatty acids.
C) cholesterol.
D) essential fatty acids.

Question 29

Requirements for ________ increase by 50% during pregnancy.

A) folate
B) sodium
C) vitamin D
D) pantothenic acid

Question 30

Choose the statements that are true about folate and pregnancy.

A) Folate deficiency in pregnancy is associated with birth defects such as spina bifida.
B) The RDA for folate increases by 50 percent.
C) Fortified breakfast cereal is a nutrient-dense source of folate for pregnant women.
D) All of these statements are correct.

Question 31

The U.S. Public Health Service and the March of Dimes recommend that all women of childbearing age should take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement that contains

A) 400 micrograms of folic acid.
B) 15 milligrams of iron.
C) 500 milligrams of calcium.
D) 40 milligrams of zinc.

Question 32

Barb wants to make sure she gets adequate folate during her pregnancy. She should do which of the following?

A) Drink more milk.
B) Eat more ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.
C) Eat more meat.
D) Eat more oysters.

Question 33

For most pregnancies, women need to consume supplemental

A) calcium.
B) vitamin D.
C) zinc.
D) iron.

Question 34

Patricia's physician tells her she needs more folate in her diet during pregnancy. She should do which of the following?

A) Drink orange juice.
B) Eat beef.
C) Eat more cheese.
D) Eat more fish.

Question 35

What is true about dietary supplements during pregnancy?

A) Overdoses of vitamin B-12 could cause birth defects.
B) Vitamin A supplements are usually necessary to meet increased needs during pregnancy.
C) Research evidence supports routine supplementation with iron and folic acid.
D) It is better to take amino acid supplements than to increase the intake of protein foods.

Question 36

Prenatal dietary supplements containing iron may cause ________ in some women.

A) constipation and nausea.
B) brain fog
C) high blood sugar
D) gastrointestinal bleeding

Question 37

Adequate folate intake for neural tube development is especially important in the ________ trimester.

A) first
B) second
C) third

Question 38

For a woman with a prepregnancy BMI of 22, total pregnancy weight gain should fall within the range of ________ pounds.

A) 11 to 20
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 39

Sue's prepregnancy BMI is 38. Her weight-gain goal should be ________ pounds for the entire pregnancy.

A) 11 to 20
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 40

Millie's prepregnancy BMI is 18. Her weight gain goal should be ________ pounds for the entire pregnancy.

A) 11 to 20
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 41

Advantages of breastfeeding include

A) breastfeeding is associated with fewer ear infections.
B) breastfeeding reduces the risk of food allergies.
C) breast milk provides antibodies while the infant's immune system is still immature.
D) All of these are advantages of breastfeeding.

Question 42

Which of the following can prevent or reduce the occurrence of constipation during pregnancy?

A) Drink about 10 cups of fluids per day.
B) Choose plenty of fruits and vegetables.
C) Engage in daily physical activity.
D) All of these are good strategies to prevent or reduce constipation.

Question 43

The hormone that stimulates milk synthesis is

A) prolactin.
B) oxytocin.
C) estrogen.
D) progesterone.

Question 44

The hormone that triggers "let down" or milk release is

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) estrogen.
D) progesterone.

Question 45

Compared to formula-fed infants, breastfed infants tend to have ________ gastrointestinal infections (e.g., diarrhea).

A) fewer
B) more
C) the same amount of

Question 46

During pregnancy, a woman should follow MyPlate's Daily Food Plan, which includes ________ each day.

A) 1 to 2 cups of calcium-rich foods from the milk and cheese group
B) 2 ounce-equivalents from the protein group
C) 3 cups of calcium-rich foods from the milk and cheese group
D) 4 ounce-equivalents from the grain group

Question 47

Breast milk production requires approximately ________ kilocalories per day.

A) 200
B) 400
C) 800
D) 1,000

Question 48

Consumption of non-food items such as laundry starch, ice, and dirt is known as

A) hyperemesis.
B) pica.
C) pregnancy-induced hypertension.
D) eclampsia.

Question 49

Avoiding lying down, eating less fat, avoiding spicy foods, and consuming liquid between meals instead of during meals are all helpful in preventing

A) constipation.
B) heartburn.
C) hemorrhoids.
D) gestational diabetes.

Question 50

Lack of role models, widespread misinformation, and the fear of social judgment are all

A) legitimate reasons not to breastfeed.
B) barriers to breastfeeding.
C) concerns of a pregnant mother who is a vegan.
D) None of the above.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true regarding infant feeding?

A) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of a child's life.
B) Because of its immunological benefits, infant formula is preferred over breast milk.
C) Working mothers should avoid breastfeeding.
D) Cows' milk can be introduced safely when the child is 3 months old.

Question 52

Obstetricians recommend dietary sodium restrictions to treat preeclampsia.

Question 53

During pregnancy, symptoms such as high blood pressure, excess protein in the urine, edema, changes in blood clotting, and seizures are associated with a condition called

A) essential hypertension.
B) eclampsia.
C) preeclampsia.
D) secondary hypertension.

Question 54

Healthy People 2020 includes a goal of increasing by ________ the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal folate status.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 55

Avoiding greasy or fried foods, eating saltine crackers or dry cereal before getting out of bed, avoiding large fluid intake in the mornings, and eating smaller, more frequent meals help to control ________ during pregnancy.

A) edema
B) constipation
C) nausea
D) gestational diabetes

Question 56

From the beginning to the end of each feeding, the ________ content of human milk increases.

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) mineral
D) protein

Question 57

Which of the following is true about the let-down reflex?

A) It is needed to make milk available to the infant.
B) It can be inhibited by anxiety or nervous tension.
C) After a few weeks of breastfeeding, it becomes automatic.
D) All the these statements are true.

Question 58

Toxicity of ________ is linked to birth defects.

A) vitamin A
B) iron
C) folate
D) vitamin B-12

Question 59

Rich in immune factors, the milk made by the mother's breast during the first few days after birth is

A) colostrum.
B) prolactin.
C) foremilk.
D) hindmilk.

Question 60

Which of the following is true about lactation?

A) Only about 50 percent of all women can breastfeed.
B) The most significant reason why women do not breastfeed is that they cannot produce enough milk.
C) Some women cannot breastfeed because they do not have big enough breasts.
D) The major reason why women do not breastfeed is lack of information.

Question 61

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Small for gestational age

Question 62

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Spontaneous abortion

Question 63

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Low birth weight

Question 64

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) A reflex stimulated by infant sucking that causes milk release from the mother's breast ducts
B) The first fluid secreted by the breast during late pregnancy and the first few days after birth
C) Saclike structures in the breast that store milk
D) Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate let-down of milk from storage sites in the breast
E) Hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate milk synthesis
Lobules

Question 65

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all infants be given ________ IU of vitamin D per day until they are consuming that much from food.

A) 400
B) 200
C) 600
D) 800

Question 66

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Ovum

Question 67

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Zygote

Question 68

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Embryo

Question 69

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Gestation

Question 70

Low iodine status during the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to

A) hypertension.
B) gestational diabetes.
C) edema.
D) congenital hypothyroidism.

Question 71

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Trimesters

Question 72

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) A reflex stimulated by infant sucking that causes milk release from the mother's breast ducts
B) The first fluid secreted by the breast during late pregnancy and the first few days after birth
C) Saclike structures in the breast that store milk
D) Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate let-down of milk from storage sites in the breast
E) Hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate milk synthesis
Let-down reflex

Question 73

Women suffering from chronic alcoholism produce children with a recognizable pattern of malformations called

A) chronic cirrhosis.
B) alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Question 74

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Placenta

Question 75

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) A reflex stimulated by infant sucking that causes milk release from the mother's breast ducts
B) The first fluid secreted by the breast during late pregnancy and the first few days after birth
C) Saclike structures in the breast that store milk
D) Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate let-down of milk from storage sites in the breast
E) Hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate milk synthesis
Oxytocin

Question 76

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) A reflex stimulated by infant sucking that causes milk release from the mother's breast ducts
B) The first fluid secreted by the breast during late pregnancy and the first few days after birth
C) Saclike structures in the breast that store milk
D) Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate let-down of milk from storage sites in the breast
E) Hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate milk synthesis
Prolactin

Question 77

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) A reflex stimulated by infant sucking that causes milk release from the mother's breast ducts
B) The first fluid secreted by the breast during late pregnancy and the first few days after birth
C) Saclike structures in the breast that store milk
D) Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate let-down of milk from storage sites in the breast
E) Hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate milk synthesis
Colostrum

Question 78

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Referring to any infant whose birth weight is less than the expected weight corresponding to the duration of gestation
B) The developing offspring in utero from about the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception
C) Any cessation of pregnancy and expulsion of the embryo or fetus as the result of natural causes
D) Referring to any infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds at birth
E) The period of development of the offspring from conception to birth
F) Through this organ, oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are transferred to the fetus and fetal wastes are removed
G) Three 13- to 14-week periods into which the normal pregnancy is divided
H) The egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell
I) The cell resulting from the union of an egg cell and sperm until it divides
J) An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Preterm